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1、英語科技論文寫作 英語科技論文寫作的理論基礎(chǔ)英語科技論文寫作中的詞語處理 英語科技論文寫作中的句法處理英語科技論文段落的寫作一、前言的寫作 二、材料和方法的寫作 三、結(jié)果的寫作 四、討論的寫作 五、摘要的寫作 六、致謝和贊助的寫作第五章 水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖英語寫作中常見錯(cuò)誤分析考試: 練習(xí)占30%; 寫論文占70%。 第一章 英語科技論文寫作的理論基礎(chǔ) 一、翻譯的概念和特點(diǎn)二、英漢語言文化的對(duì)比 1. 英漢心理文化的對(duì)比 2. 英漢語言文化的對(duì)比三、翻譯的寫作步驟 一、翻譯的概念和特點(diǎn)1. 翻譯:反映思維和語言規(guī)律的科學(xué); 譯者對(duì)原文或母語內(nèi)容進(jìn)行再創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù) 問題:欠額翻譯(undertranslat

2、ion)和過載翻譯 (overtranslation);實(shí)踐技能。 方法:增詞、減詞、引申、轉(zhuǎn)換、并句、分句等。2. 文化:人類物質(zhì)文明和精神文明的總合。 分類:(1)物質(zhì)文化(人類創(chuàng)造的一切物質(zhì)文明);(2)制度文化(社會(huì)制度、 家庭制度、生活教育制度、宗教制度、生活方式、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、禮俗規(guī)范、語 言等);(3)心理文化(思維方式、信仰、價(jià)值觀念、審美情趣等)。 特點(diǎn):顯型文化:(1)類文化看得見、摸得著; (2)類文化和(3)類文 化中的 某些部分 隱型文化:價(jià)值觀念和審美情趣。 語言:屬制度文化;文化的重要組成部分和文化的載體、重要工具。 人類在同一地球上生活繁衍,不同國(guó)家、不同民族的人民

3、都擁有上述三類文 化。它們的許多共同之處便是翻譯的基礎(chǔ)。例如,一種語言的詞匯可在另一 種語言中找到意義相符的詞:如生物技術(shù)biotechnology, 聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)polymerase chain reaction (PCR),逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒retrovirus,基因療法gene therapy,生物芯片biochip,檔案館archive,軟管hose,厄爾尼諾預(yù)測(cè)El Nino prediction,野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)wildlife conservation。 翻譯的局限:生態(tài)環(huán)境:社會(huì)歷史;雙語者(bilinguist)和雙文化人(biculturist)。例如漢語的“陰陽”、“馬走日,象走田

4、”、“弓長(zhǎng)張,立早章”和許多菜名或?qū)S忻~等在英語中無對(duì)應(yīng)的詞,只能根據(jù)適當(dāng)方法來處理。翻譯是科學(xué)理論指導(dǎo)下的藝術(shù)活動(dòng),是譯者在透徹理解原文基礎(chǔ)之上的再創(chuàng)造,譯者在漢譯英或用英語寫作時(shí)好比是走鋼絲的雜技演員,無論如何手舞足蹈或前后翻滾,始終不能離開腳下的鋼絲。二、 英漢語言文化的對(duì)比1英漢心理文化的對(duì)比; 漢文化屬人文文化,西方文化屬科學(xué)文化。 漢文化“三重三輕”:重綜合,輕分析;重意 會(huì),輕言傳;重人論,輕器物,價(jià)值取向以道德為本。崇尚群體意識(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)同一性。追求人與自然的和諧,把人與自然看成渾然一體。 西方文化“三重三輕”:重物質(zhì),輕人論,價(jià)值取向以功利為本。重分析,輕綜合;重概念,忌籠統(tǒng),

