閱讀理解推理判斷題解題技巧

1、2013屆高考英語閱讀理解專題二 推理判斷j啟東市匯龍中學(xué)姚莉莉Teaching aims： Enable students to make some judgment according to reading strategiesTeaching key and difficult points: How to infer properly according to information in the passageTeaching procedures:Stepl:Lead-in講解前提測評Passage AA rainforest is an area covered by tall

2、trees with the total high rainfall spreading quite equally through the year and the temperature rarely dipping below 16 Rainforests have a great effect on the world environment because they can take in heat from the sun and adjust the climate. Without the forest cover, these areas would reflect more

3、 heat into the atmosphere, warming the rest of the world. Losing the rainforests may also influence wind and rainfall patterns potentially causing certain natural disasters all over the world.In the past hundred years, humans have begun destroying rainforests in search of three major resources： land

4、 for crops, wood for paper and other products land for raising farm animals. This action affects the environment as a whole. For example, a lot of carbon dioxide（二氧彳七碳）in the air comes from burning the rainforests. People obviously have a need for the resources we gain from cutting trees but we will

5、 suffer much more than we will benefit.There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, when people cut down trees, generally they can only use the land for a year or two. Secondly, cutting large sections of rainforests may provide a good supply of wood right now, but in the long run it actually reduce

6、s the worlds wood supply.Ramfbrests are often called the worlds drug store. More than 25% of the medicines we use today come from plants in rainforests. However, fewer than l%of rainforest plants have been examined for their medical value. It is extremely likely that our best chance to cure diseases

7、 lies somewhere in the world s slirinking ramfbrests.Rainforests can help to adjust the climate because they .reflect more heat into the atmospherebring about high rainfall throughout the worldrarely cause the temperature to drop lower than 16ftCreduce the effect of heat from the sun on the earth.Wh

8、at does the word this underlined in the third paragraph refer to?A. We will lose much more than we can gain.B - Humans have begun destroying rainforests.People have a strong desire for resources.Much carbon dioxide comes from burning rainforests.t can be inferred from the text that.A. we can get eno

9、ugh resources without rainforestsB there is great medicine potential in rainforestswe will grow fewer kinds of crops in the gained landthe level of annual rainfall affects wind patterns4.What might be the best title for the text?How to Save RainforestsB. How to Protect NatureC. Rainforests and the E

10、nvironmentD. Rainforests and Medical Development Passage BA recent study, while showing a generally positive attitude toward science, also suggests a widespread worry that it may be Finning out of control： This idea is dangerous.Science can be a force for evil as well as for good. Its applications c

11、an be channeled either way, depending on our decisions. The decisions we make, personally or collectively, will determine the outcomes of science. But here is a real danger. Science is advancing so fast and is so strongly influenced by businesses that we are likely to believe whatever decisions we c

12、ome to will make little difference. And, rather than fighting for the best possible policies, we may step back and do nothing.Some people go even further. They say that despite the moral and legal objections（反對）, whatever is scientifically possible will be done-somewhere , sometime. They believe tha

13、t science will get out of control in the end. This belief is dangerous too, because it fuels a sense of hopelessness and discourages then from making efforts to build a safer world.In our interconnected world, the lack of agreement in and out of the world of science can lead to the failure to contro

14、l the use of science. Without a common understanding, the challenges of “controlling、science in this century will be really tough. Take human cloning for example. Despite the general agreement among scientists on its possible huge impact（影響）on traditional moral values, some countries still go ahead

15、with the research and development of its related techniques. The outcomes are hard to predict.Therefore, discussions on how science is applied should be extended far beyond scientific societies. Only through the untied efforts of people with hope, can we be fully safe against the misuse of science a

16、nd can science best serve mankind in the future.L What can we conclude from the recent study?A. People think highly of science.People hold mixed opinions about science.Science is getting dangerously out of control.Science is used for both good and bad purposes.According to the passage , what will ha

17、ppen if we hold that science is getting beyond control?The development of science will hopelessly slow down.Businesses will have even greater influence on science.The public will lose faith in bringing about a bright future.People will work more actively to put science under control.3 The discussion

18、 should reach bevond scientific societies becausescientists have failed to predict the outcomesthe ties between different areas need strengtheningunited efforts are necessary for the development of sciencepeople need to work together to prevent the bad use of science4. What is the main idea of the p

19、assage?Science and its applications bring us many dangers.The development of science mostly lies in peoples attitudes.Mankind can largely take control of science with their efforts.The future of science will be influenced by the dangerous ideas. Step! Presentation高中英語課程標準對于高考中閱讀理解部分的要求1、找出作者要傳達的主要信息

