英語長句的翻譯方法課件

1、英語長句的譯法主講人：徐劍平英語長句的譯法 在翻譯長句時(shí)，首先，不要因?yàn)榫渥犹L而有畏懼心里，因?yàn)?，無論是多么復(fù)雜的句子，它都是有一些基本的成分組成的。其次要弄清英語原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu)，找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思，然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關(guān)系，再按照漢語的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式，正確地譯出原文的意思，不必拘泥于原文地形式。Daily Translation There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the resea

2、rch techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry 所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域使用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見不一 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles m

3、ay seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. 當(dāng)一種新的藝術(shù)傾向形成某種時(shí)尚時(shí)，可取的態(tài)度是弄清倡導(dǎo)者們的意圖何在，因?yàn)槠渲鲝堅(jiān)诮裉炜磥矶嗝礌繌?qiáng)附會(huì)、毫無道理，將來也有可能被認(rèn)為是正確的 I英語長句的分析一般的說，造成長句的原因有三方面：（1）修飾語過多；（2）并列成分多（3）語言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。在分析長句時(shí)可以采取下面的方法：（1）找出全句的主語，謂語和賓語，從整體上把握句子結(jié)構(gòu)。（2）找出句中所有的簡單的，基本的簡單句或者基本成分。（3)分析句子中的單詞的特殊含義等 （6)

4、 注意分析句子中是否有固定搭配。 分析語義群下面我們結(jié)合一些實(shí)例來進(jìn)行分析： 例1：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析：（1）該句的主語為Behaviorists，謂語為suggest，賓語為一個(gè)從句,因此整個(gè)句子為B

5、ehaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)。(2) 該句共有五個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 它們的謂語動(dòng)詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系為: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)為主句; who is raised in an environment為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child; where there are many stimuli為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment; which develop his or her capac

6、ity for appropriate responses為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli; 在suggest的賓語從句中, 主語為child, 謂語為experience, 賓語為greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會(huì)對(duì)該句具有了一個(gè)較為透徹的理解, 然后根據(jù)我們上面所講述的各種翻譯方法, 就可以把該句翻譯成漢語行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。例2. For a family of four, for example,

7、 it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,watching TV, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.分析: (1) 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is more to do sth than to do sth else. 是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu), 而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較.(2) 該句中共有三個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 它們之間的關(guān)系為: it is more co

8、nvenient as well as cheaper to 為主體結(jié)構(gòu), 但it是形式主語, 真正的主語為第二個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu): to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。(3) 句首的for a family of four作狀語, 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個(gè)介詞短語作插入語: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個(gè)介詞短語作伴隨狀語, 修飾to sit comfortably at

9、home.綜合上述翻譯方法，這個(gè)句子我們可以翻譯為：譬如, 對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來說, 舒舒服服地在家中看電視，就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂節(jié)目，這比到別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。二、長句的翻譯 英語習(xí)慣于用長的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念, 而漢語則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí), 要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異, 將英語的長句分解, 翻譯成漢語的短句。在英語長句的翻譯過程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。(1) 順序法。當(dāng)英語長句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時(shí), 可以按照英語原文的順序翻譯成漢語。例如:例1. Even when we turn off the besi

10、de lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. 分析: 該句子由一個(gè)主句, 三個(gè)作伴隨狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語從句組成, 共有五層意思: A. 既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí); B.電仍在為我們工作; C. 幫我們開動(dòng)電冰箱; D. 加熱水; E. 或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語完全一致, 因此, 我們

11、可以通過順序法, 把該句翻譯成即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí), 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開動(dòng)電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of the

12、se materials. 分析: 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is realized that”, the time 是“expectation of life”的同位語, 五個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 表達(dá)了四個(gè)層次的意義: A. 可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到; B. 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的; C. 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”; D. 將這些已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡的時(shí)間。整個(gè)句子就翻譯為：可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說, 經(jīng)過若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡.下面

