常見生化名詞

1、biochemistry生物化學(xué)molecularbiology分子生物學(xué)geneknockout基因剔除protein蛋白質(zhì)aminoacid氨基酸glycine,Gly,G甘氨酸alanine,Ala,A丙氨酸valine,Val,V結(jié)氨酸leucine,Leu,L亮氨酸isoleucine,Ile,I異亮氨酸phenylalanine,Phe,F苯丙氨酸proline,Pro,P脯氨酸t(yī)ryptophan,Trp,W色氨酸serine,Ser,S絲氨酸t(yī)yrosine,Tyr,Y酪氨酸cysteine,Cys,C半胱氨酸methionine,Met,M甲硫氨酸、蛋氨酸asparagine

2、,Asn,N天冬酰胺glutamine,Gln,Q谷氨酰胺threonine,Thr,T蘇氨酸asparticacid,Asp,D天冬氨酸glutamicacid,Glu,E谷氨酸lysine,Lys,K賴氨酸arginine,Arg,R精氨酸histidine,His,H組氨酸isoIsoelectricpoint,PI等電點(diǎn)peptide肽polypeptidechain多肽鏈peptidebond肽鍵oligopeptide寡肽polypeptide多肽residue氨基酸殘基aminoterminal氨基末端carboxylterminal羧基末端glutathione,GSH谷胱甘肽

3、pyroglutamicacid焦谷氨酸neuropeptide神經(jīng)肽Chapter2guanine鳥嘌呤cytosine胞嘧啶uracil尿嘧啶thymine胸腺嘧啶glycosidicbond糖苷鍵adenosine腺苷guanosine鳥苷cytidine胞苷uridine尿苷緒論ribozyme核酶humangenomeproject人類基因組計(jì)劃polymer多聚體Chapter1蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能conformation構(gòu)象primarystructure（蛋白質(zhì)）一級結(jié)構(gòu)secondarystructure（蛋白質(zhì)）二級結(jié)構(gòu)peptideunit肽單元a-helixa-螺旋B-p

4、leatedsheetp-折疊B-turnp-轉(zhuǎn)角randomcoil無規(guī)卷曲motif模序zincfinger鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)chaperon分子伴侶tertiarystructure（蛋白質(zhì)）三級結(jié)構(gòu)domain結(jié)構(gòu)域fibronectin纖連蛋白subunit亞基quaternarystructure（蛋白質(zhì)）四級結(jié)構(gòu)heme血紅素cytochromec細(xì)胞色素cmyoglubin,Mb肌紅蛋白hemoglubin,Hb血紅蛋白positivecooperativity正協(xié)同效應(yīng)allostericeffect變（別）構(gòu)效應(yīng)denaturation變性renaturation復(fù)性proteinc

5、oagulation蛋白質(zhì)的凝固作用ninhydrinreaction茚三酮反應(yīng)biuretreaction雙縮脲反應(yīng)saltprecipitation鹽析electrophoresis電泳dialysis透析chromatography層析gelfiltration凝膠過濾ultracentrifugation超速離心sedimentationcoefficient,S沉降系數(shù)核酸的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能nucleicacid核酸deoxyribonucleicacid,DNAribonucleicacid，RNA核糖核酸genetype基因型nucleotide核苷酸base堿基purine嘌呤pyr

6、imidine嘧啶adenine腺嘌呤Chapter4糖代謝phosphodiesterlinkage磷酸二酯鍵ploydeoxynucleotide多聚脫氧核苷酸鏈majorgroove大溝minorgroove小溝nucleosome核小體chromatin染色質(zhì)coreparticle核心顆粒gene基因genome基因組basepair,bp堿基對messengerRNA,mRNA信使RNAheterogeneounuclearRNA,hnRNA不均一核RNAcapsequence帽子結(jié)構(gòu)tripletcode三聯(lián)體密碼transferRNA,tRNA轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)RNArarebase稀有堿基

7、pseudouridine假尿嘧啶stem-loop莖-環(huán)cloverleafpattern三葉草型anticoden反密碼子ribosomalRNA,rRNA核蛋白體RNAribosome核蛋白體、核糖體ribozyme核酶hyperchromiceffect增色效應(yīng)meltingtemperature,Tm融解溫度annealing退火hybridization雜交nuclease核酸酶Chapter3酶biocatalyst生物催化劑enzyme酶substrate底物monomericenzyme單體酶oligomericenzyme寡聚酶multienzymesystem多酶體系mu

