《文化語言翻譯》PPT課件

1、第一章 文化，語言，翻譯 文化與翻譯文化（culture)是一個內(nèi)涵豐富而又復(fù)雜的概念。追溯其歷史淵源，“文化” 一詞最早出現(xiàn)在中國古籍。西漢劉向說苑指武篇說：“圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力。凡武之興，為不服也；文化不改，然后加誅?！睍x束晰補(bǔ)亡詩由儀曰： “文化內(nèi)輯，武功外悠?！蹦淆R王融曲水詩序：“設(shè)神理以景俗，敷文化以柔遠(yuǎn)?！边@里，“文化”的含義是指古代封建王朝所施的文冶和教化，與天造地設(shè)的自然，或與無教化的“質(zhì)樸”、 野蠻”相對而言。1.文化現(xiàn)在所說的“文化”與古文中的“文化”涵義有較大的差異。今天我們所用的文化一詞是外來語的意譯，是19世紀(jì)末從日文中轉(zhuǎn)譯過來的。文化一詞源于拉丁文cul

2、tus，是由colere 演化而來，而英語中的culture和德語中的kultur同由拉丁語的 cultus轉(zhuǎn)化而來。文化一詞拉丁文原義是“開發(fā)，開化”的意思。德語kultur本義指精神文化，實指宗教文化而言。英語culture的意義則與政治、法律、教育等社會生活有關(guān)。辭海指出，文化，從廣義上說，指人類社會歷史實踐過程中所創(chuàng)造的物質(zhì)財富和精神財富的總和。從狹義上來說，指社會的意識形態(tài)，以及與之相適應(yīng)的制度和組織機(jī)構(gòu)；有時特指教育、科學(xué)、文學(xué)、藝術(shù)等方面的精神財富，以與政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事等方面的知識和設(shè)施相區(qū)別。The New World Encyclopedia: It is the total

3、ity of the spiritual，intellectual，and artistic attitudes shared by a group，including its tradition, habits, social customs, morals, laws and social relations. 現(xiàn)在，我們可以對文化概念有一個清楚的認(rèn)識。文化定義有 廣義文化和狹義文化。廣義文化包括物質(zhì)文化和精神文化，而狹義文化僅指精神文化。2.語言語言是人類特有的一種符號系統(tǒng)，當(dāng)它作用于文化的時候，它是文化信息的載體和容器。”(許國璋) 語言是文化的重要組成部分，是文化的載體和核心，也是文

4、化賴以傳播的物質(zhì)表達(dá)形式。No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same one with different labels attached. (Edward Sapir)語言是一種社會文化現(xiàn)象，是社會文化發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物。任何語言的生存發(fā)展都離不開其賴以生長的社會文化

5、環(huán)境。社會文化又在一定程度上制約著語言使用者的思維方式和表達(dá)能力。文化差異導(dǎo)致不同民族對相同的客觀現(xiàn)象和社會存在產(chǎn)生不同的認(rèn)識，而這種認(rèn)識上的差異則通過語言展現(xiàn)出來。eg. Colors,Animals,Relations,Etc.3.翻譯翻譯是指用接受語（receptor language）復(fù)制源語言（source language）信息的最近似的自然等值，首先在意義方面，其次在文體方面。（Eugene Nida）翻譯就是指用一種語言把另一種語言所表達(dá)的思想內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來的活動。翻譯是兩種語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換活動，是信息和思想的交流，是語言表達(dá)的藝術(shù)再創(chuàng)造，而不是文字上的對譯。翻譯是

6、一項跨文化活動 語言與文化的密切關(guān)系注定了翻譯與文化的密切關(guān)系。翻譯是把一種語言轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言。不言而喻，兩種語言轉(zhuǎn)換的過程中必然涉及到兩種文化。翻譯實質(zhì)上是不同文化間的交流。我國著名學(xué)者王佐良教授在談到文化與翻譯的關(guān)系時曾指出：“他 (翻譯工作者)處理的是個別詞，他面對的則是兩大片文化。”Mary Snell-Hornby:翻譯是一種跨文化的活動”. He deposited money in the Old Lady of Thread-needle Street.他把錢存進(jìn)英格蘭銀行。They said her daughter graduated from a Redbrick.據(jù)說

7、他的女兒畢業(yè)于英國一所二流的大學(xué)。餃子：一種在沸水中煮熟“半圓形的，有餡兒的面食”（現(xiàn)代漢語詞典商務(wù)版 Dumplings：與肉、蔬菜在一洇煮或蒸的面團(tuán)圓，或菜果 湯團(tuán)。 jiaozi譯者必須是一個真正意義上的文化人，人們都說，他必須掌握兩種語言，確實如此；但是，不理解語言當(dāng)中的社會文化，誰也無法真正掌握語言。（王佐良）我們必須從文化的角度來看待翻譯。翻譯不僅要做到語言意義上的等值，而更重要的是要真正做到文化意義上的等值。 4. 英漢語言對比漢藏語系（Sino-Tibetan family）印歐語系（Indo-European family）相同之處：詞類劃分，英漢兩種語言都有實詞虛詞兩大類。

