天津大學-化工英語(研究生入學考試,專業(yè)Top1)(共45頁)

1、PAGE PAGE 50化工(hugng)英語備課筆記(bj) 化學(huxu)化工 學院化工 系1、Chemical EngineeringChemical engineers create processes based upon physical and chemical change. The processes may yield marketable items市場(shchng)效益, such as gasoline 汽油(qyu)or penicillin青霉素, or noncommercial items, such as clean air or clean water

2、. The processes are created by integrating整合(zhn h) principles from basic sciences traditionally chemistry, physics, and mathematics with consideration of economics, environmental impact, and employee safety. Several textbooks in chemical engineering have introductory 介紹性的chapters on the chemical en

3、gineering profession. At the end of this chapter we list some of the most frequently used texts. We encourage you to browse through瀏覽 the introductory chapters of these books. Their subsequent chapters will give you a glimpse of topics in the chemical engineering curriculum. The chemical engineering

4、 profession, barely 100 years old, began as an interface 交叉between chemistry and mechanical engineering. The principal goal in the early days of chemical engineering was to commercialize chemical reactions developed at a chemists bench化學家實驗室. In 1983 a list of the top ten achievements of chemical en

5、gineering was compiled on the occasion of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), a national organization with approximately 60,000 members. The AIChE used two criteria to form this list: first, the degree to which the achievement was an innovative and

6、creative response to a societal need, and second, the historical impact of the process. These achievements are summarized as follows: Synthetic rubber. Elastic彈性(tnxng)的 materials, such as automobile tires and drive belts, are an integral part of everyday life. The annual production of rubber in 198

7、3 was twenty-two billion pounds. Remarkably, this industry was developed in only two years, just in time to replace shortages of natural rubber during World War II.Antibiotics抗生素. In 1918 an influenza epidemic killed twenty million people worldwide, one-half million in the United States alone. Vener

8、eal diseases性病(xngbng) were incurable. Until the 1950s polio 小兒麻痹crippled millions. Discovering medicines was only part of the solution. After it was observed that a mold霉菌(mjn) inhibited阻止 bacterial growth in a Petri dish皮氏培養(yǎng)皿, chemical engineering developed the technology to ultimately produce mil

9、lions of pounds per year of penicillin青霉素. Chemical engineering made possible the mass production of medicines and the subsequent 隨后的availability to people worldwide. Polymers聚合物. Plastics such as PVC, nylon, polystyrene聚苯乙烯, and polyethylene聚乙烯 are the predominant materials for consumer products. P

10、lastics have replaced wood, metal, and glass in many applications because of their superior strength/weight ratio強度(qingd)質量比, chemical resistance化學(huxu)惰性, and mechanical properties機械性能.Synthetic fibers纖維(xinwi). Methods to produce fine threads of polymers絲狀聚合物 allow us to rely less on exploiting

11、plants and animals for clothing, carpets地毯, and fabrics織物.Cryogenic低溫的 separation of air into O2 and N2.The present production is about 1012 cubic feet per year. N2 is a key reagent反應物，試劑 for fertilizer and is used as a cryogen制冷劑. O2 is used in medicine and metals processing金屬加工.Separation of nucle

12、ar isotopes同位素分離: 235U/238U; 12C/14C; 16O/18O. Isotopically enriched uranium同位素富集鈾 changed the world for better and for worse in 1945. Nuclear energy continues to be a viable可行的 supplement to fossil fuels. Medical research, diagnostics, and treatments require isotopically enriched elements同位素富集元素.Ca

13、talytic cracking催化(cu hu)裂解 of crude oil. Crude oil was once distilled into light and heavy fractions (kerosene煤油(miyu), gasoline, lubricating潤滑油 oil); the range of oil products 原油產品(chnpn)的使用范圍was limited by the physical mixture of the raw material原材料. Catalytic cracking催化裂解 systematically decompos

14、es分解 oil molecules into molecular building blocks 分子積木that may be used to construct complex chemicals. The ability to make high octane高辛烷值 fuel was a crucial factor in the Battle of Britain and World War II.Pollution control. Chemical engineers can work to design process with minimal offending by-pr

