第四講：語篇的銜接和連貫

1、第四講翻譯中語篇的銜接(xinji)和連貫Discourse:Cohesion and Coherence 共五十三頁What is discourse?Language does not normally consist of isolated, unrelated sentences, but instead of collocated, structured, coherent groups of sentences we can call a discourse.Examples of Discourse: written story in a book; someone tellin

2、g a joke; a conversation between two friends共五十三頁語篇語篇是指口頭或書面語的一個單位。如一篇散文、一首詩歌、一次演講、一份協(xié)議(xiy)、或其中意思比較完整的段落。以往翻譯方法研究常停留在詞和句的層面上，忽視語篇的整體性。共五十三頁語篇的特點(tdin)與句子相比較，語篇有自己(zj)的特點。語篇不是一連串孤立的句子的簡單組合，而是一個語義上的整體；換言之，它有表達整體意義的特點。在語言形式上，篇內(nèi)各句、段之間存在著粘連性，如連接、替代、省略、照應(yīng)；在語義邏輯上，全篇通常有手有尾，各句段所反映的概念或命題具有連貫性，而不是各不相關(guān)的。每個句子都起

3、著一定的承前起后的作用，句與句、段與段的排列一般都符合邏輯順序。共五十三頁語篇翻譯(fny)與單句翻譯(fny)的區(qū)別語篇翻譯與單句翻譯在翻譯標準與技巧(jqio)等方面有許多共同之處。但語篇翻譯還別具自己的特色，即它擁有一個范圍較大的舞臺語境。共五十三頁英漢語(Hny)篇的異同漢語與英語雖然屬于不同的語系，但在篇章結(jié)構(gòu)上二者有異也有同。英語是主語顯著(subject-prominent)的語言，它突出的是主語，除省略句外，每個句子都必須有主語。漢語則是主題顯著(topic-prominent)的語言，它突出的是主題而非主語。漢語篇章中某些句子的主語有的可以省略，有的必須省略，否則讀起來別扭；

4、有的卻比較朦朧，難以一眼看清，需要譯者自去尋找(xnzho)。認清這一點差別對篇章的英漢互譯頗為重要。共五十三頁In Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-Cultural Aspects of Second-Language Writing, Ulla Connor defines cohesion as “the use of explicit linguistic devices to signal relations between sentences and parts of texts.”These cohesive devices are phrases or

5、words that help the reader associate previous statements with subsequent ones.一、語篇中的銜接(xinji)共五十三頁Halliday & Hasan：銜接是一種非結(jié)構(gòu)性語篇意義關(guān)系(gun x),它側(cè)重于句間不同成分之間的語義聯(lián)系。他們把形成銜接的非結(jié)構(gòu)性意義關(guān)系分為五種類型: 指代（reference）替代（substitution）省略 (ellipsis) 連接 (conjunction) 詞匯銜接（lexical cohesion）共五十三頁1指代(zh di)關(guān)系 Reference指代關(guān)系指詞與所代表的

6、事物、行為(xngwi)、事件及特性之間的關(guān)系。這里所講的指稱僅限于兩個語言表達語之間的一致關(guān)系。代詞是語篇中的重要銜接手段。理清代詞的指稱關(guān)系，在翻譯中是至關(guān)重要的。共五十三頁我赤裸裸來到這世界(shji)，轉(zhuǎn)眼間（我）也將赤裸裸的回去罷？但（我）不能平的，(我)為什么偏要白白走這一遭??？I have come to this world, stark-naked; am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness? It is not fair though: why should I have made this trip for noth

7、ing! (張培基，2002：74)Personal Reference共五十三頁I have come to this world, stark-naked; am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness? It is not fair though: why should I have made this trip for nothing! (張培基，2002：74)I have come to this world stark naked, and in the twinkling of an eye, I am to go back

8、as stark naked as ever. However, I am taking it very much to heart: why should I be made to pass through this world for nothing at all? 張培基，2007共五十三頁Demonstrative Reference這(些),那(些)- to refer to person or objects這兒,那兒,這里,那里 to refer to the location in space這會兒,那會兒 to refer to the location in time這么(

9、zh me),那么,這樣,那樣 to refer to quality, state and degree共五十三頁2替代(tdi) substitute 替代是用一個(y )語言項目去替換另一個(y )語言項目。翻譯時應(yīng)理清語篇中的替代關(guān)系，才能根據(jù)英漢不同的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，靈活轉(zhuǎn)換，準確表達原文的意思。 共五十三頁Type of substitute共五十三頁SubstitutionHe has his own positive opinion on all matters; not an unwise one, usually, for his own ends; and will ask n

10、o advice of yours.它對于所有的事情都有明確的主見。就達到(d do)目的而言，其見解往往并非愚魯之見；絕不會征求你的意見。Here we know that repetition is the phenomena that English tries to avoid but strongly favored by Chinese.共五十三頁Darcy took up a book; Miss Bingley did the same. (J. Austin: Pride and Prejudice)達西拿起一本書來。彬格萊小姐(xio ji)也拿起一本書來。(蔡基剛,200