8、句子要素，主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語等的劃分。A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”. -Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary綜合語的特征就是運(yùn)用形態(tài)變化來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系。拉丁語、德語、古英語An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of func

9、tion words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express synthetic relations, rather than of infected forms”. -The Random House College Dictionary 分析語的特征是不用形態(tài)變化而用詞序及虛詞來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系。 漢語English uses hereditary inflection, relatively fixed word order, and plentiful function words to express grammati

10、cal relationships.English synthetic-analytic language 4.1詞匯差異-各種詞性的使用頻率不同4.1.1. 英語中動詞較少，漢語中動詞較多天已經(jīng)擦黑，蟲鳴蛙噪，一片喧鬧。It is already dark, and the chorus of insects and frogs is in full swing.Spontaneity has never been my forte. As a 14-year-old，I would refuse to go for walks around the block with my friend

11、s if I was the least bit behind my schoolwork.一時沖動心血來潮地做某件事向來不是我的專長。14歲時我就這樣，哪怕只有一點(diǎn)作業(yè)沒有做完，我都不會丟開書本和朋友出去玩。4.1.2 英語中代詞使用頻率較高Let yourself fall in love, break free, and set your sights high.放心去愛，打破束縛，開闊眼界。他走進(jìn)屋來，大衣上盡是雪，鼻子凍得通紅。He entered the room , his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.4.1

12、.3 英語中介詞使用頻率較高，具有巨大的搭配聯(lián)結(jié)能力和表達(dá)功能。What is he at?他在干什么？John voted with the Tories.約翰投票支持保守黨。He is a man above vulgar interests.他是一個脫離了低級趣味的人。It looks as if we are in for a storm.看來我們免不了要碰上一場暴風(fēng)雨了。The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.彩虹有多種顏色，外圈紅，內(nèi)圈紫。A woman w

13、ith fair opportunities, and without an absolute hump, may marry whom she likes. 譯文：一個女人只要有機(jī)會好，又不是很駝背，想嫁給誰都行。 Carlisle street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green

14、 lawn. 譯文：卡萊爾大街往西伸展，越過一座黑色大橋，爬下山崗又爬上去，經(jīng)過許多小鋪和肉點(diǎn)，又經(jīng)過一些平房，然后突然朝著一大片綠色草地中止。4.1.4 英語中形容詞表達(dá)能力很強(qiáng)。Keith: A little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar.基思：一個討飯的，身材矮小，面色倉黃，衣衫襤褸，瘸腿，滿臉胡子。She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.她心地厚道，為人樂觀，性情溫柔，待人和藹，器量又大。4.2 語法形態(tài)的差異王力（1984: 53,

15、 141）“就句子的結(jié)構(gòu)而論，西洋語言是法治的，中國語言是人治的。”所謂“法治”，即句子的形式嚴(yán)格受到語法的制約，如句子必須有主語和謂語動詞，及物動詞必須有賓語，這些“不管用得著用不著，總要呆板地求句子形式的一律”。所謂“人治”，即句子比較不受形式的約束，可以因表意的需要而加以變通，詞語的分合伸縮比較靈活，“用得著就用，用不著就不用”，只要雙方意思明白，就可以了。英語有綜合語的特征，受形態(tài)的約束，因而“語法是硬的，沒有彈性”；漢語是分析語，不受形態(tài)的約束，因而“語法是軟的，富于彈性”。4.2.1名詞的形態(tài)After a series of experiments important pheno

16、mena have been ascertained. 經(jīng)過一系列實驗之后，弄清了許多重要現(xiàn)象。在使用這種儀器前，必須弄清它的性能。You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it.4.2.2 動詞的形態(tài)英語靠形態(tài)表意，即以屈折式形式變化所含的語法意義表意；漢語靠詞匯表意，即用所使用的詞的含義表意。My husband, Gary, and I were flying to Hawaii from New York City to show our five-month-old son, Timmy, to my

17、parents for the first time. But what should have been a mission of joy filled me with apprehension.我和丈夫加里頭一回帶著我們年僅5個月的兒子蒂米從紐約市飛往夏威夷, 去見我的雙親, 讓他們看看蒂米這本應(yīng)是一次愉快的旅行, 可我卻憂心忡忡 我不知道他們給了我多少日子；但我的手確乎是漸漸空虛了。在默默里算著，八千多日子已經(jīng)從我手中溜去；像針尖上一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在時間的流水里，沒有聲音，也沒有影子。我不禁頭涔涔而淚潸潸了。（朱自清匆匆）I dont know how many days I

