初三英語(yǔ)13單元語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)課件

1、Section APeriod ThreeUnit 13Were trying to save the earth!take part inaffordturn offreusablepay fortake actiontransportation參加v. 買(mǎi)的起；承擔(dān)的起（后果）關(guān)掉adj. 可重復(fù)使用的付費(fèi)；付出代價(jià)采取行動(dòng)n. 運(yùn)輸業(yè)；交通運(yùn)輸Words ReviewRead after the tape and speak out the Chinese immediately.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的，目前正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示能力、應(yīng)該、請(qǐng)求等

2、, 后接動(dòng)詞原形。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者。used to 意為“過(guò)去常?！保硎具^(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或常常存在的狀態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Pay attention to the circled parts.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，指過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響、結(jié)果等。1. Were trying to save the earth.2. No scientific studies have shown that shark fins are good for health.3. The air is badly polluted.4.The river used to

3、be so clean. 5. We should help save the sharks.Grammar Focus現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)used to被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Look! The two birds are flying away.看，那兩只鳥(niǎo)飛走了。 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的，目前正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常帶有表示目前時(shí)刻的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), 如：now, at the (very) moment, at present, 及Look! Listen! .We are not working on a farm these days.這些天我們不在農(nóng)場(chǎng)工

4、作。2)表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行，但說(shuō)話時(shí)可能沒(méi)有進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) You are always changing your mind. 你總是主意不定。(太煩人了。) He is always helping others. 他總是幫助別人。(他真是個(gè)好人。)He is leaving on Wednesday. 他將于周三離開(kāi)。3) 與always, constantly(不斷地，時(shí)常地), forever, all the time等副詞連用，表示動(dòng)作反復(fù)或習(xí)慣。此時(shí)句子常含有說(shuō)話者的強(qiáng)烈情感在內(nèi)。表達(dá)較強(qiáng)的“責(zé)備”或“表?yè)P(yáng)”之意。4) 對(duì)于 come, go, leave,

5、arrive,move,drive,return,fly,walk 等表示位置移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞?？捎眠M(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表將來(lái)。基本結(jié)構(gòu) 肯定句: 主語(yǔ) + am/is/are + V-ing. 否定句: 主語(yǔ) + am/is/are + not + V-ing. 疑問(wèn)句: Am/Is/Are + 主語(yǔ) + V-ing.? V-ing變化規(guī)則 一般情況下，動(dòng)詞后直接加-ingwork-working buy-buying以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，去掉e，加-ingtake taking have having以輔音字母+元音字母+輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，如果末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫(xiě)輔音字母，然后加-ing

6、stop-stopping shop-shopping dig-digging表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。now, at the moment, at present, its 9 oclock, these days及Look! Listen! 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)肯定句：主語(yǔ) + be + V-ing+其他.否定句：主語(yǔ) + be not + V-ing+其他.一般疑問(wèn)句： Is/Am/Are + 主語(yǔ)+ V-ing ?肯定回答為： Yes, 主語(yǔ)+is/am/are.否定回答為： No, 主語(yǔ)+isnt/am not/arent.特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句?結(jié)構(gòu) 定義 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)1)

7、表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。 We have set up many new factories. 我們建立了許多新工廠。2) 動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果、 影響等。 Our city has already changed a great deal. 我們的城市已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的變化。 (結(jié)果：現(xiàn)在城市面貌煥然一新)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，指過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響、結(jié)果等?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)3) 表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，并且一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，甚至還可能繼續(xù)下去，句中使用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，且常有表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 We havent seen each other for

8、ten years. 我們已經(jīng)十年沒(méi)見(jiàn)面了。 Ive been an English teacher for about 20 years. 我當(dāng)英語(yǔ)老師已經(jīng)20年了。規(guī)則變化:動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的變化規(guī)則示例Infinitive動(dòng)詞原形Past Tense 過(guò)去式變化規(guī)則looklooklookmovemovemovecarrycarrcarrstopstopstopededddededededPast Participle 過(guò)去分詞一般動(dòng)詞，加ed以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，加d以y結(jié)尾，且y前是輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，變y為i，再加ed以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動(dòng)詞，雙寫(xiě)詞尾輔音字母，再加edyiyi

