高原自然環(huán)境的保護(hù)與西部地區(qū)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的新模式Millennium課件

1、A Practical Framework for the Assessment and Management of Natural Capital in Qinghai-Tibet PlateauWanglin YANKeio UniversityJAPANContentsBackground and PurposesNatural Capital as a key concept for Qinghai-Tibet PlateauFramework designing for assessing and managing Natural CapitalIssues and conditio

2、ns for implementing the framework in QinghaiFuture works1. Background and PurposesChinas National Goal Constructing a somewhat all-out abundant societyNational GDP: 4 times by 2020=4000US$ per capital The Western Development Strategy brings a millennium chance for people in Western RegionsA chance w

3、hich people in western regions have awaited for long.A challenge which they have never before experienced . Challenges in Western DevelopmentConflicts between environment conservation and economic development “Forestation Program” does not insure improvement of peasants income and living conditions.

4、Conflicts between resource development and improvement of life to local people.Without local industrial bases, resource development may not bring much benefits to local residentsPurposes of Our ProjectUsing Natural Capital as a key concept to build a sustainable development strategy for balancing en

5、vironment conservation, economic development and improvement of human well-being. Designing a framework for practicing the strategy.Clarifying issues and conditions for applying the framework in Qinghai Province.2. Natural Capital as a key concept for DevelopmentNatural Ecosystems must be a fundamen

6、tal factor in market economySocial CapitalRoads, Harbors and Airports etc.Industrial CapitalFinance, Factories and Equipment etc.Human CapitalLabors, Knowledge and skill etc.NatureClean air, pure water and fertilized soil etcEconomic SocietyNatural CapitalClean air, pure water and fertilized soil et

7、cTotal value of ecosystem services supporting lives on the earthValue of Ecosystem services of the EarthRobert Costanza et al, The value of the worlds ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature, Vol. 387, 253-260, 1997Part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as hotspot of Biodiversity of the Earth Source：

8、Hilary French, 2000, Vanishing Borders, A Worldwatch book, NortonThe Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the water tower of AsiaSource: Microsoft Encarta 2003Water Heads of Asian RiversQinghai-Tibet PlateauQinghaiTibetSichuanYunnanContrast of the environment in the PlateauUsing Natural Capital for conservation a

9、nd development of the plateauHuge ecosystem services in fountain regions: Water resources, highland ecosystems, traditional culturesNatural Capital could be traded in market for fundraising: Trade of natural capital is not the trade of nature itself but natural ecosystem services.It is a key issue f

10、or the plateau to draw out the potential of the ecosystems and make it to be a driving force for social development.3. Framework Designing for Assessing and Managing Natural CapitalBasic ConsiderationsTechnologies (GIT, ICT)Local KnowledgeScientific Methods (Models)Performance (Multi-Scale)Participa

11、tion (Network)Understanding the EcosystemsAssessing the Ecosystem servicesMaking Policies and LegislationsEstablishing Market MechanismsStagesFactorsProductsFieldworkFramework for assessment and management of Natural CapitalInventoryingAssessingManagingMarketingNetworkSensingMappingMonitoringIntervi

12、ewingDocumentingSamplingScalingZoningOverlayingAccountingProtectingRestoringRebuildingPlanningDevelopingMethodMediaModelMechanismEcosystemsServicesCapitalEcotopesWell-beingSpatial DataEcomapsPoliciesApplyingExchangingCertifyingFundingReinvestingProjectionsProceduresProcessesProductsParticipationInvo

13、lvement of Communities, Local and Central Governmental Sectors, World-wide NGOs and Academicians Features of the framework: IntegrationIntegration of images, maps, documents, local knowledge by multi-mediaIntegration of multi-scale scientific methods by zoning, sampling and scalingIntegration of tec

14、hnologies, scientific methods, policy making procedures and market mechanismIntegration of fieldworks for practicing and networks for participating4. Issues for Implementing the Framework in QinghaiInventorying the information resources and monitoring the environmentEstablishing an innovative invent

15、orying and monitoring systems in the highland with low cost and high performancemodern satellite observation networksObserving and monitoring the ecosystems in multi-resolutionreasonable ground observation networksAutomatically collecting in situ environment datagrassroots human networksgathering lo

16、cal knowledge of natural ecosystems and culturesReceiving contemporary scientific knowledge and information serviceIntegration of geographic information and local knowledgeMODIS imageSRTM DEM DataLadnuse map by GRIDIn situ dataLocal knowledge Assessing the ecosystem services of the highland Producti

17、on services (the highland specific goods)peculiar plant and animal resources in the highland serving as healthy food and medicinal resources.Regulation services (balance of water and atmosphere)ecosystems of the highland control the climate of Asian and impose great impacts on the environment of the

