四同位語從句譯法

1、-. z四、同位語從句的譯法同位語是用來進一步解釋名詞或代詞的，同位語可以是單詞、短語也可以是從句?？萍加⒄Z中，同位語從句也是常見的一種從句。同位語從句一般由that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用關(guān)系代詞what, which, who, 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how或whether(if)引導(dǎo)。常被同位語從句解釋和說明的名詞主要有fact, thought, theory , idea, hope, news, doubt, conclusion, question, problem, evidence, certainty，belief, rumor, mystery, sugge

2、stion, order, answer, decision, discovery, e*planation, information, knowledge, law, opinion ,principle, truth, promise report, statement ,message, saying ,rule等。同位語從句的譯法主要有以下幾種情況：一譯成獨立句有時可以把同位語從句譯為一個獨立的句子，這時其前可以增譯即字，或采用冒號或破折號。較長的同位語從句漢譯時常常采用此法。如：Einstein came to the conclusion that the ma*imum spee

3、d possible in the universe is that of light.愛因斯坦得出這樣的結(jié)論，即宇宙中的最大速度是光速。There is few to support the view that in a highly efficient transit operation almost every vehicle should be capable of running almost every service.很少有人贊成這樣的觀點，即在高效的交通運輸作業(yè)中，幾乎每一種機動車都應(yīng)能夠完成幾乎所有的效勞功能。Putting two and two together, he

4、came to the conclusion that mechanical energy is different from electrical energy.他根據(jù)事實推斷出一個結(jié)論：機械能不同于電能。We e to the conclusion that recognizable differences e*ist today between marine and nonmarine forms.我們所得出的結(jié)論是：在今天，海洋生物的形態(tài)和非海洋生物的形態(tài)之間存在著明顯的差異。Copernicus challenged what had until then been the most

5、 natural of ideas: that our Earth was the center of the universe.哥白尼向直到那時被認為是最天經(jīng)地義的觀念地球處于宇宙中心提出挑戰(zhàn)。And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.而且總有這種可能性一個小小的電火花，可能會意外得繞過了最為精心設(shè)計的線路。有時為了修辭需要，也可以把同位語從句譯成獨立的句子，置于句首。如：The princip

6、le that gas can function while e*panding has been applied to the steam engine.氣體在膨脹時能做工，這一原理已應(yīng)用于蒸汽機上。Translate by yourself:1We are all familiar with the fact that nothing in nature will either start or stop moving by itself.2At the end of last century, an important discovery was made, that everythin

7、g was partly built of electrons.3In 1905 Einstein worked out a theory that matter and energy were not pletely different things.4There arose the question where the equipment should be installed.二譯成漢語的定語盡管同位語從句不是定語從句，但有時其意義上和形式上接近定語從句，故漢譯時也常把同位語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語。如：The possibility that a circuit breaker may fail

8、 to perform its function, when instructed to do so, is higher than for protection and trip circuit.這樣做以后，斷路器拒絕動作的可能性高于保護和跳閘回路失靈的可能性。We all know the fact that all elements are made up of atoms.我們都知道元素都是由原子組成的這一事實。The theory that heat is motion e*plains simply how supplying heat to a gas causes its pr

9、essure to increase.熱就是運動的理論清楚地解釋了供應(yīng)氣體熱量怎樣引起氣體的壓力增加。Translate by yourself:1Obviously there was little probability that they would succeed in electrolysis.2The proposal that more equipment should be imported from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.3The problem that all machines in this factory m

10、ust be controlled by puters will be solved before long.三譯成主謂構(gòu)造詞組類似賓語從句有時同位語說明的名詞常常含有動作意義，如suggestion, assumption doubt, hope 等。由于這樣的名詞在漢譯中常常被轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的動詞，故同位語從句往往隨之被譯為漢語的主謂構(gòu)造的詞組類似賓語從句。如：The assumption is made that the cylinder is a perfect nonconductor of heat.假定汽缸是一種完全的非導(dǎo)熱體。Quite apparent is the fact t