8、ltifunctionalenzyme多功能酶tandemenzyme串聯(lián)酶simpleenzyme單純酶conjugatedenzyme結(jié)合酶apoenzyme酶蛋白cofactor輔助因子holoenzyme全酶metalloenzyme金屬酶metalactivatedenzyme金屬激活酶coenzyme輔酶prostheticgroup輔基essentialgroup必需基團(tuán)activecenter活性中心activesite活性部位bindinggroup結(jié)合基團(tuán)catalyticgroup催化基團(tuán)activationenergy活化能specificity特異性absolutes

9、pecificity絕對特異性relativespecificity相對特異性stereospecificity立體異構(gòu)特異性induced-fithypothesis誘導(dǎo)契合假說transitionstate過渡態(tài)proximityeffect鄰近效應(yīng)orientationarrange定向排列multielementcatalysis多元催化sufaceeffect表面效應(yīng)optimumtemperature最適溫度inhibitor抑制劑irreversibleinhibition不可逆抑制reversibleinhibition可逆性抑制cholineesterase膽堿酯酶Lewis

10、ite路易士氣pyridinealdoximemethyliodide,PAM解磷定Britishanti-Lewisite,BAL二巰基丙醇competitiveinhibition競爭性抑制non-competitiveinhibition非競爭性抑制uncompetitiveinhibition反競爭性抑制dihydrofolicacidsynthetase二氫葉酸合成酶essentialactivator必需激活劑non-essentialactivator非必需激活劑kat（酶）催量zymogen酶原allostericsite變構(gòu)部位regulatorysite調(diào)節(jié)部位allost

11、ericregulation變構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)allostericenzyme變構(gòu)酶allostericeffector變構(gòu)效應(yīng)劑allostericactivator變構(gòu)激活劑allostericinhibitor變構(gòu)抑制劑covalentmodification共價修飾inducer誘導(dǎo)劑induction誘導(dǎo)作用corepressor輔阻遏劑repression阻遏作用isoenzyme同工酶lactatedehydrogenase乳酸脫氫酶creatinekinaseCK肌酸激酶oxidoreductase氧化還原酶transferase轉(zhuǎn)移酶hydrolase水解酶lyase裂合酶isomer

12、ase異構(gòu)酶ligase合成酶（連結(jié)酶）enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassayELISA酶聯(lián)免疫測定法immobilizedenzyme固定化酶abzyme抗體化酶dynamicequilibrium動態(tài)平衡starch淀粉glucose葡萄糖glycogen糖原amylase淀粉酶maltose麥芽糖Na+-dependentglucosetransporterSGLT鈉依賴性葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體glucosetransporterGLUT葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體glycolysis糖酵解pyruvate丙酮酸glycolyticpathway糖酵解途徑glucose-6-phospha

13、teG-6-P6-磷酸葡萄糖hexokinase己糖激酶glucokinase葡萄糖激酶fructose-6-phosphateF-6-P6-磷酸果糖1,6-fructose-biphosphateF-1,6-2P1,6-雙磷酸果糖6-phosphofructo-kinase-16-磷酸果糖激酶-1aldolase醛縮酶triosephosphateisomerase磷酸丙糖異構(gòu)酶glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase3-磷酸甘油醛脫氫酶phosphoglyceratekinase磷酸甘油酸激酶substratelevelphosphorylation底

14、物水平磷酸化phosphoglyceratemutase磷酸甘油酸變位酶enolase烯醇化酶phosphoenolpyruvate,PEP磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸pyruvatekinase丙酮酸激酶fructosebiphosphatase果糖二磷酸酶aerobicoxidation有氧氧化acetylCoA乙酰輔酶Atricarboxylicacidcycle三羧酸循環(huán)citrate檸檬酸citratesynthase檸檬酸合酶isocitrate異檸檬酸isocitratedehydrogenase異檸檬酸脫氫酶a-ketoglutaratea-酮戊二酸Chapter5succinylCoA琥

15、珀酰輔酶Aa-ketoglutaratedehydrogenasecomplexa-酮戊二酸脫氫酶復(fù)合體succinyl-CoAsynthetase琥珀酰輔酶A合成酶succinatedehydrogenase琥珀酸脫氫酶fumaratehydratase延胡索酸酶malatedehydrogenase蘋果酸脫氫酶citratelyase檸檬酸裂解酶pentosephosphatepathway磷酸戊糖途徑lactonase內(nèi)酯酶transaldolase轉(zhuǎn)醛醇酶transketolase轉(zhuǎn)酮醇酶glutathione谷胱甘肽uridinediphosphateglucose,UDPG尿苷二磷