5、主張個(gè)人至上。強(qiáng)調(diào)人對(duì)自然的索取。 中國(guó)人重直覺與具象,西方人重理性與邏輯。 漢語的形象性、直觀性和英語的功能性。漢語是相形文字。漢語豐富的量詞是其形象化的一種體現(xiàn)。一支鋼筆(a pen)、一張桌子(a table)、一朵花(a flower)、一把椅子(a chair)、一面紅旗(a flag)、一根棍子(a stick)、一匹馬(a horse)、一頭牛(a cow)、一口豬(a pig)、一堵墻(a wall)、一棵樹(a tree)、一雙筷子(a pair of chopstich)、一件外套(a coat)、一塊蛋糕(a cake)、一首詩(a poem)等。英譯文只突出被描述的客體

6、和數(shù)量,原文的形象和生動(dòng)則蕩然無存。中國(guó)人重整體,西方人重個(gè)體。 表現(xiàn)在4個(gè)方面:漢語詞義一般較籠統(tǒng),英語詞義一般較具體,近意詞特別多。如中國(guó)人說“車來了”可指各種車。英語的車則多不勝數(shù):bus公共汽車、lorry卡車、taxi出租車、 motorcycle摩托車(總稱)、light motorcycle 輕型摩托車、heavy motorcycle重型摩托車、sidecar machine帶側(cè)邊車的摩托車、touring moped旅行摩托車、platform truck平臺(tái)卡車、medium van中型有蓋卡車、light lorry (light truck, pickup truck輕

7、型貨(卡)車)、light cross-country lorry with all-wheel drive四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的輕型越野卡車、heavy truck(heavy motor truck)重型卡車、three-way tipper(three-way dump truck)三向傾卸卡車、articulated vehicle連接車、motor coach(coach, bus)長(zhǎng)途卡車、double-decker bus (double-deck bus)雙層公共汽車、two-door saloon car (two-door sedan)二門橋車、small three-door car

8、小型三門轎車、three-door hatchback帶后艙口的轎車、four-door saloon car(four-door sedan)四門轎車、eight-cylinder limousine with three rows of three-abreast seating三列三座八汽缸的豪華轎車、convertible摺篷車、bucket seat buggy (dune buggy)箕形座(座板可翻起三座位)汽車、estate car(shooting brake, estate, station wagon實(shí)用車、sporting coupe( a two-plus-two c

9、oupe two- seater with removable back seat)賽車。中國(guó)人重整體而西方人重個(gè)體 表示不同事物數(shù)量少或質(zhì)量小中文都用少量或小量,英語除了用a little, a few外,還用crumb小量,面包屑、iota極小量、mite極小量,小蟲、morsel小量,一小塊食物、paucity小量,貧乏、modicum少量、shit少量,一點(diǎn)、drib少量,點(diǎn)滴、speck少量,小點(diǎn),斑點(diǎn)。表示各種事物數(shù)量大中文都用大量,而英語則用不同的詞表示不同事物數(shù)量大,如chunk大量,短厚木頭、heap大量,堆、plenitude大量,完全、profusion豐富,浪費(fèi)、ruc

10、k大量,褶皺、mort大量,許多、batch大量,一批、spate大量,泛濫、slew大量、scads大量,巨額。中國(guó)人重整體而西方人重個(gè)體 漢語中表示人的群體的量詞有:中性意義的“些、對(duì)、群、班、組、批、系列、連串”等;貶義的有“幫、伙、窩”等。英語一般用a量詞of結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)量人的群體,如:a number of 可以表示三個(gè)數(shù)量不等的人群:a great/large number of people a number of people a small number of people。英語中表示數(shù)量不大的人群量詞有:a gang of workmen一幫工人;a band of travel

11、ers 一隊(duì)旅行者a bench of scholars/judges/bishops/magistrates一群學(xué)者/法官/主教/地方長(zhǎng)官a clump of Frenchmen一群法國(guó)人;a corps of engineers一組工程師a group of people/boys/girls/guests/drivers/writers/thinkers一群人/男孩/女孩/客人/司機(jī)/作家/思想家a party of solders一隊(duì)士兵a team of researchers/footballers/basketball players一隊(duì)研究人員/足球隊(duì)員/籃球隊(duì)員 中國(guó)人重整體