11、3:10)共五十三頁3. 省略(shngl) ellipsis 省略是因前面已經(jīng)提過，沒有必要再出現(xiàn)而省去句中的詞或短語。 翻譯時應(yīng)理清語篇中省略的項目，才能根據(jù)英漢不同的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，靈活轉(zhuǎn)換，準確表達原文(yunwn)的意思。共五十三頁EllipsisHe has no work to do-tyrannical insects to obey. The earthworm has his digging; the bee her gathering and building; the spider her cunning network; the ant her treasury and a

12、ccounts.他無所事事，不受任何殘暴的蟲子的擺布。蚯蚓(qi yn)要挖土打洞，蜜蜂要采蜜筑窩，蜘蛛要巧織迷網(wǎng)，螞蟻要聚財盤寶。共五十三頁Reading make a full man; Conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. (F. Bacon: Of Studies)讀書使人充實，討論(toln)使人機智，筆記使人準確。(王佐良譯)共五十三頁奪取這個勝利，已經(jīng)是不要很久的時間和不要花費很大的力氣了；鞏固(gngg)這個勝利，則是要很長的時間和要花費很大的力氣的事情。It will not require much time a

13、nd efforts to win this victory, but to consolidate it will.共五十三頁4連接(linji) conjunction 英文句子中詞組、句子之間大多使用連接詞表示相互的邏輯關(guān)系，因此，其句子的構(gòu)成方式是形合。漢語句子關(guān)系往往是平行的，在句子的各個成分之間往往沒有(mi yu)連詞，句子成分是通過其內(nèi)在的邏輯、意義關(guān)系結(jié)合在一起，因而是意合。共五十三頁Halliday and Hasan (1976) analyze four major kinds of conjunction clauses in EnglishAdditive (typ

14、ically marked with “and”);Adversative (marked with words such as “but”);Causal (marked with “because” or “so,” etc.);Temporal (markers such as “and” or “and then”).共五十三頁Examples: Harry is good at making oral presentations and he also writes very well.Harry is good at making oral presentations, but h

15、e is terrible with written reports.Harvey is good at making oral presentations, because he took a training program in presentations last year.Harvey gave a good oral presentation, then he ruined his chances with a bad written report.共五十三頁但必須注意的是，盡管東西方文化和思維方面的差異使英漢兩種語言(yyn)在語篇銜接手段上不同，英文以形合為主，漢語以意合為主，

16、但這些差異也是相對的，英語中有意合，漢語中也有形合，隨著英漢兩種語言的頻繁接觸，兩種語言也在互相影響。英漢互譯時，應(yīng)根據(jù)連詞在語篇中上下文的意思，靈活翻譯。共五十三頁Conjunction他小的時候(sh hou)，他媽叫他去買紅塘，他買了白糖回來。One day, when he was a child, his mother sent him out to buy her some brown sugar, but he returned with some white sugar instead. (張培基,2002:18)(Adversative) 共五十三頁人是很有趣的，往往在接觸一

17、個人時首先看到的是他或她的優(yōu)點(yudin)。Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance.男孩哭得心都快碎了，當(dāng)問及他時，他說餓極了，有兩天沒吃了。The boy who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.共五十三頁According to

18、Halliday and Hasan, Lexical cohesion includes the following devices: repetition, synonymy & antonymy, collocation, etc. Michale McCarthy (1991) claims that the relations between vocabulary items in text described by Halliday and Hasan are of two principal kinds: reiteration and collocation. Based on

19、 Halliday& Hasan, Michale McCarthy, and Hu Zhuanglin, we propose that lexical cohesion have the following devices: reiteration, general word, synonymy, antonymy and collocation.5. Lexical cohesion 詞匯(chu)銜接共五十三頁詞匯(chu)銜接詞匯(chu)銜接指語篇中出現(xiàn)的一部分詞匯(chu)相互之間存在語義上的聯(lián)系，或重復(fù)，或由其他詞語替代，或共同出現(xiàn)。在一文中重現(xiàn)與原文一致的詞匯銜接是不可能的，

20、這就要求尋找一組巧妙的詞匯銜接來替代原文中的詞匯銜接。a.重復(fù) b.泛指詞 c.同義詞 d.反義詞 e.上下義關(guān)系搭配共五十三頁同義詞（中華民族洗雪了百年恥辱, 振奮了民族精神,）感到無比的驕傲和自豪。相對于英語(yn y)而言, 在一般語篇中漢語的同義詞并列現(xiàn)象比較多, 它們譯成英語后往往只用一個詞便可以表達意義譯文: It has wiped out the century-old humiliation of the Chinese nation and activated the national spirit, and we are very proud of it. 共五十三頁同樣

21、, 單個英語單詞也可以譯成并列的同義詞來加強生動性。We must have this ambition.譯文: 我們就是(jish)要有這個雄心壯志.共五十三頁上下(shngxi)義關(guān)系You will need to take some tools with you; you can get a hammer, a saw and a screwdriver from big department stores.你得隨身帶上錘子(chu zi)、鋸子和起子, 這些工具從百貨商店就能買到。共五十三頁搭配(dpi)雖然中國婦女在平等方面取得了巨大(jd)的進步,但還未完全實現(xiàn)平等就業(yè)機會。譯文