16、酸葡萄糖UDPGpyrophosphorylaseUDPG焦磷酸化酶glycogensynthase糖原合酶primer引物branchingenzyme分支酶glycogenolysis糖原分解glycogenphosphorylase糖原磷酸化酶debranchingenzyme脫支酶glucose-6-phosphatase葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶cAMP-dependentproteinkinase依賴cAMP的蛋白激酶cascadesystem級鏈放大系統(tǒng)calmodulin鈣調(diào)蛋白glycogenstoragedisease糖原累積癥gluconeogenesis糖異生gluconeog

17、enicpathway糖異生途徑pyruvatecarboxylase丙酮酸羧化酶substratecycle底物循環(huán)futilecycle無效循環(huán)insulin胰島素glucagon胰高血糖素glucosetolerence葡萄糖耐量hyperglycemia高血糖glucosuria糖尿癥hypoglycemia低血糖脂類代謝triglyceride,TG甘油三酯prostaglandin,PG前列腺素thromboxaneA,TXA血栓烷leukotrienesLTs白三烯phosphoglyceride甘油磷脂micelle微團(tuán)pancreaticlipase胰脂酶phospholip

18、ase磷脂酶cholesterylesterase膽固醇酯酶colipase輔脂酶monoglyceride,MG甘油一酯mixedmicelle混合微團(tuán)acylCoAtransferase脂酰輔酶A轉(zhuǎn)移酶apolipoprotein,apo載脂蛋白phosphatidicacid磷脂酸freefattyacid,FFA游離脂肪酸hormone-sensitivetriglyceridelipase,HSL激素敏感性甘油三酯脂肪酶glycerokinase甘油激酶acylCoAsynthetase脂酰輔酶A合成酶carnitine肉（毒）堿,卡尼汀carnitineacyltransferas

19、e,CAT肉堿脂酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶acylcarnitine脂酰肉堿carnitine-acylcarnitinetranslocase肉堿-脂酰肉堿轉(zhuǎn)位酶3-cis-transenoyl-CoAisomerase3順反烯酰CoA異構(gòu)酶epimerase表構(gòu)酶peroxisome過氧化物酶體acetoacetate乙酰乙酸B-hydroxybutyratep-羥丁酸acetone丙酮thiolase硫解酶ketonebodies酮體3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylCoA,HMG-CoA羥甲基戊二酸單酰輔酶Acitratepyruvatecycle檸檬酸-丙酮酸循環(huán)acetylCoAc

20、arboxylase乙酰輔酶A羧化酶acylcarrierprotein,ACP?；d體蛋白4-phosphopantetheine4-磷酸泛酰氨基乙硫醇desaturase去飽和酶choline膽堿inositol肌醇Chapter6phosphatidylinositol肌醇磷脂phosphatidylserine絲氨酸磷脂cardiolipin心磷脂phospholipidexchangeprotein磷脂交換蛋白phospholipase磷脂酶sphingosine鞘氨醇sphingolipid鞘脂sphingomyelin神經(jīng)鞘磷脂ceramide神經(jīng)酰胺,N-脂酰鞘氨醇3-keto

21、dihydrosphingosine3-酮基二氫鞘氨醇sphingomyelinase神經(jīng)鞘磷脂酶cholesterol膽固醇sitosterol谷固醇ergosterol麥角固醇reductase還原酶mevalonicacid,MVA甲羥戊酸isopentenylpyrophosphate,IPP異戊烯焦磷酸dimethylallylpyrophosphate,DPP二甲基丙烯焦磷酸farnesylpyrophosphate,FPP焦磷酸法尼酯squalene鯊烯sterolcarrierprotein,SCP固醇載體蛋白bileacid膽汁酸lipoprotein脂蛋白remnant殘粒

22、hyperlipoproteinemia高脂蛋白血癥生物氧化biologicaloxidation生物氧化respiratorychain呼吸鏈electrontransferchain電子傳遞鏈reducednicotinamideadeninedinucleotide,NADH還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸ubiquinone泛鯤flavinmononucleotide,FMN黃素單核苷酸flavinadeninedinucleotide,FAD黃素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavoprotein黃素蛋白iron-sulfurcluster,Fe-S鐵硫簇iron-sulfurprotein鐵硫蛋白co