9、ppInfinitive動(dòng)詞原形Past Tense 過(guò)去式Past Participle 過(guò)去分詞cutcutcutletletletputputputreadreadreadInfinitive動(dòng)詞原形Past Tense 過(guò)去式Past Participle 過(guò)去分詞havehadhadmakemademadespendspentspenttelltoldtoldInfinitive動(dòng)詞原形Past Tense 過(guò)去式Past Participle 過(guò)去分詞dodiddonebewas/werebeengowentgoneseesawseen不規(guī)則變化:A-A-A型(動(dòng)詞原形、過(guò)去式、過(guò)

10、去分詞都同形)A-B-B型(動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞同形)A-B-C型(動(dòng)詞原形、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞都不同形)I just my lunch.我剛吃過(guò)午飯。（現(xiàn)在不餓）一般過(guò)去時(shí) vs 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)I my lunch in the dining hall.我是在餐廳吃的午飯。一般過(guò)去時(shí)單純描述過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，指過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響、結(jié)果等。hadhave hadNote 1他離開(kāi)上海已經(jīng)3天了。He has left Shanghai for three days.He Shanghai for three days.It three days sinc

11、e he left Shanghai.Three days since he left Shanghai.He Shanghai three days ago.has been away fromis/has been has passedleft一般過(guò)去時(shí) vs 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Note 2短暫性動(dòng)詞的肯定式不能與表示一段時(shí)間的for或since或how long等狀語(yǔ)連用.短暫性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，指過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響、結(jié)果等。already, yet, for+時(shí)間段, since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)肯定句：主語(yǔ) + have/has + V-ed + 其他.否定

12、句：主語(yǔ) + havent/hasnt + V-ed + 其他.一般疑問(wèn)句：Have/Has + 主語(yǔ) + V-ed + ？肯定答語(yǔ)：Yes, 主格代詞 + have/has.否定答語(yǔ)：No, 主格代詞 + havent/hasnt.特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句?結(jié)構(gòu) 定義 標(biāo)志詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be + V-ed”構(gòu)成。be隨著主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)以及時(shí)態(tài)的不同而變化。It was made in Germany in 1681. 它于1681年在德國(guó)制造。 1. 不知道或沒(méi)必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。Chinese is spoken by more and mor

13、e people in the world.世界上越來(lái)越多的人說(shuō)中文了。2.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)3. 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者有較長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)。The plan was supported by those who wished to have more chances to speak English. 該計(jì)劃得到了那些希望有更多機(jī)會(huì)講英語(yǔ)的人的支持。4. 出于禮貌，不愿意說(shuō)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者。1) You are requested to attend the meeting.請(qǐng)你參加會(huì)議。2) I was told that you were not honest enough.有人告訴我你不夠誠(chéng)實(shí)

14、。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 be (not) + done (V-ed)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)肯定句：主語(yǔ) + be + V-ed (+ by).否定句：主語(yǔ) + be + not + V-ed (+by).一般疑問(wèn)句：Be + 主語(yǔ) + V-ed (+by)?特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞 + be + 主語(yǔ) + V-ed (+by)?結(jié)構(gòu) 定義 構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do/does一般過(guò)去時(shí)did一般將來(lái)時(shí)will/shall/be going to + do現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are doing過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were doing被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)am/is/a

15、re + donewas/were + donewill/shall/be going to + be + donehave/has + been doneam/is/are + being donewas/were + being doneused to,“過(guò)去常?！?，后面接動(dòng)詞原形，用來(lái)表示過(guò)去曾經(jīng)的習(xí)慣或常有的行為而現(xiàn)在不再有，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比。used to構(gòu)成肯定句：used to + 動(dòng)詞原形否定句：主語(yǔ) + didnt use to一般疑問(wèn)句：Did+主語(yǔ)+use to do sth.? 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示能力、應(yīng)該、請(qǐng)求、推測(cè)等, 后接動(dòng)詞原形。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(除have to以外