15、oducts 有害副產品and devise strategies to restore polluted sites恢復受污染區(qū)域.Fertilizers, especially ammonia氨. New fertilizers have improved agricultural productivity and helped to feed the world.Biomedical engineering生物醫(yī)學工程(gngchng). Chemical engineering principles have been used to model the processes of th

16、e human body as well as to develop artificial organs, such as the kidney, heart, and lungs. Adapted from T. Michael Dunean and Jeffrey A. Reimers Chemical Engineering Design & Analysis (1998)New words and expressions：penicillin 青霉素，盤尼西林(pnnxln)elastic material 彈性(tnxng)材料antibiotic 抗生素PVC 聚氯乙烯Nylon

17、尼龍Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯Polyethylene 聚乙烯chemical resistance 化學阻力fossil fuel 化石燃料kerosene 煤油high octane fuel 高辛烷值燃料by-product 副產物marketable 有市場效益的gasoline 汽油profession 專業(yè)curriculum 課程tire 輪胎influenza epidemic 流行性感冒(gnmo)venereal 性病(xngbng)的polio 腦灰質炎，小兒麻痹癥bacterial 細菌(xjn)的Petri dish 皮氏培養(yǎng)皿cryogenic 低溫學cryo

18、gen 制冷劑isotope 同位素uranium 鈾distill 蒸餾ammonia 氨化學工程化學工程師們在物理和化學變化的基礎上創(chuàng)造工藝，這些工藝可以生產具有市場效益的產品如汽油或青霉素；或產生沒有經濟效益的產品如清潔的空氣或水。這些工藝師 通過整合基礎科學即傳統(tǒng)的化學、物理和數學的基本原理并考慮到經濟、環(huán)境影響和工人安全而創(chuàng)造產生的。化工專業(yè)的幾本化學工程教科書中有介紹性的章節(jié)，本章的最后我們也列出了其中最常用的課本。希望你們能夠瀏覽一下這些書的介紹性章節(jié)，隨后的章節(jié)將使你們了解化學工程課程的主要內容。僅有100年歷史的化學工程專業(yè)是作為化學和機械工程的交叉學科出現的。早期化學工程的

19、主要目的是使化學家實驗室中開發(fā)的化學反應經濟化。1983年，美國化學工程學會（AIChE，一個大約有60000成員的國家組織）在成立75周年之際，根據兩個標準：第一，成就對社會需求創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)造性反應的影響程度；第二，工藝的歷史影響，評出了化學工程過去的十大成就名單：合成橡膠：彈性材料如汽車輪胎和驅動帶已成為日常生活不可缺少的一部分，1983年橡膠的年產量是22億磅。值得注意的是，橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展僅用了兩年時間，及時取代了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間短缺的天然橡膠。抗生素：1918年流行性感冒使全世界2000萬人喪生，僅美國就有500萬人；直到50年代，小兒麻痹癥使數百萬人殘廢，發(fā)現藥物是解決問題的唯一方法。

20、當發(fā)現皮氏培養(yǎng)皿中的一種霉菌可以阻止細菌生長后，化學工程開發(fā)的技術最終每年能夠生產數百萬磅的青霉素。聚合物：塑料如聚氯乙烯、尼龍、聚苯乙烯和聚乙烯是消費品的主要材料。由于其優(yōu)越的強度質量比、化學惰性和機械性能，塑料在許多應用中可以替代木材、金屬和玻璃。合成纖維(hchngxinwi)：生產絲狀聚合物的方法使我們不再依靠剝削動物和植物來生產衣服、地毯和織物。低溫(dwn)分離空氣產生氧氣和氮氣：目前的年產量大約1012立方英尺。氮是肥料的主要成份，而且氮氣可以用作制冷劑，氧氣(yngq)可用于醫(yī)療和金屬加工方面。元素同位素分離：235U/238U; 12C/14C; 16O/18O，同位素富集鈾

