Topic 11B心理衡鑒在法庭應(yīng)用Forensic Applications of Assessment

1、Topic 11B心理衡鑑在法庭應(yīng)用Forensic Applications of Assessment 大綱-Standards for the Expert Witness專家作證的準(zhǔn)則Evaluation of Suspected Malingering裝病嫌疑者的評(píng)量Assessment of Mental State for the Insanity PleaCompetency to Stand Trial有效審判必備能力 Prediction of Violence and Assessment of RiskEvaluation of Child Custody in Div

2、orce離婚子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的評(píng)量Personal Injury and Related TestimonyInterpretation of Polygraph Records多種波動(dòng)描記器Specialized Personality Assessment in Forensic SettingsControversy Over the Psychologist as Expert Witness1心理檢測(cè)者在法庭系統(tǒng)的角色主要工作：Evaluation of Suspected Malingering裝病嫌疑者的評(píng)量Assessment of Mental State for the Insa

3、nity PleaDetermination of Competency to Stand Trial有效審判必備能力的決定Prediction of Violence and Assessment of RiskEvaluation of Child Custody in Divorce離婚子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的評(píng)量Assessment of Personal Injury個(gè)人傷害的衡鑑Interpretation of Polygraph data多邊圖資料的解析Specialized forensic Personality Assessment2專家作證的準(zhǔn)則 P.536見(jiàn)聯(lián)邦證據(jù)法（1975）

4、作證者需為夠資格的專家The testimony must be about a proper subject matter. 證詞要超越陪審團(tuán)的知識(shí)與經(jīng)驗(yàn)在決定是否有罪時(shí)，證據(jù)需是無(wú)偏見(jiàn)的。專家的證詞需是與一般接受的理論一致在美國(guó)，法庭對(duì)於心理學(xué)專家的證詞，越來(lái)越要求要有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)基礎(chǔ)。 3the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms 癥狀結(jié)構(gòu)式晤談表 SIRSThe purpose of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms癥狀結(jié)構(gòu)式晤談表SIRS -功用在辨出裝病者malingering癥

5、狀結(jié)構(gòu)式晤談表有 172題，含32題一致性（Rogers, Bagby, & Dickens, 1992)，分8個(gè)主要量尺，5個(gè)補(bǔ)充量尺分類(lèi)正確性達(dá)97.81. 罕見(jiàn)癥狀2. 組合癥狀3. 不恰當(dāng)或荒謬的癥狀4. Blatant 誇飾的癥狀5. 細(xì)微的subtle癥狀6. 過(guò)度嚴(yán)重的癥狀7. 選擇性的癥狀8.主觀陳述的癥狀4Assessment of Mental State for the Insanity Plea抗辯mental state at the time of the offence（MSO）違法時(shí)心理狀態(tài)not guilty by reason of insanity（NGR

6、I）因精神疾病而論無(wú)罪MNaughten rule 挪頓法令Durham rule 杜南法令Model Penal code模範(fàn)刑事法Guilty but Mentally Ill（GBMI）5Assessment of Mental State for the Insanity Plea抗辯not guilty by reason of insanity（NGRI）因精神疾病而論無(wú)罪當(dāng)被告犯罪行為的發(fā)生是因其心理疾病或有缺陷，則將被判無(wú)罪的一種判決。MNaughten rule 挪頓法令約有半數(shù)的州採(cǎi)用Its one of several standards of legal insanit

7、y; essentially, “the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing.”1843年患有妄想狂者因誤認(rèn)而在唐寧街10號(hào)，槍擊英國(guó)首相秘書(shū)，後以被告是在心神喪失被判無(wú)罪是法定精神錯(cuò)亂多個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的一個(gè)，其本質(zhì)是被告是在心神喪失，由於心理疾病或心智缺陷，以致於不確知其行為的意義與嚴(yán)重性的情境下犯案的。6Assessment of Mental

8、 State for the Insanity Plea抗辯Durham rule 杜南法令由於不滿意挪頓法令，美國(guó)杜南地區(qū)的哥倫比亞特區(qū)聯(lián)邦上訴法院的法官David Bazelon於1954年提議修正，其目的在給予心理衛(wèi)生專家更多的餘地，來(lái)呈現(xiàn)關(guān)於被辯護(hù)者的責(zé)任的訊息Model Penal code模範(fàn)刑事法A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct, as a result of mental disease or defect, he lacks substantial c

9、apacity either to appreciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.約有20州採(cǎi)用，當(dāng)一個(gè)人的犯罪行為是發(fā)生在其心智缺陷之時(shí)，則其將不需對(duì)其行為負(fù)責(zé)7犯罪者責(zé)任的評(píng)估工具羅吉斯犯罪者責(zé)任衡鑑量表 R-CRASRogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Scales有25題，明確敘述有關(guān)心理及情境因素的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(參見(jiàn)表11.8)這些題目源於Model Penal co