11、hat most laser beams are e*ceedingly directions, or highly collimated.非常明顯的是，大多數(shù)激光光束有良好的方向性，或者說，具有高度的準確性。It all helps the claim that the raw material for life was imported from the clouds of space.所有這些都有助于說明，形成生命的原料是從星際空間的塵云輸入的。At that time, only a few scientists accepted the idea that there had bee

12、n a large island in what is now the deepest part of this sea.那時，只有少數(shù)幾個科學(xué)家認為現(xiàn)在這個海域最深的局部曾經(jīng)有過一個大島。An outstanding advantage is the fact that the a*ial clearance is not limited.其突出的一個優(yōu)點就是軸向間隙不受限。Translate by yourself:1We were working on the supposition that they could improve the ple* machine.2The worksh

13、op director e*pressed the hope that we could develop a new kind relay.3The old engineer made his suggestion that the new nuclear power station should be built on a small island off the coast of Zhejiang.4The governor made a decision that all the small thermal power plants would be closed soon.5An id

14、ea came to him that he might do the e*periment in another way四譯成狀語從句名詞fact可與*些特定的介詞連用，后接的that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句經(jīng)常可以譯為表示原因或讓步的狀語從句，這是可以把介詞+fact + that 構(gòu)造看作是復(fù)合的附屬連詞，如：Using a persons voice as an identifier is based on the factthat the geometry of the vocal tract differ greatly from person to person.由于每個人聲道的幾何形

15、狀大不一樣，因此可以利用人的語音來驗明身份。譯為原因從句In spite of the fact that there is no chemical union between o*ygen and hydrogen, the position of air is e*traordinarily constant.雖然空氣中所含的氧和氫之間沒有化學(xué)上的結(jié)合，但其比例卻異常穩(wěn)定。譯為讓步從句In consequence of the fact that molecules have perfect elasticity, they undergo no loss of energy after

16、a collision.由于分子具有完全的彈性，因此分子碰撞后并沒有能量損失。譯為原因從句Translate by yourself:1Some necessary measures were adopted in view of the factthat the event had happened une*pectedly.2Despite the fact that you are not the only person to blame, you are principally responsible for it.3The factory refuses to adopt the n

17、ew process in spite of the fact that the environment has been badly polluted.4People see things differently in the light of the fact that they are materialists and idealists.五there be 句型中同位語從句的譯法翻譯there be 句型中的同位語從句往往采用順譯法，即按照句子原來的順序翻譯，并且在漢譯時要注意運用漢語中一些約定俗成的表達詞語。如：There is absolutely no question that

18、 acupuncture is promoted as a treatment for pain.毫無疑問，針灸越來越多地被用來治療疼痛。There is evidence that repeated e*posure to shallower depths might also cause neurological damage. 有跡象說明，頻繁進展深度較淺的潛水也可能導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)方面的損傷。There is a saying that a chemical engineer can do anything.常言道，化學(xué)工程師能做任何事情。There is a possibility that

19、 the thickness of filler plates for front and rear mount is different.有可能，安裝在前部和后部的墊片厚度不同。Translate by yourself:1There is some doubt whether the hardened mandrel shall be used for referee test purposes.2There is no certainty that the elastic material does not necessarily obey Hookes law.3There are a

20、lso suggestions that black holes could be used to create bombs in the future, by amplifying radio waves sent up to them.4There was evidence that all atoms consist of a nucleus and electrons.第四節(jié)長句的翻譯長句子是科技英語的一大特點。造成英語句子長的原因很多，但最主要的原因是語言構(gòu)造層次多而復(fù)雜：句子中并列成分多，各種短語、修飾語多，并列分句或各種從句多。由于長句子的這些特點，決定了我們進展長句子的翻譯時，