21、在1945年改變這個世界，更好和更糟。核能成為化石燃料一個可行的補充；醫(yī)學研究、診斷和治療需要同位素富集元素。原油催化裂解：原油可以蒸餾成輕質和重質六分（煤油，汽油，潤滑油），油產品的使用范圍受到原油物理混合的限制。催化裂化系統(tǒng)將油分子分解成“分子積木”，可以用來構建復雜的化學物質。生產高辛烷值燃料的能力是大不列顛和二戰(zhàn)期間的一個關鍵因素。污染控制：化學工程師可以設計工藝使有害的副產品達到最少限度，并采用方法來恢復受污染的地方。肥料，尤其是氨：新型肥料提高農業(yè)生產率和幫助養(yǎng)活全世界。生物醫(yī)學工程：化學工程原理已用于模擬人體的過程以及開發(fā)人工器官，如腎臟、心臟、肺。2、Applied Therm

22、odynamics應用熱力學 Thermodynamics, the interaction相互作用 of energy and mass,物質(wzh) receives considerable attention in both the chemistry and chemical engineering curricula課程(kchng). However, the two take different approaches方法(fngf). The thermodynamics of chemistry concerns itself mostly with以什么為對象 close

23、d or control mass systems, which have no movement of mass across the boundary與環(huán)境沒有物質交換, as well as with ideal gases and solutions.理想氣體和理想溶液 In contrast, chemical engineering concerns itself with open systems that have both energy and mass crossing the boundaries, systems that are common in industria

24、l processes. Furthermore, engineers work primarily with real, not ideal, gases and solutions under a wide variety of conditions, including nonideal high pressures and temperatures. Phase equilibrium相平衡 is a significant subject because it is the basis for understanding and designing separation 分離工序pr

25、ocesses that are ubiquitous普遍存在的 in the chemical process industries. For that reason, chemical engineers must have a variety of applied techniques to develop, extend, or estimate thermodynamic data (Table 2.1).TABLE 2.1 Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Curricula Chemical Engineering Topic Chemistr

26、y Curriculum CurriculumSystems Closed(energy flow only ) Closed and open(mass and energy flows)Gases Mainly ideal Ideal and real Entropy and enthalpy Effect of temperature only Effect of temperature and Pressure Solutions Knowledge of nonideal Extensive treatment of nonidealPhase equilibrium Basic u

27、nderstanding Basic understanding; strong emphasis on applications This chapter covers applied thermodynamics from a macroscopic 宏觀(hnggun)的viewpoint, which requires many fewer descriptions than the microscopic微觀(wigun)的 molecular one. Well start with a review of thermodynamics熱力學復習(fx) as found in a

28、 physical chemistry course, adding information as it applies to industrial systems.TERMS 術語 Youll find the following terms helpful in understanding applied thermodynamics:A system is the part of the universe宇宙 or process under study. For example, the gas in a cylinder,氣缸 water flowing a turbine,透平 a

29、nd Freon-12氟利昂 in a refrigeration unit冷凍單元 are all systems.A property性質 is any observable可分析測量的 characteristic of a system. Temperature, pressure, volume, and entropy 熵are all properties.An extensive property廣度性質 is one that depends on a systems mass and size. Volume, internal energy,內能 and entropy

30、are extensive properties. An intensive property強度(qingd)性質 does not depend on the system mass or size. Pressure, temperature, and molar volume摩爾(m r)容積 are intensive properties.The state of a system refers to the macroscopic properties宏觀(hnggun)性質 and is determined by its properties at equilibrium平衡

31、.A process is a change of state determined by a change in properties. If a systems temperature changes, the increase or decrease in temperature is the process.A process is reversible可逆的 if both the system and the surroundings can be restored to their initial state at the end of the process.New words

32、 and expressions：closed system 封閉系統(tǒng)open system 敞開體系cylinder 汽缸freon 氟利昂entropy 熵enthalpy 焓internal energy 內能extensive property 廣度性質intensive property 強度性質molar volume 摩爾體積應用熱力學 熱力學，作為研究物質和能量相互關系的一門科學(kxu)，在化學課程和化學工程課程中都受到了很大的關注。不過，這兩門課程采取了不同的研究方法。 化學熱力學通常以理想氣體(l xin q t)、理想溶液以及與環(huán)境沒有物質交換的封閉體系為研究對象。 相