16、)沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1.表示“能力”的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 1) _ your Australian friend eat with chopsticks? Yes, but she cant use them well. A. Should B. Need C. Can D. Must2) Could your father play golf when he was young? No, he _. But he _ play table tennis. A. couldnt; could B. neednt; might C. mustnt; should D. shouldnt; ne

17、ed 【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can表示“能力”時(shí)，與be able to同義，其否定形式為cant。can表示現(xiàn)在的能力，其過(guò)去式could表示過(guò)去的能力。2.表示“應(yīng)該”的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 1) _ weto finish our homework before noon? Yes, you _. A. Need; can B. Have; do C. Ought; ought to D. Should; must2) You _ study hard if you want to be a scientist in the future. A. may B. should C. would D.

18、could 【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should和ought to都可表示“應(yīng)該”，但should側(cè)重說(shuō)話者主觀的看法，而ought to更側(cè)重客觀情況。 should的否定形式為shouldnt，ought to的否定形式為oughtnt to或ought not to。1) _ I borrow your maths book? Sure. Here you are. A. Need B. Will C. May D. Must 2) Could I use your dictionary for a while? Yes, of course you _. A. could B. can

19、C. will D. should 3.表示“請(qǐng)求；許可”的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及其回答?！究键c(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may和can都可表示“請(qǐng)求；許可”。may比can正式，could在表示“請(qǐng)求；許可” 時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣更委婉。 當(dāng)“May / Can / Could I ”表示“請(qǐng)求；許可”時(shí)，肯定回答常用“Yes, please.” / “Certainly.”等，否定回答常用“No, you cant / mustnt.”等。4. 考查表示“推測(cè)”的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。1) I saw Lily in the supermarket this morning. Oh, it _ her. She moved to Au

20、stralia the day before yesterday. A. can be B. must be C. cant be D. mustnt be2) After a long walk, the children _ be very tired now. A. will B. must C. have to D. can3) John _ go with us tomorrow, but he isnt sure. A. must B. can C. need D. may 【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】might,may,could, must都可表“推測(cè)”，可能性依次遞增。might,may,c

21、ould和must表“推測(cè)”常用于肯定句中，can表“推測(cè)”常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。5.考查need, must和have to的用法。 1) Jim, you _ play with the knife. You _ hurt yourself. A. wont; cant B. mustnt; may C. shouldnt; must D. cant; shouldnt 2) _ I have to hand in my homework now, Mr Zhang? Yes, you do. A. Do B. Can C. May D. Must 3) Must I get up be

22、fore six oclock tomorrow morning, Dad? No, you _. Tomorrow is Saturday. You may get up a little later. A. mustnt B. cant C. neednt D. may not4) Its too late. We _ go home, or well be blamed (責(zé)備). A. can B. may C. might D. have to【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】 must意為“必須”，強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法。對(duì)must引導(dǎo)的一般疑問(wèn)句，肯定回答常用“must”，否定回答常用neednt或dont h

23、ave to。mustnt意為“一定不要；禁止”。 have to意為“ 不得不；必須”，強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀情況下需要做某事，有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，變否定句和疑問(wèn)句時(shí)需要借助助動(dòng)詞完成句型的變化。Joe：_you ever_ (take) part in an environmental project?Ken: Yes, I have. I _(help) with a Clean-Up Day last year. It was _(consider) the biggest clean-up project this city_ ever _(have).Joe: How many people

24、_(take) part?Ken: I _(think) more than 1,000 people _ (come) to help out.Joe: Thats fantastic! I guess everyone in this city is _(try) to improve the environment.Ken: Yes, we cant afford to_ (wait) any longer to take action!4aFill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.Havetak

25、enhelpedconsideredhadhadtookthinkcametryingwaitPeople _ think that big things _ be done to save the earth. Many forget that saving the earth begins with small things. For example, you _save electricity by turning off the lights when you leave a room. You _ also use reusable bags instead of plastic bags. I think its a great idea that you now _ pay for plastic bags in some stores. And instead of driving to school or work, you _ride your bike or walk. If its far, you _ take the bus. All these