23、enzyme輔酶cytochrome細(xì)胞色素oxidativephosphorylation氧化磷酸化chemiosmotichypothesis化學(xué)滲透假說oligomycin-sensitive-conferringprotein,OSCP寡酶素敏感蛋白rotenone魚藤酮piericidin粉蝶霉素amobarbital異戊巴比妥antimycin抗霉素dimercaptopropanol,BAL二巰基丙醇uncoupler解偶聯(lián)劑dinitrophenol,DNP二硝基苯酚uncouplingprotein解偶聯(lián)蛋白o(hù)ligomycin寡霉素respiratorycontrolrat

24、io,RCR呼吸控制率mitochondrialDNA,mtDNA線粒體DNAcreatinekinase肌酸激酶creatinephosphate磷酸肌酸adenylatekinase腺苷酸激酶glycerophosphateshuttlea-磷酸甘油穿梭malate-asparateshuttle蘋果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭adeninenucleotidetranspoter腺苷酸載體ATP-ADPcarrierATP-ADP載體catalase過氧化氫酶perioxidase過氧化物酶superoxidedismutase,SOD超氧化物歧化酶monooxygenase加單氧酶mixed-fu

25、nctionoxidase混合功能氧化酶hydroxylase羥化酶Chapter8核苷酸代謝Chapter8核苷酸代謝Chapter7氨基酸代謝nitrogenbalance氮平衡nutritionvalue營養(yǎng)價值essentialaminoacid必需氨基酸non-essentialaminoacid非必需氨基酸pepsin胃蛋白酶pepsinogen胃蛋白酶原autocatalysis自身激活作用casein酪蛋白endopeptidase內(nèi)肽酶exopeptidase外肽酶trypsin胰蛋白酶chymotrypsin糜蛋白酶elastase彈性蛋白酶carboxypeptidase

26、羧基肽酶enterokinase腸激酶oligopeptidase寡肽酶aminopeptidase氨基肽酶dipeptidase二肽酶carrierprotein載體蛋白Y-glutamylcycleY-谷氨?；h(huán)putrefaction腐敗作用amines胺類falseneurotransmitter假神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)ammonia氨degradation降解protease蛋白酶peptidase肽酶ubiquitin泛素metabolicpool代謝庫aminotransferase氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶transaminase轉(zhuǎn)氨酶a-ketoacida-酮酸t(yī)ransamination轉(zhuǎn)氨基作用gl

27、utamicpyruvictransaminase,GPT谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶glutamicoxaloacetictransaminase,GOT谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶L-glutamatedehydrogenaseL-谷氨酸脫氫酶purinenucleotidecycle嘌呤核苷酸循環(huán)glucogenicaminoacid生糖氨基酸ketogenicaminoacid生酮氨基酸glucogenicandketogenicaminoacid生糖兼生酮氨基酸alanine-glucosecycle丙氨酸-葡萄糖循環(huán)glutaminesynthetase谷氨酰胺合成酶glutaminase谷氨酰胺酶asparagin

28、ase天冬酰胺酶ornithinecycle尿氨酸循環(huán)ureacycle尿素循環(huán)N-acetylglutamaticacid,AGAN-乙酰谷氨酸carbamoylphosphatesynthetase,CPS氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶ornithinecarbamoyltransferase,OCT鳥氨酸氨基甲酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶argininosuccinatesynthetase精氨酸代琥珀酸合成酶arginiosuccinase精氨酸代琥珀酸酶arginiosuccinatelyase精氨酸代琥珀酸裂解酶decarboxylation脫羧基作用decarboxyase脫羧酶amineoxidase胺氧化酶

29、gamma-aminobutyricacid,GABAY-氨基丁酸histamine組胺5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT5-羥色胺polyamines多胺spermidine精脒spermine精胺ornithinedecarboxylase鳥氨酸脫羧酶onecarbonunit一碳單位methyl甲基methylene甲烯基methenyl甲炔基formyl甲?；鵩ormimino亞氨甲基tetrahydrofolicacid,FH4四氫葉酸dihydrofolatereductase二氫葉酸還原酶S-adenosylmethionine,SAMS-腺苷甲硫氨酸methytr

30、ansferase甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶methylation甲基化homocysteine同型半胱氨酸methioninecycle甲硫氨酸循環(huán)cystathioninesynthase胱硫醚合酶creatine肌酸creatinephosphate磷酸肌酸creatinekinase,CK激酸肌酶creatinine肌酸苷3-phospho-adenosine-5-phospho-sulfate,PAPS3-磷酸腺苷-5-磷酸硫酸phenylalaninehydroxylase苯丙氨酸羥化酶dihydroxyphenylalanine二羥苯丙氨酸dopa多巴dapamine多巴胺norepinephr