33、反，化學工程以與環(huán)境之間既有物質交換又有能量交換的敞開體系及化學過程中常見的體系為研究對象。而且，工程師主要處理的是多種多樣條件下的真實的而不是理想的氣體和溶液，包括高溫高壓。相平衡是一個非常(fichng)重要的研究主題，因為它是理解和設計化工過程中最常見的分離過程的基礎。由于這個原因，化學工程師必須通過各種應用技術去發(fā)展，延伸或評估熱力學數據（圖2.1）。表 2.1 化學和化學工程課程主題 化學 化學工程體系 封閉 （只有能量流） 封閉和敞開(有物質流和能量流)氣體 主要是理想的 理想的和真實的熵和焓 只受溫度影響 受溫度和壓力影響溶液 認知非理想的 廣泛處理非理想的相平衡 基礎理解 基礎

34、理解; 重點在應用本章從宏觀角度來涵蓋應用熱力學，不需要知道體系內微觀分子的細節(jié)。我們將從熱力學綜述開始，就像物理化學課程中那樣，再加上應用于工業(yè)體系的知識。術語你將發(fā)現下列的術語有助于你對應用熱力學的理解：體系是指宇宙或某過程中被劃作研究對象的部份物體。比如汽缸中的氣體，流過渦輪的水，冷卻單元里的氟利昂等都可以作為體系。性質是指一個體系中所有宏觀可測的特征。溫度、壓力、體積和熵都是性質。廣度性質是指那些與體系中物質的數量成正比的性質，體積、內能和熵都屬于廣度性質。強度性質是指那些與體系中物質的數量無關的性質。壓力、溫度和摩爾體積屬于強度性質。狀態(tài)是指一定平衡條件下某熱力學體系所體現的宏觀性質

35、。過程是指熱力學體系的狀態(tài)所發(fā)生的變化。如果某體系的溫度發(fā)生變化，則溫度的升高或降低就是過程。如果某一過程結束時，體系和環(huán)境都能復原到初始狀態(tài)，則這樣的過程是可逆的。3、Flow Through Packed beds填充(tinchng)床層, Porosity孔隙率 and sphericity球形度 Packed beds are used in a wide array of process equipment,工藝設備 including absorption columns吸收塔 and fixed-bed固定床 chemical reactors. Fluid flow thro

36、ugh a packed bed is a complex process that we can visualize as flow through a collection of intermeshed多分支(fnzh)的 tubes管道(gundo) of varying cross section橫截面. This collection creates a tortuous曲折的 path for the fluid, which enhances heat and mass transfer. We take a semiempirical半經驗的 approach to calcu

37、lations for these flows because of their complexity.The approach uses a hydraulic radius水力半徑 to derive推導 appropriate flow equations. For a packed bed, Rh = volume available for flow可利用的流體體積/total wetted surface總潤濕表面積 (3.58)R h= (volume of voids空體積/bed volume)/(wetted surface/bed volume) = / (3.59)Wh

38、ere其中(qzhng) is a porosity, and a equals v(1-) where v is the total particle surface粒子(lz)表面積 divided by the volume of the particles.總面積除以總體積(tj)Also useful in packed-bed calculations is the superficial velocity表觀速度 (defined as the approach velocity to the bed, or the velocity without the packing pr

39、esent)無填料, the packed bed height L, and particle diameter 粒徑D. The Reynolds number 雷諾數for a packed bed is (3.60)For both laminar and turbulent層流和湍流 flow through a bed, (3.61)which is the Ergun equation.歐根方程 The term s 球形度is obtained得到 by the relation s = (6/Dp)(particle surface area表面積/particle volu

