石油加工常識

1、石油加工常識(Common sense in petroleum processing)What is paraffin base crude?The K value between 12.1 to 13, containing more than 50% alkanes, low density, high wax content, less sulfur and resin, the original production of straight-run gasoline octane number is low, the high octane sixteen diesel, lubri

2、cating oil production class better viscosity temperature properties, but the dewaxing of the load, and the heavy fraction the residue containing heavy metals, is a good raw material for crackingWhat is intermediate base crude?K values range from 11.5 to 12.1 and range between paraffinic and naphthen

3、ic crude oilsWhat is called naphthenic crude oil?Containing cycloalkanes and aromatics are, high density, low pour point, general sulfur, colloid and asphaltene moreWhat is the role of the three curves of crude oil?ENs distillation is mainly used to characterize the quality of products. Boiling poin

4、t distillation is mainly used for characterization of roommate fraction. Equilibrium vaporization is mainly used in determining the vaporization rate in petroleum processingWhat crude oil does Daqing crude belong to?Low sulfur paraffin base crude oil, the main characteristics of high wax content, hi

5、gh pour point, asphaltene colloid heavy metal content sulfur content is lowWhat are the characteristics of the primary processing products of Daqing crude oil?Initial distillation to 200, straight gasoline gasoline octane value is low, the density is large, sulfur content, gum content and carbon res

6、idue higher, light fraction of crude oil content is lessWhat crude oil does Shengli crude belong to?Shengli crude oil is the middle base crude containing sulfur. The sulfur content is about 1%, the density is large, the sulfur content, the gum content and the carbon residue are higher, but the light

7、 fraction of the crude oil is lessWhat are the characteristics of the primary processing products of Shengli crude oil?The octane number of straight run gasoline is 47, and the initial distillation is 130. The content of aromatics in the distillate is high, which is a good material for reforming,Avi

8、ation kerosene distillate has high density, low crystallization point, high aromatics content, poor combustion performance, low viscosity index of dewaxing oil of vacuum distillate oil, and good viscosity and temperature of vacuum residuumWhat are flash distillation, simple distillation and distilla

9、tion?Flash evaporation: the feed is heated in some way to partially vaporized at a certain temperature and pressure, and two phases are separated to produce gas-liquid two-phase products. Simple distillation: the liquid mixture is heated in a distillation kettle, under certain pressure, when the tem

10、perature reaches the bubble point temperature of mixture, liquid vaporization, steam generated by the steam generating trace, was immediately drawn after cooling, collected at the same time to continue to produce liquid heating, steam, and lead. Distillation: a multistage separation process that inv

11、olves simultaneous partial vaporization and partial condensation, thus allowing the mixture to be almost completely separatedWhat are the distillation curves, the boiling point, the distillation curve, and the equilibrium vaporization curve?ENs distillation curve: the distillation temperature is plo

12、tted on the distillate volume fraction, and the boiling point distillation curve is taken at the distillation temperatureWhats the effect of the presence of water vapor on the vaporization of oil?Reduce the partial pressure of oil and gasWhy do people in water vapor distillation process?Overhead gas

13、 phase distillation is often condensed and cooled in the presence of water vaporHow is the feed temperature of the atmospheric tower determined? Why limit?The rate of vaporization and heat balance of the whole tower prevent the thermal cracking reactionWhat are the technological characteristics of a

14、tmospheric towers?In the primary gasification process, the multi lateral distillation column, stripping section and constant molecular flow assumption are not applicable, and the whole tower is in thermal equilibriumWhy is an atmospheric tower a composite tower?The original by distillation to cut ga

15、soline kerosene light diesel oil, heavy diesel oil and heavy oil and other products, need 4 distillation columns in series, but the precision of separation between them is not too high, this tower is actually equal to some simple distillation column overlap, the rectifying section and distillation s

16、ection is equivalent to the original tower is composed of several simple the next section, which is the equivalent of the first tower stripping section. Such towers are called compound towers or complex towersWhy is there a stripping section at the bottom of the atmospheric tower? A sidestream strip

17、per?Atmospheric tower gasification, gasification oil does not flow to the bottom of the tower, the oil also contains a considerable number of more than 350 of the light fraction, so in the following feeding section, there should also be a stripping section. At the bottom of the tower into the water

18、vapor so that the light fraction of vaporization enough of one of the rectifying section to return. To improve the rate of atmospheric tower, and reduce the load of the vacuum tower vacuum furnace. The stripper bottom blowing, a small amount of water vapor sidestreams to reduce oil gas pressure, the

19、 mixed products, the lighter fractions and return vaporization distillation tower. This allows separation requirements to be achieved and is also very simple.Why dont there be reboiler at the bottom of the tower?Because the bottom temperature of the atmospheric tower is generally about 350 degrees,

20、if the reboiler is used, it is difficult to find the appropriate heat source, and reboiler is very large, it will increase the possibility of thermal cracking of heavy oilWhy is the constant molecular logistics out of place?The crude oil is a complex mixture, and the molar latent heat of vaporizatio

