4.17語法精講三基礎班第三講

1、（一）定語從句1.構成2.分類3.定語從句的劃分4.定語從句省略（二）名詞性從句1同位語從句2賓語從句3表語從句4. 主語從句（一）定語從句：用于關系詞引導句子修飾名詞1. 構成：定語從句的形式I know the girl.The girl comes from Beijing.I know the girl who comes from Beijing.定語從句三步驟先找出兩個句子中相同的名詞判斷名詞是人還是物，人who/that物which/that將who/that/which引導的句子放于相同的名詞后面(引導詞要放在他所修飾的句子句首）I like reading books.The

2、 books were written by O. Henry.I like reading books which/that were written by O. Henry. I planted a tree.The tree is taller than the house.I planted a tree which is taller than the houseThe tree that/which I planted is taller than the house不能用which，只能用that前面的先行詞是不定代詞，包括all，anything，nothing, the on

3、e, much, little等;eg: Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said ?如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了the only, the very等；eg: This is the only way that we can think out.如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級；eg: This is the best film that I have ever seen.如果先行詞中即有人，又有物；eg: They are talking about the school and the teachers that they vi

4、sited yesterday1謂語動詞（結構）和后面的介詞有兩種關系：關系緊密&關系疏遠look+ for尋找關系緊密look+ at看 關系疏遠2定語從句中如果謂語結構和介詞關系緊密，則介詞必須保留在謂語結構的后面，不能做任何位置的改動；如果謂語結構和介詞關系疏遠，介詞一般提到which/ who的前面；This is the book which you are looking for.This is the book at which you are looking.This is the book which you are interested in.This is the boo

5、k in which you are interested.This is the book which you asked for.3關系代詞和關系副詞 Beijing is the place. I was born in the place. -Beijing is the place which l was born in. -Beijing is the place in which l was born. 定語從句中，如果介詞+which表示地點，則可以用where替換； Beijing is the place where l was born.eg:I cant forget

6、the day.I join the army on the day.I cant forget the day which I joined the army on.I cant forget the day on which I joined the army. (when)判斷關系代詞和關系副詞的方法(1)不管是關系代詞還是關系副詞，都取決于從句中的謂語動詞；若該謂語動詞為及物動詞，則一定使用關系代詞；若該謂語動詞為不及物動詞，且其后沒有介詞，則一定使用關系副詞；eg: I will never forget the days_ I worked together with you. (

7、on which/when) I will never forget the days_ I spent in the countryside. (which)(2)通過判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分Is this the museum (that) you visited a few days ago? Is this the museum (in which/where) the exhibition was held?關系代詞：前面句子里的先行詞也要在后面的句子里充當主語或者賓語的成分；介詞+which:恰好表示時間和地點，可以替換成when，where這樣的關系副詞；B分類：限定性定語從

8、句和非限定性定語從句(1)非限定性定語從句：先行詞（即名詞）后有一個逗號；In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.（限定性定語從句）In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers，who come from Australia.（非限定性定語從句）限定性定語從句：定語從句和關系詞關系非常緊密，刪掉定語從句后，整個句子意思會改變；非限定性定語從句：定語從句和關系詞關系不是很緊密，刪掉定語從句后，整個句子意思不會改變，定語從句只起到補充說明的意義；I have a

9、 sister who is a nurse.I have a sister, who is a nurse.(2)非限定性定語從句：先行詞是前面的整句話；eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year This is the house, which we bought last month.非限定性定語從句引導詞which/as:

10、which引導非限制性定語從句只能放在后面，as則只能放在句子前面；eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, which we know. As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath.eg: Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise A.lt B. that C. as D. whichc定語從句的劃分 There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun

11、. Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded. The police explained that the difficulties which they faced wer

12、e too severe.D定語從句省略（分詞作定語）1.關系詞充當賓語的時候I know the boy who the teacher praised just now.The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.2.關系詞充當主語I know the girl who comes from Beijing I know the girl coming from BeijingI like the book which were written by O Henry I like t

13、he book written by O Henry關系詞充當主語 1. The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder. 2.Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically. 3.Hamilton isnt the only educator crossing the Atlantic. 4.Career experts say that one of the ways (that) job seeker

14、s can stay safe while using the 5.Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. ( 職業(yè)專家說求職者)用因特網(wǎng)找工作時保持安全的一個方法是隱瞞其真實身份。 Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million i

15、n 2004.（二）名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句及同位語從句； 定義：在句子中起名詞作用的句子，且在句子中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等成分；1同位語從句：對前面名詞的進一步解釋 I know the man, the president of the New Oriental School. 英語中的簡單句：陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句。eg: He is a student. Are you a student? Who is a student?同位語從句：關系詞不再和前面的名詞有關系，而是取決于后面的從句；eg: I know the fact. He is

16、a student. I know the fact that he is a student.eg: I have a question. Are you a student? I have a question whether you are a student.eg: I have a question. who is a student? I have a question who is a student.同位語從句的構成從句仍然接在名詞之后，名詞有可能為answer，belief, concept，explanation，fact，hope, message, news, prom

17、ise, question, thought等形式：名詞+從句；連接詞取決于后面的從句是什么樣的形式；如果是陳述句，直接加that引導；一般疑問句：先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；特殊疑問句：直接保留特殊疑問詞后面的句子變成陳述句語序；The news soon spread the whole school.They had won the game.The news that they had won the game soon spread the whole school.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別That在后面的從句中充當成分，為賓語從句，不充當成

18、分，為同位語從句。區(qū)分：The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.The suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is the reason to

19、hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.2賓語從句從句部分的連詞取決于從句時一般疑問句、特殊疑問句還是陳述句；eg: We must find out who did all these. I want to know whether he will come. I hope that he will come.注意：賓語從句的時態(tài)：如果賓語從句前的動詞是過去式，則賓語從句的時態(tài)應相應變成過去時態(tài)； eg：My teacher told that we would go there.如果賓語從句是客觀事實或真理，不管賓語從句前的動

20、詞時什么時態(tài)，賓語從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時； eg：My teacher told that the earth is round.賓語從句后接陳述句用that引導，that 一般可以省略，eg. I think (that) you are right.賓語從句如果謂語動詞是doubt，后面接的一般疑問句通常用whether或if引導；如果前面的謂語動詞是dont doubt，則后面從句的連接詞一定是that;賓語從句如果謂語動詞是wonder, 句型為I wonder if，后面的連接詞不能用whether;賓語從句的否定轉移：think，believe，suppose，expect，imagi

21、ne等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式；轉移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，3表語從句若從句為陳述句，直接加that;若從句為特殊疑問句：直接保留特殊疑問詞，后面的句子變成陳述句語序；若從句為一般疑問句：先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；China is no longer what she used to be.The question is who is responsible for what has happened.(2002 text3) One more reason not to lose sleep over the ri

22、se in oil prices is that it hasnt occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.(2000) What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams.4. 主語從句That the college will take in more students is true. Whether he will come or not hasnt b

23、een decided. Why he isnt here is not clear to everyone.it做形式主語的情況(1) It is+名詞+主語從句； eg: It is a pity that you should have to leave.(2) It is+形容詞+主語從句； eg: It is clear that the whole project is due to failure.如果是It is necessary /important /strange / natural+ that引導的主語從句，從句中的謂語動詞一定要用should+動詞原形；eg: It is necessary that on