40、me ) (3.62)Some typical sphericities for various packings填料 are given in Table3.7.For the laminar range (Re1000), (3.64)For calculations in the transition range過度范圍 (1.0Re100), use eq 3.6.1For cases when the packed bed consists of a mixture of different particle sizes不同顆粒(kl)大小, a surface mean diame

41、ter 表觀(bio un)平均直徑 must be used. This diameter is obtained by using the following equations and the total number of each size particle Ni or the mass fraction質量(zhling)分數 of each particle size xi (3.65)and (3.66)TABLE3.7 Sphericity (s) Values for packing Materials Material sSphere, cube, or cylinder

42、(L=D)Raschig ring, inside diameter L=1/2 outside diameter DRaschig ring拉西環(huán), inside diameter L=3/4 outside diameter DBerl saddles伯爾鞍Sharp-pointed sand particles 有尖角的沙粒Rounded sand Coal dust煤灰Crushed glass碎玻璃Mica flakes 云母片1.00.580.330.30.950.830.730.650.28Adapted from Richard G. Griskys ChemicalEngin

43、eering for chemists(1997)New words and expressions：porosity 空隙(kngx)率absorption column 吸收塔cross section 橫截面hydraulic radius 水力(shul)半徑wetted surface 潤濕(rn sh)表面laminar flow 層流turbulent flow 湍流packing 堆積mass fraction 質量分率Raschig ring 拉希環(huán)通過填充床的流體流動、孔隙率和球形度填充床廣泛用于吸收塔和固定床反應器等工藝設備。流體流過填充床是一個復雜的過程，我們可以形象化

44、地看作是流體流過多分支的，具有不同界面的管道。這些管路使流體流經曲折的路徑，從而增強傳熱和傳質。由于流動過程的復雜性，我們使用半經驗的方法對其進行計算。這種方法使用水力半徑來推出適當的流動方程式。對于填充床：Rh=可利用的流體體積/總潤濕表面積 水力半徑=（空體積/床體積）/（潤濕表面積/床體積）= /a 表示孔隙率 a=av（1-），其中av是粒子總表面積除以粒子總體積。在填充床計算中同樣有用的是表觀(bio un)速度（定義為接近床的速度，或沒有(mi yu)填料時的速度即空塔速度），填充床的高度L和填料粒徑D。填充(tinchng)床雷諾數為：對于平流和湍流，有： （3.61）即Ergu

45、n方程，s為球形度，可由下式計算得： s=（6/D）（粒子表面積/粒子體積）對于平流（Re1000），Ergun方程式變?yōu)椋簩τ?.0Re50% for phenolto test in more conventional plug flow reactors平推流反應器. The combinatorial reactor組合(zh)反應器 uses a series of glass plates玻璃(b l)盤 into which a variety of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst candidates have been placed

46、. A simple color change indicates a successful candidate (see figure below, right).Using this technique we have been able to screen篩選(shixun) an average of 20 catalysts per week. From these screenings, a number of candidates have shown promise for the direct oxidation of benzene to phenol.Testing of

47、 the promising candidates has shown that a catalyst previously used in NOx reduction chemistry has activity and selectivity for phenol production. Cu-ZSM-5 (photo at top of this page) shows selectivity of better than 50% for phenol. The remaining products are mostly organic (not CO2) and hence could

48、 potentially be converted into further phenol with the proper reactor configuration構造(guzo). In particular we are investigating the use of short contact time reactors, which give only primary products while minimizing the amount of unwanted side products. A new technique developed by CMT allows prom

49、ising catalysts for a one-step phenol production method to be identified by a simple color change. Adapted from HYPERLINK /science- technology/basicsci/one-step-phenol.shtml /science- technology/basicsci/one-step-phenol.shtmlNotesArgonne A U.S. Department of Energy laboratory operated by The Univers

50、ity of Chicago. Argonne is one of the U.S. Department of Energys largest research centers. It is also the nations first national laboratory, chartered in 1946.Engelhard Corporation Engelhard Corporation converts base materials into wealth but no alchemy魔力(ml) is involved. The company operates in fou