21、首先要弄清英語原文的句法構(gòu)造，即長句中詞與詞、短語與短語、詞與短語、句子與句子、主句與從句、從句與從句等各個構(gòu)造層次之間的邏輯關(guān)系及意思。在理清關(guān)系的根底上，抓住句子的核心容，然后利用我們在前幾章討論的各種有關(guān)詞，短語、并列句、復(fù)合句等翻譯方法，再按漢語的表達方式與習(xí)慣翻譯出全句，要盡量做到既能正確地表達原文，又不拘泥于原文的形式。翻譯英語長句，主要可采用以下四種方法。一、順譯法英語產(chǎn)生長句的原因我們已有所了解。如果英語長句所表達的事件是按照時間順序或按照邏輯關(guān)系安排的，并與漢語表達方法根本一致時，便可按照原文的順序翻譯。如：例句一If such alloys possess other pr

22、operties which make them suitable 1for die casting,they are obvious choices for the process,2because their lower melting point will lead to longer die lives3than would be obtained with alloys of higher melting points.4分析：如上所示，本句是由一個主句和四個從句組成。其句法構(gòu)造依次是：1是if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，其中包含which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾名詞properties；2是主

23、句；3是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句；4是morethan 構(gòu)造的比擬狀語從句。翻譯時采用順譯法先翻譯第1局部：如果這類合金具有使它們適于壓鑄的其他性能其中的定語從句譯為的字構(gòu)造的定語，即使它們適于壓鑄的；再翻譯第2局部：它們顯然可以被選來用于壓鑄；然后翻譯第3局部，即原因從句：因為它們?nèi)埸c較低，所以可以延長壓住模壽命，注意翻譯原因狀語從句時采用了分譯法，即將其主語局部譯成一個分句；最后翻譯第4局部：比起高熔點合金來，并將此插譯在原因狀語從句中。譯文：如果這類合金具有使它們適于壓鑄的其他性能，它們顯然可以被選來用于壓鑄，因為它們?nèi)埸c較低，所以比起高熔點合金來可以延長壓住模壽命。例句二How

24、ever, even if prediction bees possible,people who (1) (2)live in areas where earthquakes are a mon occurrence (2) (3)will still have to do their best to prevent disasters by building (4)structuresthat are resistant to ground movement and by being (5)personally prepared.6分析：本句是由一個主句，三個定語從句和一個讓步狀語從句組成

25、。其具體句法構(gòu)造依次是：1是even if 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句；2是定語從句修飾主句的主語people；3是where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾areas；4是主句其中主句的主語people被兩個定語從句隔開；(5)是第三個定語從句修飾building structures；需要注意的是主句中的兩個by引導(dǎo)的狀語短語被that引導(dǎo)的定語從句隔開了。翻譯時采用順譯法，這一點可以從以上例句所說明的序號清楚地看到。漢譯時，先翻譯第1局部：即使可以預(yù)測；再翻譯第2和3局部：居住在地震頻發(fā)區(qū)的人們還是應(yīng)盡力預(yù)防災(zāi)難，其中所包含兩個定語從句，who 引導(dǎo)的定語從句譯為的字構(gòu)造。Where引導(dǎo)的定語從句采用短語法被

26、譯為地震頻發(fā)請參考本書第十章第二節(jié)定語從句的譯法；然后翻譯第4局部：方法是建造的房屋，其中第5局部為定語從句被融合到第4局部，譯為的字構(gòu)造的短語即能夠抵抗地表運動的最后翻譯地6局部：同時做好個人準備。譯文：然而，即使可以預(yù)測，居住在地震頻發(fā)區(qū)的人們還是應(yīng)盡力預(yù)防災(zāi)難，方法是建造能夠抵抗地表運動的房屋，同時做好個人準備。例句三The absence of pesticides and the emphasis on natural fertilizer1are designed not only to keep the e*periment as untainted as1possible, b