31、ine去甲腎上腺素epinephrine腎上腺素catecholamine兒茶酚胺melanin黑色素tyrosinase酪氨酸酶albinism白化病phenylketonuria,PKU苯丙酮酸尿癥tryptophaneoxygenase色氨酸加氧酶denovosynthesis從頭合成途徑salvagepathway補(bǔ)救合成途徑inosinemonophosphate,IMP次黃嘌呤核苷酸phosphoribosylpyrophosphate,PRPP磷酸核糖焦磷酸amidotransferase酰胺轉(zhuǎn)移酶adeninephosphoribosyltransferase,APRT腺嘌呤磷

32、酸核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶hypoxanthine-guaninephosphoribosyltransferase,HGPRT次黃嘌呤-鳥嘌呤磷酸核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶ribonucleotidereductase核糖核苷酸還原酶thioredoxin硫氧化還原蛋白thioredoxinreductase硫氧化還原蛋白還原酶6-mercaptopurine,6MP6-巰基嘌呤azaserine氮雜絲氨酸diazonorleucine6-重氮-5-氧正亮氨酸aminopterin氨蝶呤methotrexate,MTX甲氨蝶呤uricacid尿酸xanthosineoxidase黃嘌呤氧化酶allopurinol別嘌呤醇

33、aspartatetranscarbamoylase天冬氨酸氨基甲酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶oroticacid乳清酸t(yī)hymidylatesynthetase尿苷酸合成酶5-fluorouracil,5-Fu5-氟尿嘧啶B-aminoisobutyricacidp-氨基異丁酸Chapter9物質(zhì)代謝的聯(lián)系與調(diào)節(jié)regulatoryenzyme調(diào)節(jié)酶keyenzyme關(guān)鍵酶limitingvelocityenzyme限速酶allostericregulation別構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)allostericeffector別構(gòu)效應(yīng)劑feedbackinhibition反饋調(diào)節(jié)covalentmodification共價修飾che

34、micalmodification化學(xué)修飾proteinkinase蛋白激酶proteinphosphatase磷蛋白磷酸酶inducer誘導(dǎo)劑repressor阻遏劑proteosome蛋白酶體cyclin細(xì)胞周期蛋白receptor受體hormoneresponseelement,HRE激stress應(yīng)急Chapter10DNA的生物合成（復(fù)制）thecentraldogma中心法則replication復(fù)制transcription轉(zhuǎn)錄translation翻譯semiconservativereplication半保留復(fù)制geneexpression基因表達(dá)polymerase聚合酶t

35、emplate模板primer引物replicase復(fù)制酶E.coli大腸桿菌KlenowfragmentKlenow片斷mitochondiaDNA,mtDNADNA線粒體DNAexonuclease核酸外切酶proofread校讀fidelity保真性incorporation參入helicase解螺旋酶DNAtopoisomeraseDNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶singlestrandedDNAbindingprotein單鏈DNA結(jié)合蛋白primase引物酶primosome引發(fā)體DNAligaseDNA連接酶cellcycle細(xì)胞周期bidirectionalreplication雙向復(fù)制rep

36、licationfork復(fù)制叉replicon復(fù)制子oriC(origin)起始點(diǎn)ter(termination)復(fù)制終點(diǎn)leadingstrand前導(dǎo)鏈laggingstrand隨從鏈Okazakifragment岡崎片斷rollingcirclereplication滾環(huán)復(fù)制nick缺口telomere端粒telomerase端粒酶mutation突變DNAdamageDNA損傷spontaneousmutation自然突變polymophism多態(tài)性ultraviolet,UV紫外線cyclobutanering環(huán)丁基環(huán)thyminedimer胸苷酸二聚體mismatch錯配deleti

37、on缺失insertion插入rearrangement重排frame-shift框移pointmutation點(diǎn)突變DNArepairingDNA修復(fù)lightrepairing光修復(fù)excissionrepairing切除修復(fù)recombinationrepairing重組修復(fù)photolyase光修復(fù)酶xerodermapigmentosis著色性干皮病recombination重組regulon調(diào)節(jié)子reversetranscriptase逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶reversetranscription逆轉(zhuǎn)錄integration整合ribozyme核酶retrovirus逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒Roussarco

38、mavirus,RSV勞式肉瘤病毒humanimmuno-deficiencyvirus,HIV人類免疫缺陷病毒acquiredimmuno-deficiencysyndrome,AIDS獲得性免疫缺陷綜合癥complementary互補(bǔ)Chapter11RNA的生物合成（轉(zhuǎn)錄）asymmetrictranscription不對稱轉(zhuǎn)錄structuralgene結(jié)構(gòu)基因codingstrand編碼鏈transcriptase轉(zhuǎn)錄酶coreenzyme核心酶holoenzyme全酶heatshockproteins,Hsp熱休克蛋白rifampicin利福平amanitin鵝膏蕈堿smallnu

39、clearRNA,snRNA小分子核內(nèi)核糖核酸ribosome核蛋白體operon操縱子upstream上游promoter啟動子consensus一致性recognitionsite辨認(rèn)位點(diǎn)transcriptionbubble轉(zhuǎn)錄空泡cis-actingelement順式作用元件trans-actingfactor反式作用因子transcriptionalfactor,TF轉(zhuǎn)錄因子domain結(jié)構(gòu)域pre-initiationcomplex,PIC起始前復(fù)合物hybridduplex雜化雙鏈polysome多聚核蛋白體hairpin發(fā)夾primarytranscripts初級轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物pos

40、t-transcriptionalmodification轉(zhuǎn)錄后修飾splicing剪接hetero-niclearRNA雜化核RNAsplicesome并接體splitegene斷裂基因exon外顯子intron內(nèi)含子distrophin抗肌萎縮蛋白lariatRNA套索RNAsplicingjunction剪接接口transesterification二次轉(zhuǎn)酯反應(yīng)selfsplicing自身剪接redundantgene豐富基因tandemgene縱列串聯(lián)基因spacer間隔區(qū)highlyrepeatsequence高度重復(fù)序列tetrahymena四膜蟲hammerheadstructu

41、re槌頭結(jié)構(gòu)Chapter12蛋白質(zhì)的生物合成（翻譯）initiationfactor,IF起始因子eukaryote真核生物elongationfactor,EF延長因子releasefactor,RF釋放因子ribosomalreleasefactor,RR核蛋白體釋放因子openreadingframe,ORF開放讀碼框架commaless（遺傳密碼的）連續(xù)性frameshift框移degeneracy（遺傳密碼的）簡并性wobble（遺傳密碼的）擺動性universal（遺傳密碼的）通用性inosine,I次黃嘌呤initiationcodon起始密碼子stopcodon終止密碼子sm

42、allsubunit小亞基largesubunit大亞基adaptor接合體aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetase氨基酰-tRNA合成酶aminoacyl-tRNA,AAcyl-tRNA氨基酰-tRNAeditingacticity校正活性translationalinitiationcomplex翻譯起始復(fù)合物ribosomalbindingsite,RBS核蛋白體結(jié)合位點(diǎn)peptidylsite肽位donorsite給位aminoacylsite氨基酰位acceptorsite受位cap-sitebindingprotein,CBP帽子結(jié)合蛋白entrance進(jìn)位registra

43、tion注冊peptidebondformation成肽translocation轉(zhuǎn)位transpeptidase轉(zhuǎn)肽酶ribosomalprotein,largesubunit,rpl核蛋白體大亞基上的蛋白質(zhì)ribosomalprotein,smallsubunit,rps核蛋白體小亞基上的蛋白質(zhì)translocase轉(zhuǎn)位酶post-translationalprocessing翻譯后加工oligomer寡聚體B-endophinp-內(nèi)非肽pro-opio-melano-cortin,POMC鴉片促黑皮質(zhì)素原Chapter13B-lipotropin,B-LTB-脂酸釋放激素proteint

44、argeting靶向輸送secretoryprotein分泌性蛋白signalpeptide信號肽preproinsulin胰島素原preproarathyroidhormone前甲狀旁腺素原signalpeptidase信號肽酶signalrecognitionparticles,SRP信號肽識別顆粒dockingprotein,DP對接蛋白antibiotic抗生素baseanologue堿基類似物tetracyclin四環(huán)素chloromycetin氯霉素streptomycin鏈霉素karamycin卡那霉素puromycin嘌呤霉素cycloheximide放線菌酮diphtheri

45、atoxin白喉毒素interferon,IF干擾素基因表達(dá)調(diào)控temporalspecificity時間特異性stagespecificity階段特異性spatialspecificity空間特異性cellspecificity細(xì)胞特異性tissuespecificity組織特異性housekeepinggene管家基因constitutivegeneexpression組成性基因表達(dá)induction誘導(dǎo)repression阻遏coordinateexpression協(xié)調(diào)表達(dá)coordinateregulation協(xié)調(diào)調(diào)節(jié)maternal-effectgenes母親效應(yīng)基因segmenta