18、 planet. Habitat services (specific biological diversity)there live a lot of valuable animals and plants which are irreplaceable as genome bank and biodiversity resources.Information services (culture, religions and tourism)beautiful natural landscape, various ethnic customs and traditional religiou

19、s cultures in the plateau are worthy resources of human being and with potential for developing traveling industry.Yokohama CityArea: 300km2Population: 3,000,000With Green Master Plan Tsuzuki WardArea: 25km2Population: 140,000With well-designed green matrix Sample Site:Area: 40haPopulation:100 Homog

20、enous land use zoneLatest Satellite ImagesThematic MapsLand useGeologyGeomorphologyVegetationAero photograph & FieldHigh resolution aero- photographInventories of treesImpervious surfaces.City ecomapDistrict ecomapValue of trees in the siteLand cover classificationEco-topeDefinition & GIS overlayEco

21、system services of treesStudy area selectionEcological and geographic informationGIS-based operationEcosystem services of trees in the wardEcosystem services of trees in the cityOutputExpansion to the ward Expansion to the cityBlock ecomapTracing the canopies and inventoryingtreesMethod for Assessin

22、g Ecosystem Services by GISMaking policies for conservation and development Ecological systemsSocial SystemsSpatial PlanningInformation SystemsRestorationSocial DevelopmentNatural DatabasesSatellite imagesIn situ dataMap dataSocial databasesPopulationIndustryCultureEcosystems and Human interaction a

23、nalysisglobal changes impactlocal activities impactEcological ZoningSocial renewingUrbanizationLand use simulation Land use allocationdevelopingurbanizationEnvironment PlanningSocial LegislationDigital Asia NetworkUnderstanding the highland ecosystemsUnderstanding the highland social systemsPublic I

24、nvolvementEstablishing the mechanism for trading ecosystem services (eg. CO2)Emission right buyerEmission right sellerOverloadDomestic company CEmission rightTrade companiesDomestic company ACompany B aboard CutReal emissionGoalCutSaleSaleGoal-Real emissionBegins from 2005 in JapanReal emissionGoalC

25、hina Needs Ecosystem Services Trading Mechanism like CDM?There exist public consciousness on ecosystem service trading in China. Central government and eastern people dont expect production of timber and pasture but ecosystem services of regulation and information. Who should pay for the costs of af

26、forest in western regions? Without any compensation, why do we ask the western peasants endure the poor living condition. Ecosystem service trading mechanism will link the constructors of environment and the consumers of ecosystem services. This could increase incentive of people for environment res

27、toration and conservation.5. Resources and conditions for implementing the framework in Qinghai at presentThe Peculiar Geographic Location and the Highland Ecosystems Qinghai has advantages to investigate, to evaluate, and to manage the Natural Capital prior to western provinces and districts. Nearl

28、y half of Qinghai Province is enclosed in Sanjuangyuan Natural Protection Zone. The vulnerable ecosystems in the highland are not suitable for large-scale industrial development. Tibetans are not welcome any dramatic changes of lifestyles. Therefore, searching for ecosystem services trading between

29、the highland and other regions becomes the most reasonable choice for Qinghai, especial the southern Qinghai.Research ResourcesQinghai University, supported by Chinese Ministry of Education, has equipped with basic education and research facilities, and has achieved a workable level in the investiga

30、tion, management and assessment of the highland environment.The scientific team of Chinese Academy of Science has investigated the highland for 50 years, and accumulated abundant findings and information on the ecosystems there.Earth Observation Satellites, Information and Communication Technologies

31、 offer systems for investigating and monitoring the wild land in high speed and low cost. Chinese Governments SupportsA China, opening to the world more and more, secures basic condition for international collaborations. The Great Western Development Strategy and the desire of Chinese people for hav

32、ing greenery national land promise the possibility for introducing the market mechanism of ecosystem service trading. Chinese Government and Chinese scientists have engaged in Millennium Assessment project. Their experience is helpful for implementing the framework in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Internat

33、ional Collaboration NetworkThe international exchanges of Qinghai University are active in recent years An international network with environmental experts who are willing to contribute to the development and conservation of the highland is established. This network, correspondent to the calling fro

34、m the Embassy of China in Tokyo and the auspices of Chinese Education Ministry, is working functionally as a node for assisting Qinghai with resources abroad. Keio Universitys COE ProjectKeio University, one of the most famous university in Japan has started the project under the auspices of the Japanese Governments 21 Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program, Policy Innovation Initiative: Human Security Research in Japan and Asia since 2003, in which the collaboration of China and Japan on environment policy is a key issue in the coming five years. Eve