27、ut also to protect the health of the human consumers; 1because all the air and water in Biosphere II is continually2recycled and regenerated, it is important that no poisons be23introduced into the system anywhere.3分析：該句是由兩大局部組成，中間有分號隔開。分號前一局部為一個分句，其中包含有not onlybut also 連接的兩個不定式短語to keep 與 to protec

28、t ；分號后面的局部為一個主從復(fù)合句，它由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句和it作形式主語的主句所組成，真正的主語是that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句。翻譯此句可采用順譯法，先翻譯第1局部：不使用農(nóng)藥和強調(diào)天然肥料的目的不僅是為了使實驗盡可能不被污染，也為了保護食用者的安康；再翻譯第2局部：因為第二生物圈的空氣和水全部是不斷地再循環(huán)和再生的；最后翻譯第3局部：所以在此生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中任何地方都沒有毒物引入是很重要的。譯文：不使用農(nóng)藥和強調(diào)天然肥料的目的不僅是為了使實驗盡可能不被污染，也為了保護食用者的安康。因為第二生物圈的空氣和水全部是不斷地再循環(huán)和再生的，所以在此生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中任何地方都沒有毒物引入是很重要的。

29、從以上例句中不難看出，絕對的順譯是不可能的，也沒有必要這么做，局部地方對語序加以調(diào)整是允許的。Translate by yourself:1We believe that the ratio is modest hypercholesterolaemia since individuals with low or very high cholesterol concentrations are unlikely to have their risk of developing CHD (coronary heart disease) altered either by HDL-C (high

30、density lipoprotein-cholesterol) measurement or the calculation of the ratio.2Now, a team of astronomers has discovered evidence that the object, whatever it may be, is spewing vast quantities of energetic particles that collide with a surrounding irregular ring of cold hydrogen gas.3However, in cas

31、es that had episodes of increased PAP/ AOP ratio, the mean duration of function was increased to five days, and this was almost certainly related to the use of continuous tolazoline infusion through the catheter.二、倒譯法有些英語長句子的表達順序可能與漢語的表達順序正好相反，這種長句子在翻譯時就得用倒譯法。如：例句一This rotating, lumpy doughnut provi

32、des strong evidence5that something e*otic is going on deep in the heart of 6the Milky Way, said Terry Jones, an astronomer at the 643University of Minnesotawho, as a member of an international 31 team,has been studying the phenomenon.2分析：這是一個主從復(fù)合句，由一個主句、一個賓語從句和兩個定語從句構(gòu)成。其具體構(gòu)造為：4是主句；5和6是直接引語作謂語動詞said的

33、賓語從句，該賓語從句中又含有that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾名詞evidence；3是主語Terry Jones的同位語；1和2是who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾名詞 astronomer, 其中1是定語從句中由as 引導(dǎo)的短語作方式狀語。整個句子主要構(gòu)造的翻譯采用倒譯法，翻譯的順序從例句中所標明的序號可一目了然。即先譯1as 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語：作為國際考察小組的一名成員，再譯2定語從句：一直在對這個現(xiàn)象進展研究的定語從句譯為的字構(gòu)造的定語，然后將同位語短語3和主句的主語與謂語4合譯為 明尼達大學(xué)天文學(xué)家特里瓊斯說，最后翻譯位于句首的賓語從句5和定語從句6這個不斷旋轉(zhuǎn)的像炸面餅圈樣的凹凸不平的氫氣環(huán)提供了有

34、力的證據(jù)，說明在銀河系中心深處有一種奇異的東西在活動。譯文：為國際考察小組的一名成員一直在對這個現(xiàn)象進展研究的明尼達大學(xué)天文學(xué)家特里瓊斯說：這個不斷旋轉(zhuǎn)的像炸面餅圈樣的凹凸不平的氫氣環(huán)提供了有力的證據(jù)，說明在銀河系中心深處有一種奇異的東西在活動。例句二Scientists are learning a great deal abouthow the large plates72in the earths crust move, the stresses between plates,how 3earthquakes work,and the general probabilitythat gi