46、tiongenes分節(jié)基因operon操縱子promoter啟動序列operator操縱序列consensussequence共有序列repressor阻遏蛋白activator激活蛋白catabolitegeneactivationprotein,CAP分解物基因激活蛋白transcriptionfactor轉(zhuǎn)錄因子dimer二聚體polymer多聚體dimerization二聚化monomer單體homodimer同二聚體heterodimer異二聚體heatshockresponse熱休克反應(yīng)polycistronic多順反子monocistronic單順反子lacoperon乳糖操縱子

47、catabolicrepression分解代謝阻遏attenuation衰減attenuator衰減子phasevariation相變異geneticrecombination基因重組invertedrepeat反轉(zhuǎn)重復(fù)序列TBP-assotistedfactor,TAFTBF相關(guān)因子hypersensitivesite超敏位點(diǎn)5flankingregion5側(cè)翼區(qū)transcriptionstartsite轉(zhuǎn)錄起始點(diǎn)enhancer增強(qiáng)子enhanson增強(qiáng)體upstreamactivatorsequences,UASs上游激活序列silebcer沉默子generaltranscriptio

48、nfactors基本轉(zhuǎn)錄因子specialtranscriptionfactors特異轉(zhuǎn)錄因子transcriptionactivitors轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子transcriptioninhibitors轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子enhancerbindingprotein,EBP增強(qiáng)子結(jié)合蛋白DNAbindingdomainDNA結(jié)合域activationdomain轉(zhuǎn)錄激活域zincfinger鋅指basicleucinezipper,bZIP堿性亮氨酸拉鏈basichelix-loop-helix,bHLH堿性螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋acidicactivationdomain酸性激活域glutamine-richd

49、omain谷氨酰胺富含域proline-richdomain脯氨酸富含域initiator,Inr啟動元件Chapter14基因重組與基因工程conjugation接合作用transformation轉(zhuǎn)化作用transduction轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)作用lysispathway溶菌生長途徑lysogenicpathway溶原菌生長途徑transposition轉(zhuǎn)座insertionsequences,IS插入序列transposase轉(zhuǎn)座酶conservativetransposition保守性轉(zhuǎn)座duplicativetransposition復(fù)制性轉(zhuǎn)座transposons轉(zhuǎn)座子recombinatio

50、n重組site-specificrecombination位點(diǎn)特異的重組longterminalrepeat,LTR長末端重復(fù)序列homologousrecombination同源重組generalrecombination基本重組clone克隆cloning克隆化molecularclone分子克隆replicon復(fù)制子genecloning基因克隆DNAchimeras嵌合DNArecombinantDNA重組DNArecombinantDNAtechnology重組DNA工藝學(xué)geneticengineering基因工程targetDNA目的DNArestrictionendonucle

51、ase限制性內(nèi)切核酸酶methylase甲基化酶restriction-modificationsystem限制-修飾體系palindrome回文結(jié)構(gòu)basepairs,bp堿基對cohesiveend(stickyend)粘性末端bluntend平頭(鈍性)末端compatibleend配伍末端cloningvector克隆載體expressionvector表達(dá)載體plasmid質(zhì)粒complementation互補(bǔ)cosmidvector柯斯質(zhì)粒載體Chapter15signaltransduction信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)targetcell靶細(xì)胞network網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)paracrinesignal

52、旁分泌信號endocrinesignal內(nèi)分泌信號synapticsignal突觸分泌信號autocrinesignal自分泌信號secondarymessenger第二信使receptor受體yeastartificialchromosomevector,YAC酵母人工染色體載體genomicDNAlibrary基因組DNA文庫polymerasechainreaction,PCR聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)anneal退火terminaltransferase末端轉(zhuǎn)移酶linker接頭competentcell感受態(tài)細(xì)胞transformation轉(zhuǎn)化transfection轉(zhuǎn)染infection感染sc

53、reening篩選selection選擇directselection直接選擇法markerrescue標(biāo)志補(bǔ)救insituhybridization原位雜交enzymeimmunodetectionassay酶免檢測分析ribosome-bindingsite,RBS核蛋白體結(jié)合位點(diǎn)polylinkercloningsite多接頭克隆位點(diǎn)inclusionbody包涵體calciumphosphatetransfection磷酸鈣轉(zhuǎn)染DEAEdextran-mediatedtransfectionDEAE葡聚糖介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)染electroporation電穿孔lipofectintransfect