22、: It is true that Chinese women have made enormous strides toward equality. But the goals of equal opportunity of employment for women have not been fully realized.共五十三頁“實現(xiàn)平等就業(yè)機會” realize/ accomplish the goal/ aim”因此注意(zh y)搭配銜接手段的使用, 譯成: “實現(xiàn)平等就業(yè)機會的目標”, 符合英語的表達。共五十三頁With all the above cohesive devic

23、es combined, we have our own way on how to combine two sentences or several segments together in C-E translation. Although it cannot apply on all occasions, we do find it very helpful in guiding translation practices.共五十三頁What makes a good text?I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode

24、 down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days. 共五十三頁Relationship between cohesion & coherenceA text may be cohesive without necessarily being coherent: cohesion does not spawn coherence. Conn

25、or writes: cohesion is determined by lexically and grammatically overt inter-sentential relationships, whereas coherence is based on semantic relationships.共五十三頁連貫(lingun) coherenceIn Text and Context: Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse, Teun A Van Dijk (p.93) argues convincin

26、gly that coherence is a semantic property of discourse formed through the interpretation of each individual sentence relative to the interpretation of other sentences, with “interpretation” implying interaction between the text and the reader.共五十三頁語篇中的連貫(lingun) coherence 如果說銜接所實現(xiàn)的是語言表層形式和陳述之間的關(guān)系，那么

27、連貫則是指交際行為之間的統(tǒng)一關(guān)系。連貫是主觀的，有賴于接受者對語篇的理解。如果語篇中包含的概念關(guān)系與讀者原有的對事物(shw)的體驗相符，那對該讀者來說，該語篇是連貫的。由于不同的讀者對世界的體驗是不同的，所以在一個讀者看來是連貫的語篇對另一個讀者來說卻可能是不連貫的。 共五十三頁He took out his key and opened the door, and we all went to a stone hall, and bare gloomy and little used. (Great Expectation)他取出鑰匙開了門，大家跟著走進一間石頭砌成的大廳，里面空無人物(r

28、nw)，陰森森的，看來平時絕對少有人。共五十三頁One moment hes in China. The next hes in Panama. Then, almost before you know it, Carter is swooping down on Africa. And this week, the former president is to convene negotiations between the government of Ethiopia and the Eritrean rebels.卡特一會兒跑到中國，一會兒跑到巴拿馬，后來又神不知鬼不覺地對非洲(fi z

29、hu)來個突然襲擊，而本周，這位美國前總統(tǒng)將埃塞俄比亞政府和厄立特里亞的反政府分子召集在一起，進行談判。共五十三頁翻譯(fny)的難點在于接受者的文化和知識背景不同，對語篇會有不同的理解。因此，在理解的過程中，要注意結(jié)合交際情景和文化背景來理解原文意義，在翻譯的過程中，要結(jié)合目的語的語言結(jié)構(gòu)和文化背景知識來重構(gòu)原作者的意圖，形成新的連貫。共五十三頁實現(xiàn)語篇連貫的手段，一般有以下三種:1運用(ynyng)語境 2運用非語言知識 3運用想象 共五十三頁我看那邊月臺的柵欄外有幾個賣東西的等著顧客。走到那邊月臺，須穿過鐵道(tido)，須跳下去又爬上去。父親是一個胖子，走過去自然要費事些。我本來要去的

30、，他不肯，只好讓他去。 I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the railings beyond a platform. But to reach that platform would require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and down. That would be a strenuous job for father, who was fat. I wanted to do all that myself,

31、but he stopped me, so I could do nothing but let him go. 張培基Just outside the station were some vendors. To reach them he had to cross the lines, which involved jumping down from the platform and clambering up again. As my father is a stout man this was naturally not easy for him. But when I voluntee

32、red to go instead he would not hear of it. 楊憲益共五十三頁Exercise:我想，富人們大概過不慣冷清的郊野的冬天，都集向熱鬧的城市里去了。于是轉(zhuǎn)喜為怒，轉(zhuǎn)贊美為責(zé)備(zbi)，轉(zhuǎn)首肯為搖頭。我們堅信社會主義是有偉大的前途，我們堅信我國億萬人民有偉大的前途。這是完全必要的和完全正義的，全國人民已明白這各種必要性正義性。共五十三頁Same subject我想，富人們大概過不慣冷清的郊野(jio y)的冬天，都集向熱鬧的城市里去了。I guess the wealthy residents, (who are) unaccustomed to the c

33、old and lonesome winter there, must have swarmed into the bustling city.(中國翻譯)共五十三頁Same adverbials一個春天的傍晚，園中百花怒放，父母在園中設(shè)宴(sh yn)，一時賓客云集，笑語四溢。One spring evening, myriads of flowers were in full bloom in the garden where my parents held a party in honor of many guests. Their arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats.共五十三頁我們堅信社會主義是有偉大(wid)的前途，我們堅信我國億萬人民有偉大(wid)的前途。(Repetition of verbs and same obj