35、ven place will 465have an earthquake, although they still cannot predict 51earthquakes.分析：本句是由一個主句，四個并列賓語其中兩個賓語從句，兩個短語，一個定語從句和一個讓步狀語從句組成。其具體句法構(gòu)造依次是：1是although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句；2是賓語從句；3是名詞短語作賓語；4是賓語從句；5是定語從句修飾賓語probability；6是名詞短語作賓語；7是主句。整個句子主要構(gòu)造的翻譯采用倒譯法，翻譯的順序從例句中所標明的序號可一目了然。漢譯時，先翻譯第1局部：盡管科學(xué)家仍無法預(yù)測地震；再翻譯四個并列賓

36、語中的前三個即2、34局部：地殼中的大板塊如何運動，板塊間的壓力如何，地震如何發(fā)生；然后翻譯帶有定語從句的第四個賓語即5和6局部：*地區(qū)發(fā)生地震的一般概率為多少。最后翻譯7即主句：他們了解得越來越多。 譯文：盡管科學(xué)家仍無法預(yù)測地震，但對地殼中的大板塊如何運動，板塊間的壓力如何，地震如何發(fā)生，*地區(qū)發(fā)生地震的一般概率為多少，他們了解得越來越多。從上面的例句我們可以看出，即便是倒譯法，也只是指整個構(gòu)造上的句子倒譯，不必也不可能要求句子的每個局部成分都采用倒譯。Translate by yourself:1Just as a pace satellite, once it has got away

37、 from the pull of the earths atmosphere, continues to circle round and round the earth for ever, so an electric current circling a frozen ring of mercury should continue to flow for ever, if the temperature is kept below the essential four degrees above absolute zero.2It is very interesting to note

38、the differently chosen operating mechanism by the different manufacturers, in spite of fact that the operating mechanism has a major influence on the reliability of the circuit-breakers.3Thus, marginal cost to the producer many fall below marginal cost from the point of view of the whole economy whe

39、n e*tra output requires e*tra foreign e*change and when foreign e*change is particularly scarce.三、分譯法在英語長句子中，有時主句與從句，或短語之間關(guān)系并非十分嚴密，且有時翻譯時為使譯文更符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣，使行文方便，往往可以將繁雜的長句子拆分開翻譯。分譯時，為了使譯文語意連貫，常常可以適當?shù)卦鲎g或者省譯*些詞語。如：例句一The classical metallurgical processes of smelting the o*ides 1with carbon in the presenc

40、e of a fusible slag, such as are used 12for the production of many of the moner metals, are not 2applicable to the range of rather rare elements about which this 3section is written, if the metals are required in pure condition. 4分析：該句由一個主句，一個方式狀語從句和一個條件狀語從句組成。其中主句的主語與其謂語被such as 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句隔開，主句后又有ab

41、out which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾rare elements，最后是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。該句由于主句太長，適合采用分譯法，即將主句分譯成兩個分句。具體的譯法為：先翻譯第1局部，即主句的主語，把它譯成一個分句：傳統(tǒng)的冶金過程是用碳將易熔渣中的氧化物溶化；然后翻譯第2局部：許多普通金屬都是這樣生產(chǎn)的；再翻譯第3局部，即主句的謂語局部，將該局部譯為另一個分句但這種方法并不適用于生產(chǎn)本文所提到的這些稀有金屬元素；最后翻譯第4局部：尤其是需要獲得純潔金屬時更是如此。譯文：傳統(tǒng)的冶金過程是用碳將易熔渣中的氧化物溶化，許多普通金屬都是這樣生產(chǎn)的，但這種方法并不適用于生產(chǎn)本文所提到的這些稀有金屬元素，