54、ion脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染microinjection顯微注射transienttransfection瞬時轉(zhuǎn)染stabletransfection穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染molecularmedicine分子醫(yī)學(xué)polymorphism多肽性chromosomewalking染色體步移DNAdiagnosticsDNA診斷學(xué)genetherapy基因治療somaticcellgenetherapy體細(xì)胞基因治療germlinegenetherapy性細(xì)胞基因治療fluorecenceactivatedcellsorter,FACS熒光活化細(xì)胞分離器細(xì)胞信息傳遞ligand配體serpentinereceptor蛇型受

55、體guanylatebindingprotein鳥苷酸結(jié)合蛋白,G蛋白adenylatecyclase,AC腺苷酸環(huán)化酶stimulatoryGprotein,Gs激動型G蛋白inhibitoryGprotein,Gi抑制型G蛋白PI-PLCGprotein,Gp磷脂酶C型G蛋白catalyticreceptor催化型受體internalization內(nèi)化proteinkinaseA,PKA蛋白激酶Aphosphodiesterase,PDE磷酸二酯酶cAMPresponseelement,CREcAMP應(yīng)答元件cAMPresponseelementbindingprotein,CREBcAM

56、P應(yīng)答元件結(jié)合蛋白immediateearlygene立早基因phorbolester佛波酯calmodulin,CaM鈣調(diào)蛋白guanylatecyclase,GC鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶tyrosine-proteinkinase,TPK酪氨酸蛋白激酶justanotherkinase,JAK另一類激酶autophosphorylation自身磷酸化adaptorprotein連接物蛋白mitogen-activatedproteinkinase,MAPK有絲分裂原激活蛋白激酶januskinase,JAKs具有激酶結(jié)構(gòu)的連接蛋白signaltransductorsandactivatoroftran

57、scription,STAT信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子和轉(zhuǎn)錄激動子nuclearfactor-KB,NF-KB核因子KBhormoneresponseelement激素反應(yīng)元件proteinphosphatase蛋白磷酸酶crosstalk交聯(lián)對話insulinreceptorsubstrate胰島素受體底物Chapter16血液的生物化學(xué)blood血液plasma血漿serum血清non-proteinnitrogen,NPN非蛋白氮bloodureanitrogen,BUN尿素氮electrophoresis電泳ultra-centrifuge超速離心albumin清蛋白globulin球蛋白polymo

58、rphism多態(tài)性acutephaseprotein,APP急性時相蛋白質(zhì)acutephasereactant,APR急性時相反應(yīng)物bloodcoagulation血液凝固coagulationfactor凝血因子anticoagulationfactor抗凝血因子tissuefactor,TF組織因子thrombogen凝血酶原thrombin凝血酶fibrinogen纖維蛋白酶原fibrin纖維蛋白酶plasminogen纖維蛋白溶酶原h(huán)eme血紅素6-aminolevulinicacid,ALA6-氨基-Y-酮基戊酸prophobilinogen,PBG膽色素原ferrochelatas

59、e亞鐵螯合酶protoporphyrin原卟啉erythropoietin,EPO促紅細(xì)胞生成素porphyria卟啉癥Chapter17肝的生物化學(xué)脫氧膽酸acid鵝脫氧膽酸石膽酸甘氨膽酸?；悄懰醜eterogeneity異質(zhì)性a-fetoprotein甲胎蛋白falseneurotransmitter假神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)biotransformation生物轉(zhuǎn)化detoxication解毒作用monooxygenase加單氧酶monoamineoxidase,MAO單氨氧化酶alcoholdehydrogenase,ADH純脫氫酶aldehydedehydrogenase,ALDH醛脫氫酶micro

60、somalethanoloxidizingsystem,MEOS微粒體乙醇氧化系統(tǒng)nitroreductase硝基還原酶azoreductase偶氮還原酶conjugationreaction結(jié)合反應(yīng)UDP-glucuronyltransferase,UGTUDP葡萄糖醛酸基轉(zhuǎn)移酶uridinediphosphateglucuronicacid,UDPGA尿背二磷酸a-葡萄糖醛酸sulfatetransferase硫酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶glutathione-S-transferase谷胱甘肽S-轉(zhuǎn)移酶acetylase乙?；D(zhuǎn)移酶bile膽汁h(huán)epaticbile肝膽汁gallbladderbile膽囊