13、我們?cè)倭信e幾個(gè)實(shí)例: 例3. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to(yield to) numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世紀(jì)以前, 小說中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒有任何特點(diǎn), 因而無法成為具有個(gè)性的人; 他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給

14、他們的種種束縛。例4. This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”這種使用參照物的方法可以應(yīng)用于許多種情況, 也能用來找

15、到很不相同的各種問題的答案, 從“鐵生銹, 是否必須有一定的濕度才行?”到“哪種豆類一季的產(chǎn)量最高?”例5. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國家

16、的政府下了結(jié)論，認(rèn)為：政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。例6. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child int

17、o opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的對(duì)這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備, 而且認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)顯示出孩子正在成長, 正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志, 他們就不會(huì)感到如此傷心, 所以也就不會(huì)因?qū)Υ擞性购藓蛯?duì)抗的情緒而把孩子推到對(duì)立面去。(2) 逆序法。英語有些長句的表達(dá)次序與漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開始翻譯。例如:例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found

18、free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.主句+because分析: 這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句, 兩個(gè)原因狀語和一個(gè)定語從句, “鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有四個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 共有五層意思: A. 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn); B. 由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁; C. 由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合; E. 鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。按

19、照漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣通常因在前, 果在后, 這樣, 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成:鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合; 因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個(gè)原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)例2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more

20、 advice.主句+if分析: 該句由一個(gè)主句, 一個(gè)條件狀語從句和一個(gè)賓語從句組成, “變得越來越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有三個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 包含三層含義: A. 變的越來越重要; B. 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們的機(jī)會(huì); C. 得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。為了使譯文符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 我們也采用逆序法, 翻譯成:因此, 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們(上大學(xué))的機(jī)會(huì), 就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個(gè)問題顯得越來越重要了。 下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:例3. It is probably easier for teachers t

21、han for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英語的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學(xué)似乎就越來越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。例4. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress

22、 as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.對(duì)于以往幾代人來說, 舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動(dòng), 因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。例This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to imme

23、diate goals but of possible consequence in the future 主句+By給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持，看來通常能有效地解決這一問題 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.同過去一樣，將來必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 例6. Such is a

24、 human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。例7. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks

25、 and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如沒有那些以昆蟲為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們, 昆蟲將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。 (3)分句法。有時(shí)英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語多用短句的習(xí)慣, 把長句的從句或短語化成句子, 分開來敘述,為了使語意連貫, 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語。例如:例1. The number of the young people in the United States who cant rea

26、d is incredible about one in four.上句在英語中是一個(gè)相對(duì)簡單的句子, 但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯, 就可能被翻譯成:沒有閱讀能力的美國青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。這樣, 就使得譯文極為不通順, 不符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 因此, 我們應(yīng)該把它譯為: 大約有1/4的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力, 這簡直令人難以置信。例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in

27、science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. 分析: 在此長句中, 有一個(gè)插入語“it is often said”, 三個(gè)并列的謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 還有一個(gè)定語從句, 這三個(gè)并列的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個(gè)句子,但都有獨(dú)立的意義, 因此在翻譯時(shí), 可以采用分句法, 按照漢語的習(xí)慣把整個(gè)句子分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句, 結(jié)果為:人們常說, 通過電視可以了解時(shí)事, 掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛

28、樂性的新節(jié)目。例3. All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. 他們所必須做的只是按一下開關(guān)。開關(guān)一開, 就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇, 以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問題的辯論、最近的激動(dòng)人心的足球賽更是不在話下。 例4. Although perhaps only 1 p

29、er cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.雖然在某處已經(jīng)開始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分。(4) 綜合法。上面我們講述了英語長句

30、的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實(shí)上,在翻譯一個(gè)英語長句時(shí), 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語長句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析, 或按照時(shí)間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合, 主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語句子。例如:例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 該句共有三層含義: A: 人們不敢出門; B: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況; C: 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。在這三層含義中, B表示讓步, C表示原因, 而A則