21、n of each component can be very different. The boiling point of each component is a little different from that of Baidu. The tower bottom temperature difference is very large,so the constant molecular logistics is not applicable.What is excess vaporization? Why should there be a certain amount of ex

22、cessive vaporization of the feed in the atmospheric tower?In order to make a few plates lowest atmospheric pressure tower a line below the feeding section above a certain liquid return to ensure the quality of the lowest side products, vaporization of raw oil into the tower after the total yield rat

23、e should be slightly higher than the upper part of a variety of products, the high part is called evaporation. The amount of excess vaporization percentage of feed is called the vaporization rate; because the plate between the lowest atmospheric pressure tower of a line to the inlet section of tower

24、 section on have enough liquid back to ensure the quality of the lowest sidestreams.What is called gap, void, overlap?Gap: the initial boiling point of the heavier fraction is higher than the final boiling point of the lighter fraction. There is a void between the two fractions, which is called a ga

25、p between the two fractions.How to judge the accuracy of fractionation?Usually expressed in terms of the fraction composition of two fractions or the correlation of a distillation curve. The difference between the 5% point t5H of the heavier fraction and the 95% point t95H ofthe lighter fraction is

26、used to indicate the accuracy of the fractionationHow does the vapor phase load change in an atmospheric column?When the crude oil enters the vaporization section, its vapor phase enters the distillation section. From the bottom to the top, the liquid reflux increases gradually, so the vapor load is

27、 increasing constantly; between the top first, second layers of plate, the load reaches the maximum value of the vapor phase through the first plate, the load significantly reduced vapor; cold reflux from top to bottom from the top of the tower into flowing through the first plate after cold reflux

28、into hot reflux, liquid flow there was a substantial increase, reached the maximum; after this top-down, liquid back flow plate decreases;After each layer of side draw plate, liquid loadhave to dump; vaporization section, if the feed without evaporation from a layer of liquid flow, the vaporizing st

29、age distillation section at the end of phase return to zero; the stripping section, from top to bottom, liquid and vapor phase load is smaller and smaller, the number of light group the change of the size of the inflow of liquid carrying points set.Why is the vapor load at the top high?From the bott

30、om of the petroleum distillation column, the oil on each layer of the tray is becoming lighter, the average molecular weight is smaller and smaller, and the molar latent heat of vaporization decreases. But the heat of return is increasing. It can be judged: Moore said vapor flow back to the height o

31、f the tower bottom is gradually increasing.What is the top two condensation cooling? What is the overhead recirculation?The tower gas is completely condensed, the reflux part is pumped back to the top of the tower, and then the product of the device is further cooled to a safe temperature. Recircula

32、tion: from the top of the tower, cooled to a temperature and then returned to the tower. The flow of the liquid is liquid throughout the process and does not change in the flow of the tower.What is mid return flow? Whats the function of it?The circulating reflux is located in the middle of the recti

33、fying tower. Effect: in the middle part of the tower from the upper part of the heat, back flow is reduced, so that the whole tower along the column gas-liquid phase load distribution, a crude oil distillation tower along the temperature gradient is larger, the heat from the central tower to take ba

34、ck the temperature obviously than from hot reflux tower take temperature much higher, higher value can be used to heatHow is the operating pressure of the atmospheric tower determined?The minimum operating pressure by crude atmospheric distillation column in the product to accept the product bubble

35、point temperature pressure tankWhy does the temperature of atmospheric furnace have certain restriction?In order to prevent unstable components in the feed, significant chemical changes occur at high temperaturesWhat is the amount of excess vaporization of the feed in the atmospheric tower?vaporizat

36、ion rateWhy does the atmospheric tower fall from plate to plateat the bottom of the tower?The bottom of thetower into the water vapor upstream, and oil will continue to contact the light fraction in oil out, the light fraction of vaporization need heat in part by the water vapor supply part by liqui

37、d fuels sensible heat supply, because the water vapor heat supply Co., heat lossWhat is the temperature of the extraction from the side column of the atmospheric column?The stripped sideline products in the oil and gas pressure to calculate the bubble point temperatureWhy should crude oil undergo va

38、cuum distillation? What are the process characteristics of the vacuum tower? (1) the high boiling fraction at 350 degrees above the crude oil fraction and FCC lubricating oil, hydrocracking and other raw materials, but due to high temperature decomposition reaction occurred in the next time, so in t

39、he atmospheric tower operating conditions can not get these fractions, but only in vacuum and low temperature obtained by vacuum distillation. (2) 1. reduced from vaporization section to the top of the tower pressure drop of 2. reducing the oil and gas distillate highest temperature pipeline flow pr

40、essure drop 3. decompression tower bottom stripping tower 4. neat ratio of vacuum tower vaporization section temperature is not normal pressure endured in the vacuum distillation system,The highest temperature is to shorten the residence time of the residuum in the pressure reduction towerat 5 of th

41、e outlet of the pressure cookerWhy does the tower have a larger diameter and a larger plate spacing?In order to reduce foam carrying, the space of the vacuum tower is larger than that of the atmospheric towerWhy are the tower bottom and tower top shrunk?The diameter of the bottom of the vacuum tower