18、 have been given to spend, but I do feel my hands are getting empty. Taking stock silently, I find that more than eight thousand days have already slid away from me. Like a drop of water from the point of a needle disappearing into the ocean, my days are dripping into the stream of time, soundless,

19、traceless. Already sweat is starting on my forehead, and tears welling up in my eyes.4.2.3被動語態(tài)My holiday afternoon were spent in ramble about the surrounding country.每逢假日的下午，我總要漫游周圍的鄉(xiāng)村。Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church.在教堂里，人們不僅要有禮貌，而且應(yīng)該有一種虔誠的態(tài)度。注意看看信的地址是否寫對了。Car

20、e should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.4.3 句法差異Parataxis（意合法）is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them, for example: the rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. Chinese sentence building is featured by p

21、arataxis. Hypotaxis（形合法）is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example: I shall despair if you dont come. English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis. To clarify the relations between words, phrases or clauses, English more often resorts

22、to overt cohesion（顯性接應(yīng)），frequently using various cohesive ties such as relatives（relative or conjunctive pronouns and adverbs, e. g. who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how）, connectives（coordinate or subordinate conjunctions, e. g. and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, (n)e

23、ither(n)or, when, while, as, since, until, so that, unless, lest）, prepositions, and some others. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 為什么如此

24、眾多的美國人不能如想象中那樣幸福呢？我認(rèn)為原因有二，而兩者之間又有深淺之分。Even in its blasted condition, with boards and sackings in most of the windows, with its thick dust and its bare room, with its cracked plaster and its damaged roofs, the hotel had been a new world, a breadth and dignity, full of adventure possibilities. （Betray

25、ed Spring）這家旅館，盡管被炸壞了，窗戶大多釘上了木板，并堆上了沙包，到處是厚厚的塵土，房間空空蕩蕩，墻上的石灰也裂了，屋頂也壞了，可總是一個寬闊莊嚴(yán)的新天地，值得去探索By contrast, Chinese more frequently relies on covert coherence （隱性連貫）and context, focusing on temporal or logical sequences. Instead of using various cohesive ties such as relatives, connectives and preposition

26、s as in English, Chinese more often resorts to word order, contracted sentences （緊縮句）, four-character expressions （四字格） and some grammatical or rhetorical devices such as repetition, antithesis, and parallelism.人（若）不犯我，我（則）不犯人。（語序）We will not attack unless we are attacked. 說是說了，沒有結(jié)果。（我雖然說了，但是沒有結(jié)果。）（

27、語序）Ive made proposals, but they proved futile。不怕慢，只怕站。（對照）Its better to move ahead slowly than just to mark time.聰明一世，糊涂一時。（對偶）Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey? 不到黃河心不死。（緊縮句）Until all is over, a

28、mbition never dies. 欲蓋彌彰。The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed.王力（1984: 141） “西洋語的結(jié)構(gòu)好像連環(huán)，雖則環(huán)與環(huán)都聯(lián)絡(luò)起來，畢竟有聯(lián)絡(luò)的痕跡；中國語的結(jié)構(gòu)好像無縫天衣，只是一塊一塊的硬湊，湊起來還不讓它有痕跡。西洋語法是硬的，沒有彈性的；中國語法是軟的，富于彈性的。惟其是硬的，所以西洋語法有許多呆板的要求，如每一個clause 里必須有一個主語；惟其是軟的，所以中國語法只以達(dá)意為主，如初系的目的位可兼次系的主語，又如相關(guān)的兩件事可以硬湊在一起，不用任何的connective word 。”高

29、名凱（1986: 366） “漢人平常說話不喜歡用太多沒有基本意義的虛詞，只是把事情或意思排列起來，讓人去了解這兩個事情或兩個意思之間所生的關(guān)系如何。不過這并不是說漢人說話不合邏輯，因為不加虛詞，我們也知道這句話的意思?！?.4修辭差異4.4.1重復(fù)He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.他討厭失敗，他一生中曾經(jīng)戰(zhàn)勝失敗，超越失敗，并且藐視別人的失敗Flattery is more dangerous than hatred because it covers the stain which the other causes to be wiped out.阿諛比怨恨更危險，因為阿諛掩飾了污點(diǎn)，而怨恨卻能使人消除污點(diǎn)另一種方法是化學(xué)方法。Another method is the chemical process.Another approach is the chemical method4.4.2 排比和對偶畫虎畫皮難畫骨，知人知面不知心。(施耐庵: 水滸) While d