2008年新航道考研英語聽課筆記

1、2008年新航道考研英語聽課筆記（四）在“考研閱讀的最高境界（一）五層遞進學(xué)習(xí)法”等文章中我說明了應(yīng)該如何把握閱讀文章與試題：1 把握中心思想層2 概括段落大意層3 深入剖析文章層4 摘錄背誦佳句層5 換位思考命題層 現(xiàn)在以歷年真題為例說明如何實施上述的五層遞進學(xué)習(xí)法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)容”對應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的1與2，“核心詞匯”、“難句分析”與“參考譯文”對應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的3，“佳句摘錄”對應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的4，而“試題詳解”對應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的5。關(guān)于“五層遞進學(xué)習(xí)法”的具體內(nèi)容，請閱讀本人博客中的同名文章。Passage 4“I have great confidence that by

2、 the end of the decade well know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kin

3、ds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the fi

4、ve-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the ea

5、rly 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becom

6、es cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors c

7、an never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We cant prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of gen

8、es in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”13. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to .A predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decadeB indicate that the prospects for cur

9、ing cancer are brightC prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty yearsD warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered14. The author implies that by the year 2000, .A there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patientsB 90 percent of

10、the skin-cancer patients today will still be livingC the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancersD there wont be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients15. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes.A that are always in operation in a healthy personB whi

11、ch remain unharmful so long as they are not activatedC that can be driven out of normal cellsD which normal cell cant turn off16. The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means .A deadB ever-presentC inactiveD potential文章結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)容文章結(jié)構(gòu)：層層遞進型。本文指出人們雖然還沒有找到治愈癌癥的方法，但在癌癥的研究方面已經(jīng)有了很大進展。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了致癌基因

12、（oncogene），但是對于其活動過程還知之不多。作者認為雖然癌癥的治愈前景遙遠，但已經(jīng)比較明朗。閱讀時注意文中的轉(zhuǎn)折處。核心詞匯1. in vast detail 很詳盡地（vast 大量的，巨大的）2. microbiologist 微生物學(xué)家3. caution警告；n. 謹慎；警告（precaution預(yù)先警告，預(yù)防）4. infection 感染，傳染（動詞infect 感染，傳染）5. suffer from 患有；遭受；忍受6. survive 幸存，幸免于；活得比長（名詞survival）7. statistics 統(tǒng)計數(shù)值，統(tǒng)計資料，統(tǒng)計（學(xué)）8. variety種類，品種

13、；多種多樣9. in existence 存在，生存10. oncogene （致）癌基因11. activate 激活，使活動（形容詞active）12. dormant暫?；顒拥?；潛在的；睡著的（同根詞dormitory宿舍-dorm睡覺）13. drive into action 使活動起來，迫使行動14. turn off 關(guān)閉，使停止活動15. involved相關(guān)的，涉及的16. mysterious 神秘的（名詞mystery 神秘事物）17. likelihood 可能性（形容詞likely 可能的）18. initiate 開始，發(fā)起（同根詞initiative 主動的行動；

14、首創(chuàng)精神-init第一，開始）19. prepare against 以防備20. cosmic 宇宙的（名詞cosmos宇宙）21. prospect 前景（prospective 未來的）22. counteract 對起反作用，對抗（= counter（相反）+act（作用）23. predict 預(yù)言，預(yù)測（形容詞predictable可以預(yù)測的）* * *24. drastic激烈的，迅猛的；嚴厲的25. in operation工作，運行難句分析1. “But”, he cautions, “some people may have the idea that once one u

15、nderstands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”結(jié)構(gòu)分析這是一個直接引語，包含兩個部分，其中第一個句子的主干是some people may have the idea，后面的that引導(dǎo)一個同位語從句that once one understands the causes,

16、 the cure will rapidly follow，修飾the idea；第二個句子是一個例子，說明前一句中some people的錯誤觀點。參考譯文 “但是”，他警告說，“有些人可能有這樣一種想法：一旦人們了解了病因，很快就能找到治療方法。想一想巴斯德，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了多種傳染病的病因，可是五、六十年后才找到治療方法?！?. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inacti

17、ve in normal cells.結(jié)構(gòu)分析 本句的主干是The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s，第一個逗號之后的when引導(dǎo)一個定語從句when they discovered，修飾the early 1970s；discovered后面是that引導(dǎo)的一個賓語從句that oncogenes are inactive in normal cells，這個賓語從句中的which are cancer-causing genes是一個非限定性定語從句，修飾oncogenes，解釋oncogenes的含義。參考譯文 研究人員

18、在20世紀70年代初期取得巨大進展-當(dāng)時這些研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)致癌基因在正常細胞中并不活動。3. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.結(jié)構(gòu)分析本句是一個復(fù)合句，前半句的主語是Anything，后面的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)from cosmic rays to radiation to diet說明主語所包括的范圍；后半句是一個省略句，補充完整是but how they may activate a dormant oncogene remain

19、s unknown。參考譯文 從宇宙射線到輻射到飲食，任何東西都有可能激活沉睡中的致癌基因，但激活的方式尚不得而知。4. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent cancers.結(jié)構(gòu)分析本句是一個表示轉(zhuǎn)折的復(fù)合句，前半句的involved（相關(guān)的，涉及的）后置作mechanisms的定語，有類似用法的詞有concer

20、ned（有關(guān)的）；后半句的主干是the likelihood .suggests that., 其中主語the likelihood（可能性）后帶有同位語從句that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes，而謂語suggests后帶有that引導(dǎo)的一個賓語從句。參考譯文 癌變涉及的確切機制仍然很神秘，但許多癌癥開始于基因這一可能性表明我們將永遠無法預(yù)防所有的癌癥。試題詳解13例證題。這類題的答案一般在例子前。作者在舉Pasteur的例子之前，就已經(jīng)警告人們不要以為理解了癌癥的致病原因就能很快找到治療方法（ “But, ” he cau

21、tions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow），也就是說there is still a long way to go(前面要走的路還很長)。D符合此意，為正確答案。注意：作者此處所舉的例子是一個反例。14 事實細節(jié)題。二段開始指出當(dāng)時所有癌癥患者能活5年的達50，到2000年達75%，有些皮膚癌患者可達90，但是其他統(tǒng)計數(shù)字并不樂觀-肺癌和胰腺癌的5年存活率分別是13%和2%。D“并不是所有的癌癥患者存活率都會大幅提高”符合此意，所以是正

22、確答案。A“皮膚癌患者的5年存活率將有大幅提高”與原文不符，因為二段第三句指的是部分皮膚癌患者，而A選項指的是所有皮膚癌患者。閱讀時注意文中的轉(zhuǎn)折詞but。15事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)問題中的關(guān)鍵詞oncogenes定位原文三段第二句：oncogenesare inactive in normal cells(致癌基因在正常細胞中是不活動的，也就是對細胞無害的)。下一句指出它們能被激活，這時就對細胞有害。B符合此意，為正確答案。16詞義題。推測詞義可以根據(jù)上下文進行。首先，謂語activate（激活）提供了線索，因為需要激活的東西肯定原來是不活躍的，那么C為正確答案。其次，下一句中的driven into action（被激活）也提示dormant的含義。參考譯文癌癥專家、微生物學(xué)家羅伯特溫伯格說：“我充分相信，十年之內(nèi)我們就能夠非常詳