51、r segments. Its material services segment provides precious and base metals as raw materials for manufacturers. Engelhards environmental technologies segment cells emission-control systems (such as catalytic converters) for automobiles. Other segments produce chemical catalysts and sorbents吸附劑 (used

52、 to make pharmaceuticals醫(yī)藥品 and other chemical) and pigments顏料(ynlio) and performance additive性能(xngnng)增強劑 (used in plastics, coatings, paper, and cosmetics化妝品).ABB Lummus A unit of Swiss behemoth ABB Ltd., ABB Lummus Global provides engineering, procurement,采購 and construction-related services in

53、more than 70 countries. Targeting the petrochemical石化 and refining精煉, oil and gas, and power industries, ABB Lummus Global offers a range of services, including process design, project management, project financing, engineer training, and technical support. Although it does not build the petrochemic

54、al plant工廠 or refinery精煉廠, the company installs 裝備有its own processing equipment and technology. ABB Lummus Global was formed in 1995 with the merger of ABB Lummus Crest and ABB Lummus Crest and ABB Global Engineering.Reaction Design Reaction Design of San Diego, California, USA, was founded in 1995

55、to provide software simulation and modeling tools to help process engineers create more efficient and environmentally friendly manufacturing processes.CMT The Chemical Technology Division (CMT) is one of the largest divisions at Argonne National Laboratory, a leading Department of Energy laboratory

56、of research and development related to energy and environmental issues. Since its inception創(chuàng)立(chungl) in 1948, the Division has pioneered in developing separations processes for the nuclear industry. The current scope of activities includes R&D on methods for disposing of radioactive and hazardous 危

57、險(wixin)的wastes and on energy conversion processes with improved efficiencies, lower costs, and reduced environmental impact. In addition, the Division operates laboratories that provide ESH analytical services and analytical chemistry services and research.New words and expressions：aromatic 芳烴pheno

58、l 苯酚(bn fn)intermediate 中間體benzene 苯phenol-formaldehyde resins酚醛樹脂cumene 枯烯alkylation 烷基化propene 丙烯phosphoric acid 磷酸aluminum chloride 三氯化鋁cumene hydroperoxide 過氧化異丙苯cleavage 分裂(fnli)，裂解acetone 丙酮(bn tn)sulfuric acid 硫酸(li sun)toluene 甲苯heterogeneous 多相的equimolar 等摩爾的plug flow reactor 平推流反應器homogene

59、ous 均相的screening 篩選activity 活動性selectivity 選擇性contact time 接觸時間primary product 主產物side product 副產物選擇性氧化芳烴的新催化技術一步法生產苯酚：現代化工產品的60%和化學工程的90%是通過催化化學過程實現的，由于這種主導地位，催化氧化被美國能源部作為化學工業(yè)發(fā)展的最重要的領域之一。（能源效率和可再生能源工業(yè)技術辦公室，展望2020年未來化學工業(yè)）催化氧化時化學工業(yè)的命脈，其產物是許多工業(yè)化學品和有機聚合物生產所必須得中間體。正因為如此，選擇氧化是未來化學工業(yè)發(fā)展的重要組成部分。在過去的三十年里，苯直接

60、氧化制備苯酚是許多研究者工作的重心，但大部分的研究實際上仍是探索性的。據我們所知，目前尚未有使用分子氧一步高產率的選擇氧化苯來制備苯酚。目前，美國苯酚產量是45億磅/年，全世界是110億磅/年，苯酚主要用來生產酚醛樹脂。世界上95%的苯酚是由三步的枯烯法生產，以苯為原料，枯烯法的工藝包括：在磷酸或三氯化鋁催化下，苯和丙烯烷基化生成異丙苯；以氧氣氧化異丙苯生產過氧化異丙苯；在硫酸催化下，過氧化異丙苯裂解生成苯酚和丙酮?；瘜W技術部門正在進行的一項研究，其目標是尋找(xnzho)一步生成苯酚的方法。研究(ynji)熱點：在目前的一個項目中，我們正在研究一種(y zhn)從苯或甲苯出發(fā)，通過多相催化以