20、：辨識內(nèi)涵的主旨或觀念一一主旨大意及態(tài)度意圖2、對事實和證據(jù)進行評價和判斷：根據(jù)文中提供的事實和證據(jù)得出結(jié)論：辨識語篇中的思 路發(fā)展和邏輯關(guān)系；進行邏輯推斷一一推理判斷及詞義猜測3、按要求辨認語言結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容、事物發(fā)展順序和程序排序：4、辨認、辨識、比較事實、證據(jù)和觀點，以及定義和假設(shè)等信息一一細行理解一、閱讀理解推理判斷題解題技巧.首先要抓住文章的主題和細，整合與題目有關(guān)的有效信息，分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)上 下文的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，挖掘文章的深層含義,在進行推理時，需仔細閱讀文章，不能脫離原文 而憑借個人的看法或主觀臆斷來取代作者的觀點。要求學(xué)生既能懂得獨立句子的意義,又 能了解句群之間的邏輯關(guān)系，并通

21、過一定的推理判斷，結(jié)合常識及社會生活經(jīng)驗，從而最終 領(lǐng)會文章寫作目的或意圖所隱含的意思。.其次，對于暗含在文章中的人物的行為動機，事件中的因果關(guān)系及作者未言明的傾向、 意圖要進行合乎邏輯的分析、推理、判斷，抓住材料實質(zhì)性的東西。.在解此類題目時，常見的錯誤類型有：(1)主觀臆斷代替合理的判斷推理。此類題目的正 確答案往往無法從文中直接找到，但文中一般會提供支持此推理判斷的依據(jù)，所以脫離文章 的主題、具體的語境來進行寫作目的或意圖的判斷最易導(dǎo)致主觀臆斷, 以事實代替推理。 推理要求選項不能是文中明明白白展示的觀點或細1鼠這是文章提供的事實，推理只能是隱 含的，通過思維整理得出的深層內(nèi)涵或結(jié)論。(

22、3)推斷不合理。依據(jù)材料所給的內(nèi)容來推理 判斷是解題的一大關(guān)鍵，但有些學(xué)生對文章分析不透，結(jié)果邏輯推理不合理，導(dǎo)致錯誤。(4)以自己的觀點代替作者的廠二、題型特點與命題方式這類題屬于層次較高的設(shè)題。判斷題考查學(xué)生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隱含信 息的能力，對不同觀點進行評價和判斷的能力。它包括判斷題和推理題。判斷題考查學(xué)生在 理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，對不同觀點進行評價和判斷的能力。推理題考查學(xué)生由文章的字面信 息推出未知信息或隱含信息的能力。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了得出正確的判斷, 正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。推理題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出 一定判斷和推論，從而得到

23、文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某 一句話，也可能是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能作出在原 文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息作多步推理。所以,推理題的答案 只能是根據(jù)原文表而文字信息一步推出的答案：即對原文某一句話或某幾句話所作的同義改 寫(paraphrase)或綜合。題目數(shù)量分布均勻，并且設(shè)題時往往和事實細節(jié)相連。常見的題干類型：It can be inferred from the text that.The paragraph following (before) the passage will most probably

24、 be .The writers attitude is.The author implied (suggested) that.We can conclude from the passage that.What is the tone of the author?The passage is intended to.We can learn from the text that三、解題思路解題思考時應(yīng)注意以下幾點：.判斷有據(jù)，推論有理，忠實原文。切忌用自己的觀點代替作者的本意。.全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，切忌片而思考,得出片面結(jié)論。.善于揣摩作者思路，盡可能與作者的思路吻合。.不可直接選取文中

25、的原句或?qū)ξ闹凶髯置娼忉尅Ｋ摹?yīng)試技巧.如果是對某段內(nèi)容進行推斷，那么只須看題干要求的段落即可。Exchange a glance with someone, then look away. Do you realize that you have made a statement? Hold the glance for a second longer, and you have made a different statement. Hold it for 3 seconds, and the meaning has changed again.It can be inferred fro

26、m the first paragraph that.every glance has its significancestaring at a person is an expression of interesta gaze longer than 3 seconds is unacceptablea glance conveys more meaning than words.選項措詞過于絕對化的，一般不是答案項。I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its m

27、inority population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the

28、diversity.It can be inferred from the Passage that.minorities can only enter the fields where no debate is heard about diversityAmerican political circles will not accept diversityit is unlikely that diversity will occur in the US mediadiversity can result in better management.弄清主題意思。在處理與全文主旨有關(guān)的題，或處

29、理與文章首尾有關(guān)的推論題時， 一定要放慢速度將各段，尤其是全文首尾句意讀懂，再快速閱讀其他部分.You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life stmggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any socia