42、 is often reduced to shorten the settling time of the residuum in the towerWhy improve Tazuo decompression tower?In order to provide sufficient perfusion head for the hot oil pumpWhat is the difference between the outlet temperature of the vacuum column and the atmospheric tower?The yield of light o

43、il will be affected because the outlet temperature of the heating furnace can not be increased arbitrarily.The temperature of the vaporization section of the vacuum tower is not the highest temperature that the atmospheric pressure heavy oil experiences in the vacuum distillation system. The highest

44、 temperature is at the outlet of the pressure reducing furnaceWhat is dry decompression? What technical measures should be taken to achieve dry decompression?.A vacuum distillation process that does not rely on the injection of water vapor to reduce partial pressure of oil and gas is called dry vacu

45、um distillation.Measures (1) use vacuum pumping at three stages to increase vacuum level at the top of the vacuum towerreduce the pressure drop from the vaporizing section to the top of the towerreduce the pressure drop between the outlet of the vacuum furnace and the inlet of the pressure reducing

46、towerset washing section and shower sectionWhat is the number of vaporized sections of crude distillation?In the process of crude distillation, the number of heating, vaporization and distillation experienced by the crude oil is called the number of vaporized segments.Why crude distillation sets ini

47、tial distillation tower?Following are the factors that may lead to the introduction of a fractionator:arsenic content in crude oil;light fraction of crude oilcrude oil dewatering effect;sulfur content and salt content of crude oil.What is the three stage vaporization? Whats the flow of the three sta

48、ge vaporization?In the distillation unit, as well as the vacuum distillation section, the distillation process is the three stage vaporization process.catalytic crackingWhat are the raw materials for cracking? Whats the ideal ingredient?Ingredients: heavy distillate: straight run reduced distillate,

49、 including coking heavy distillate, some heavy oil or residuum.Ideal material:What are the products of FCC? What are the characteristics?Steam, gasoline, diesel oil, oil slurry and coke.Features: gasoline octane value isrelatively high, stability is better. Diesel aromatic hydrocarbon, olefin conten

50、t is high, sixteen alkane value is low, stability is not good, can be used directly. The slurry must be further processed.Can residuum be used as feedstock for catalytic cracking? Why?Can not.Reasons: (1) raw material weight should not be atomized; raw material is heavy; general gum and asphaltene c

51、ontent is high; carbon residue is high; coke yield will be significantly increased; it will bring difficulties for stripping and regeneration of catalyst(2) the content of nickel, vanadium and other metals in the residue is high, which directly affects the activity, selectivity and stability of the

52、catalyst.What is the effect of the fraction composition of raw material on catalytic cracking?When the chemical composition of the raw material is similar, the heavier the fraction is, the easier it is to crack, the more necessary the condition is, and the higher the coke yield is.What is the carbon

53、 residue of the raw material? What effect does it have on catalytic cracking?Influence of raw oil containing carbon residue of device operation, it directly affects the production of coke and heat balanceWhat are the gases in catalytic cracking? What are the characteristics?Hydrogen, general content

54、 is less,However, when the catalyst is heavy metal poisoning, there is more content, less catalytic cracking of distillate oil, more residual fluid catalytic cracking, 40%.The content of H2S in the residue oil is more than that of H2S.C1 is methane, which is the product of thermal cracking.The hydro

55、carbon of C2 and two carbon is ethylene and ethane.C3, C4, C4 of six molecular structures, such as propane, propylene, butane and butene (among them, positive and negative).The content of C4 is about 1.5 - 2.5 times of C3 contentThe olefin content in C3 is about 70%The olefin content in C4 is about

56、55%What are the chemical reactions of catalytic cracking?Decomposition reaction, isomerization reaction, hydrogen transfer reaction, aromatization reaction, inclusion reaction and alkylation reaction,What is the main reaction of catalytic cracking? What are the characteristics of the reaction?Decomp

57、osition reaction.Features: the saturation of the product is reduced, that is to say, the increase of olefins, on the other hand, increases the octane number of gasoline, but makes the stability of gasoline worse.In addition, it also increases olefins in the gas and is conducive to the production of

58、chemical raw materials.Due to the change of the stability of diesel oil in decomposition reaction, and the increase of olefins and aromatics, it also has an adverse effect on the sixteen alkane value.What is the hydrogen transfer reaction of catalytic cracking? What are the characteristics of the re

59、action?The hydrogen on a hydrocarbon molecule is removed and added to the saturated reaction of another olefin.Features: a unique reaction. The stability of gasoline can be improved, and the octane number of gasoline is decreased due to the decrease of olefinsWhat is isomerization reaction, superpos

60、ition reaction, alkylation reaction and aromatization reaction?Isomerization reaction: there are two kinds of isomerization reaction of olefins. One is the change of molecular skeleton, and the normal olefin becomes heterogeneous alkene. The other is the transfer of the intermediate double bond to t