42、尤其是需要獲得純潔金屬時更是如此。例句二The carrying capacity of the pilesmay be due to the frictional 13resistance of the ground against the sides of the piles, in 3cases where the strength of the ground does not materially 2increase with depth; or to the strong veering layer to which24the points of the piles reach,in

43、 which case (where) they 45transmit the load from the soft strata above to the bearing 5stratum. 分析：這是一個比擬復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句，它是由一個主句和三個定語從句構(gòu)成。其中主句為：主語The carrying capacity of the piles +系動詞 may be +兩個due to引導(dǎo)的并列表語其中第二個 to 前省略了due 。三個定語從句分別是where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾cases, to which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾layer, (where) 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾case 。

44、事實上，兩個where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句從邏輯意義上講均表示條件。漢譯時利用拆分法將主句拆分開來翻譯：先翻譯第1即主句的主語局部，被譯為一個分句：基樁之所以具有承載能力；再翻譯第3表示條件的從句局部：在土壤強度不隨深度增加而顯著提高的情況下，然后翻譯第2即主句的第二局部：是由于土壤和基樁側(cè)面之間的摩擦作用，再譯第4局部主句的最后一局部：另外則是由于樁底伸到的那層有很大的承載能力，最后翻譯第5局部：在這后一種情況下，基樁把載荷又松軟的上層傳到承壓層。 譯文：基樁之所以具有承載能力，在土壤強度不隨深度增加而顯著提高的情況下，是由于土壤和基樁側(cè)面之間的摩擦作用；另外則是由于樁底伸到的那層有很大的承載能

45、力；在這后一種情況下，基樁把載荷又松軟的上層傳到承壓層。Translate by yourself:1This development is in part a result of e*perimental studies indicating that favorable alterations in the determinants of myocardial o*ygen consumption may reduce ischemic injury and that reduction in afterload may be associated with improved cardia

46、c performance.2Up to a point, flyovers and underpasses, being the first really decisive steps to speed up and divert traffic, have eased the situation, but a considerable contribution towards a satisfactory solution can be made by underground railway networks.3In order to understand what happens dur

47、ing sintering of pacts, the changes in density, in dimensions, in metallographic structure and in mechanical properties during sintering must be studied from an e*perimental point of view, beginning with those in pacts from a single metal powder or from homogeneous solid solution alloy powders.四、綜合法

48、有些長句采用以上所說的三種譯法都感不妥，是按時間順序翻譯還是按邏輯順序翻譯，這時就應(yīng)仔細分析與推敲，有順譯有倒譯又有拆分地對全句進展綜合處理。例句一Unless otherwise noted,o*ide folds and suckbacks are 14acceptableif the thickness in the area is not less than the 2minimum sheet or plate thickness allowed in the material 2specification and / or the drawing tolerances for ma

49、chined or 2formed sheets or parts, whichever is applicable.23分析：本句共有一個主句和四個從句組成。該句的句法構(gòu)造依次是unless 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句、主句、 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句其中包含lessthan 構(gòu)造的比擬狀語從句、whichever引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。該句看是復(fù)雜，其實只有兩個層面的含義：第一層面的含義也是該句的核心局部，即對于機械加工或成型的板材或零件，假設(shè)焊縫加強區(qū)的厚度不小于材料規(guī)和/或圖紙公差允許的最小板材厚度哪一條適宜，就以哪一條為準，則氧化膜起皺和倒縮孔是可以允許的；第二個層面的含義即除非另有注明，其真正的含義實際上沒有完整的表達出來，如果將該層面意思補充完整應(yīng)該是除非另有注明，否則氧化膜起皺和倒縮孔是可以允許的，換言之如果沒有另外注明，則氧化膜起皺和倒縮孔是可以允許的。翻譯該句先采用了順譯法翻譯了第1局部，然后采用倒譯法翻譯主句之后的第2和3局部，最后翻譯主句第4局部。對全句在理解了其邏輯關(guān)系的根底上，進展了綜合處理。譯文：除非另有注明，