reading寫作起源soil fertilization瑪雅的衰落詞句默寫版

1、The Origins of WritingWords & Phrases1.The Egyptians were not far behind in develo writing, but we cannot followthe history of their writing in detail because they used material寫出以下單詞的意思：Perishable：rishable writing2.and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of pr, it wasexcellent in quali

2、ty but, like any p寫出以下單詞的意思：r, fragilea form of pr：he form of： fragile：Mesopotamias rivers boasted no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material.寫出以下單詞的意思：Boast：As a consequence:3.4.So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian p

3、alace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it寫出以下單詞的意思： Conqueror： Conquer：v.Conquest：n.clay tablets：5.inevitably, literacy was largely limited to a small profesal class, the scribes寫出以下單詞的意思: inevitably： literacy： scribe：n.6.primitive form of bookkeng：7.to be available for r

4、eference：8.Now and then：Syntax1.The batches, some of which contahousands of tablets, consist for the mostpart ofs of the types just mentioned: bills, deliveries, receipts,inventories, loans, marriage contracts, divorettlements, court judgments, and so on.Which 指代對象的確定；固定搭配的短語出現(xiàn)開端 consist 就要期待后文 ofSo

5、il Fertilization（較簡單）Words & Phrases1.Fertilizers partially restore plant nutrients lost by ero leaching.寫出以下單詞的意思Fertilizers：n. Fertile：adj. Restore：v., crop harvesting, andEro：n.Erode：v.Leaching：n.2.stimulates benefil soil bacteria and fungi寫出以下單詞的意思stimulate：v.benefil：adj.bacteria and fungi:3.Gre

6、en manure is fresh or growing green vegeionplowedo the soil toincrease theto the next cropanic matter and humus (degradedanic matter) available寫出以下單詞的意思Plow：v. Available to:It is produced when microanisms in soil (mostly fungi and aerobic bacteria)4.break downanic matter such as leaves, food wastes,

7、 p the presence of oxygen.寫出以下單詞的意思r, and wood inMicroanism：n.anism: n.an：n. anic：adj.e：n.tiaerobic bacteria：break downanic matter：5.Comt is a rich natural fertilizer and soil conditionert aerates soil,improves its ability to retain water and nutrients, helps prevent ero prevents nutrients from bein

8、g wasted by being dumped in landfills. 寫出以下單詞的意思aerates soil：retain water and nutrients：e plant and manure layers:寫出以下單詞的意思e：v., e：v.7.Corn, tobacco, and cotton can deplete the topsoil of nutrients, espe nitrogen, if planted on the same land several years in a row.寫出以下單詞的意思Depleteof:lly8.9.crop roio

9、n：The resulting plant nutrient enrient causes algae oxygen dissolvedhe water, thereby killing fish.寫出以下單詞的意思Algae：n.Bloom: v. Dissolve：v.bloomst useupThe Collapse of the MayasWords & Phrases1.populations unprecedented both寫出以下單詞的意思unprecedented：adj.heir size and density2.societiesdevelopedvarious en

10、siveagriculturalmethods,includinglarge-scale irrigation and hill-slope terracing (the cutting of horizontal ridges o hillsides so they can be farmed)寫出以下單詞的意思ensive agricultural methods： hill-slope terracing：increase yields from a given area：寫出以下單詞的意思：yield：3.4.Thus, the argument ist because of thei

11、r size andagriculture, the Mayan and other ancient s unsustainable.寫出以下單詞的意思fundamentally unsustainable：e societies were fundamentally5.6.came upon the Mayan cities：they were struck by the sight of tall pyramids and elaboray carved stones among luxuriant forest growth寫出以下單詞的意思were struck by：elaboray

12、 carved stones：luxuriant：7.the archetypal picture of a gre寫出以下單詞的意思 archetypal: adj.ost civilization8.erse rivalry：9.These exerted aerful mediating effect on the way the Maya endeavored to cope with their difficulties.寫出以下單詞的意思exerted a exert：v. mediate: v. endeavor: v.erful mediating effect on：10.s

13、ubsistence capacity：Syntax1.It was not just the number of peoplet livedhe Mayan city-ses butalso the relatively small areao which they were concentrated.介詞+which， which 指代介詞前面的名詞，對該名詞做修飾ever moreensive2.Theraised-fieldsystemofensivecultivation(createdbydiggingsurrounding cs and using the soil removed to elevate the fields forplanting) allows year-round food production through the constant supply ofsoil nutrientsnutrientst er