10、de模範(fàn)刑事法有關(guān)心神喪失的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要測(cè)量5個(gè)變項(xiàng)Patient ReliabilityOrganicity有機(jī)體的Psycopathology 心理病理學(xué)Cognitive controlBehavior control8competency to stand trial有效審判必備能力The determination by the presiding judge that a defendant does not have a mental defect, illness, or condition that renders him or her unable to understand

11、the proceedings or to assists in his or her defense.法官在審判前裁定被告未有心理缺陷或疾病，或任何可能致使被告無(wú)法理解或?yàn)樽约恨q護(hù)的狀況。（強(qiáng)調(diào)被告答辯能力）9暴力的預(yù)測(cè)及其危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估在判決時(shí)，由心理學(xué)家評(píng)估被告是否對(duì)獄友或社區(qū)鄰人具有危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估困難乃因司法見(jiàn)解歧異過(guò)去相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的龐雜錯(cuò)誤的判斷或偏見(jiàn)歧視執(zhí)行者寧嚴(yán)勿寬，以免承擔(dān)政治後果10暴力的預(yù)測(cè)及其危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估工具暴力危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估指引VRAG （P.548）Violence Risk Appraisal Guide有一客觀評(píng)定表界定12個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.由非血親養(yǎng)育 2.小學(xué)時(shí)不適應(yīng)的程度3.酒精濫用

12、的歷史 4.Marital status of never married 5. 前科記錄 6.累犯 7.初犯年齡很早8.初犯時(shí)傷害的輕重 9.初犯時(shí)傷害的對(duì)象為女性10.符合性格異常標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 11.不符合精神分裂標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 12.心理病理學(xué)檢核表分?jǐn)?shù)11監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)評(píng)量custody evaluation在離婚案例中，對(duì)小孩與父母雙方的狀況進(jìn)行心理評(píng)估，然後提出建議給法庭，以期安排監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)時(shí)，能考量到小孩的最佳利益。PCI監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)指數(shù)(Parental Custody Index)共56題，有3個(gè)分量表觀察的，或父母的外貌與舉止社會(huì)的，或父母與他人包括兒童的互動(dòng)認(rèn)知/情緒，或父母的心理與智力功能12監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)評(píng)量工

13、具custody evaluationASPECT 1992 Ackerman-Schoendorf Scales for Parental Evaluation of Custody包括父母-羅夏克、MMPI-2、WAIS-R、WRAT-R子女：畫(huà)家庭DRAWAFAMILLY，CAT，智力測(cè)驗(yàn) Custody Quotient , Gordon & Peek, 1989監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)商數(shù)，9點(diǎn)量表，10個(gè)親職因素1.孩童的情緒需求 2.孩童的生理需求 3.對(duì)孩童的情緒及生理無(wú)危險(xiǎn)性 4.善盡親職 5.協(xié)助子女6.為子女規(guī)劃 7.家庭穩(wěn)定 8.先前的照顧 9.作為或忽略 acts or omissio

14、ns 10.價(jià)值觀values13PCRI Parent-Child Relationship Inventory 親子關(guān)係問(wèn)卷（Gerard, 1993) 為78題自陳問(wèn)卷適用子女介於315歲的父母，包含7個(gè)量尺1.親職承擔(dān) 4.溝通 5.侷限2.滿足 6.自治 autonomy3.投入 7.角色定向 Bricklin(1995)設(shè)計(jì)四個(gè)簡(jiǎn)明測(cè)驗(yàn)，其中前兩個(gè)分別給父母 1. Parent Awareness Skills Survey-親職技巧 2. Parent Perception of Child Profile -子女利益 3. BPS Bricklin Perceptual Sca

15、les 為64題子女對(duì)父母的知覺(jué) 4. PORT Perception-of- Relationships Test 投射畫(huà)圖測(cè)驗(yàn)監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)評(píng)量工具custody evaluation14BPS Bricklin Perceptual Scales &PORT Perception-of- Relationships Test BPS-為64題，父母各32題，適用於四歲以上 從四方面來(lái)找出兒童的最佳利益勝任 competency支持 supportiveness一致 consistency讚賞特質(zhì) admirable traitsPORT 投射畫(huà)圖測(cè)驗(yàn) 共畫(huà)7組圖，先畫(huà)父母各一，然後畫(huà)剩下的，包括把自己畫(huà)進(jìn)前面兩張圖。15Interpretation of Polygraph data多種波動(dòng)描記器（測(cè)謊器）的解析1917 William Marston哈佛學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)如受試說(shuō)謊，則心臟收縮壓升高新式的多種波動(dòng)描記器包括：血壓、心跳、呼吸及皮膚電阻16Specialized Personality Assessment in Forensic Settingsinmate同居人尤指同院病人、同獄犯人或住在同一收容所的人Pedophile孿童癖Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)先提出精神病態(tài)人格Cleckley (19