30、l context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make

31、it, to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B.D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and dont measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know： also, the most rare.In this

32、paragraph, the author tells us thatdifficulties are but part of everyones lifedepression and unhappiness are unavoidable in lifeeverybody should learn to avoid trying circumstancesgood feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence.掌握關(guān)鍵信息，尤其是與題目密切相關(guān)的內(nèi)容Just as crying can be healthy, not cryi

33、ngholding back tears of anger, pain or suffering-can be bad for physical（身體的）health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you fe

34、el like crying, dont fight it. Its a naturaland healthy-emotional response（反應(yīng)）.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?Crying is the best way to get help from others.Fighting back tears may cause some health problems.We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry.We mu

35、st cry if we want to reduce pressure.了解作者出題意圖，注意問句的內(nèi)容與側(cè)重點Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or liave you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves canie over you? asked Jamie Taylor of die Wve Energy Group at die University of Edinburgh. There is certain

36、ly a lot of energy in waves J he said.The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to.test the readers knowledge about wavesdraw the readers attention to the topicshow Jaime Taylor s importanceinvite the readers to answer themStep3.Evaluatlon當堂反饋Passagel （2011 課標全國 I , A）When mi

37、lk arrived on the doorstepWhen I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s, we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep. His name was Mr. Basille. He wore a white cap and drove a white truck. As a 5-year-old boy, I couldnt take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt. He noticed th

38、is one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer.Of course, he delivered more than milk. There was cheese, eggs and so on. If we needed to change our order, my mother would pen a note Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery”-and place it in the box along with the em

39、pty bottles. And then, the buttermilk would magically appear.All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen. Mr. Basille even had a key to our house, for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors, so that t

40、he milk wouldnt freeze. And I remember Mr.Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table, having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.There is sadly no home milk delivery today. Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk, thus making it difficult for milkmen t

41、o compete. Besides, milk is for sale everywhere, and it may just not have been practical to have a delivery service.Recently, an old milk box in the countrywide I saw brought back my childhood inemories. I took it home and planted it on the back porch （門廊）.Every so often my sons friends will ask wha

42、t it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boys house?A. He wanted to have tea there.B He was treated as a family member.C. He was a respectable person.D. H

43、e was fully trusted by the family.Why does home milk delivery no longer exist?Nobody wants to be a milkman now.It has been driven out of the market.Its service is getting poor.It is forbidden by law.Passage2（2011年北京高考）Went Skydiving at 84!”As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to

44、fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 200 Lwhen my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. But the experience turned out to be very dull. Around that time, I told my husband that I wanted to skydive. So wh

45、en our retirement community（社區(qū)）announced that they were having an essay competition and the topic was an experience of a lifetime that you wanted to have, I decided to write about my dream. In the essay, I wrote about my desire to skydive, stating George Bnish Sr. did it at age 80. Why not me? I was

46、 just 84 and in pretty good health. A year went by and I heard nothing. But then at a community party in late April 2009, they aimounced tliat I was one of the winners. I just couldnt believe it.Inspired bu this, I decided to realize my dream.even though some of my family members and my doctor were

47、against it.One June 11, 2009, nearly 40 of my family and friends gathered in the area close to where I would land while I headed up in the airplane. My instructor, Jay, guided me through the experience. The plane was the noisiest one I had ever been m, but I wasnt frightenedI was really just looking

48、 forward to the experience. When we reached 13,000 feet, Jay instructed me to throw myself out of the plane. When we first hit the air, the wind was so strong that I could hardly breathe. For a second I thought, “What have I gotten myself into?” But tlieii eeryTliing got calmer. We were in a free fa

49、ll for about a minute before Jay opened the parachute（降落傘），then we just floated downward for about five minutes. Being up in the clouds and looking at the view below was unlike anything I have ever feltmuch better than the hot air balloon. I was just enjoying it.Skydiving was really one of the great

50、est experiences of my life. I hope other people will look at me and realize that you dont stop living just because you are 84 years old. If theres something you want to experience, look mto it. If its sometlimg that is possible, make it happen. . The author mentioned George Bush Sr. in her essay tob

51、uild up her own reputationshow her admiration for himcompare their health conditionmake her argument persuasive.How did the author feel immediately after she jumped out of the plane?ExcitedScaredNervousD. RegretfulPassage3 （ 2011 安徽高考）George Prochnik would like the world to put a sock in it. He makes his case in a new book.Listening for meaning in itWorld of Noise.Here he explain himself （using his voice）;We ve become so accustomed to noise.tliere,s almost a deep prejudice agamst die idea that silence might be beiieficiaLif