12、而西方人重個(gè)體 英語中表示數(shù)量較大的人群量詞有:an army of workers/officials 一批工人/官員a batch of new students/recruits for army一批新生/新兵a bevy of young women一群青年婦女a(chǎn) body of people/supporters/troops一批人/支持者/部隊(duì)a circle of friends一群朋友;a cloud of horsemen一大片騎馬者an odd collection of people 一群怪人;a college of translators一群翻譯家a colony o

13、f artists一群聚居的藝術(shù)家a community of months一群聚居的僧侶a company of teenagers/merchants/pilgrims一群青少年/商人/朝圣者a crew of people一群人; a crowd of people/watchers一群人/觀察者a flock of visitors/young girls一幫訪問者/年輕姑娘a flood of callers/refugees一大批來訪者/難民a galaxy of writers/talents/beauties/beautiful women/film stars一群作家/才子/

14、美人/美女/電影明星a host of friends一群朋友; a mass of people一堆人中國(guó)人重整體而西方人重個(gè)體a multitude of people 一大群人; an ocean of cheering crowds一片歡呼的人群a posse of policemen/constables一群警察/警官;a regiment of soldiers一隊(duì)士兵a wide spectrum of writers一大批各式各樣的作家a swarm of sightseers一群觀光者a throng of people/pedestrians一群人/行人a troop of

15、 boys/school children/horsemen一群男孩/小學(xué)生/騎馬者a troupe of actors/dancers/minstrels一隊(duì)演員/舞蹈演員/旅行音樂師a band of robbers/gangsters/fugitives一幫強(qiáng)盜/歹徒/逃亡者a bunch of thieves一幫小偷; a bundle of rascals一伙流氓a gang of robbers/thieves/thugs/prisoners/slaves一幫強(qiáng)盜/小偷a horde of savages一群野蠻人a mob of gangsters一伙歹徒/暴徒;a nest o

16、f brigands一窩土匪中國(guó)人重整體而西方人重個(gè)體漢語中表示人的群體的量詞通用性強(qiáng),而英語中表示人的群體是量詞較多,意思具體,因而專用性強(qiáng)。如表示動(dòng)物群體的量詞:A band of jays一群松烏鴉a bevy of birds/quails/swans一群鳥/鵪鶉/天鵝; a cast of hawks 一群鷹a cloud of birds一大群鳥; a colony of gulls一群海鷗a company of widgeons一群赤頸鳧; a convocation of eagles一群雕a covey of doves/quails/partridges/grouse一群

17、鴿子/鵪鶉/鷓鴣/松雞an exaltation of larks一群百靈鳥a flock of birds/chickens/hens/ducks/geese/wild geese/ turkeys/ pigeons/ gulls/parrots/herons一群鳥/雞/母雞/鴨/鵝/野鵝/火雞/鴿子/海鷗/鸚鵡/鷺中國(guó)人重整體而西方人重個(gè)體a herd of cranes/swans一群鶴/天鵝;a host of sparrows一群麻雀a muster of peacocks/peahens一群雄孔雀/雌孔雀a pack of owls一群貓頭鷹a parliament of grou

18、se一群松雞a plump of wild fowls一群獵鳥a pride of peacocks/peahens/eagles/hawks一群雄孔雀/雌孔雀/雕/鷹a sedge/siege of herons一群鷺a swarm of herons一群椋鳥a team of ducks一群鴨a wedge of swans一群天鵝;a wisp of snipes一群鷸鳥an army of ants/bees一大群螞蟻/蜜蜂a cloud of insects/locusts/flies/mosquitoes一大群昆蟲/蝗蟲/蒼蠅/蚊子a cluster of bees/ a coll

19、ege of bees一群蜜蜂;a hive of bees一箱蜜蜂a horde of flies/locusts一群蒼蠅/蝗蟲a swarm of ants/bees/flies/insects/locusts一群螞蟻/蜜蜂/蒼蠅/昆蟲/蝗蟲an army of herring/frogs 一大群鯡魚/青蛙a bale of turtles一群海龜;a gam of whales一群鯨a herd of whales/seals一群鯨/海豹;a knot of toads一群蟾蜍a pod of whales/seals一群鯨/海豹中國(guó)人重整體而西方人重個(gè)體a school of fish

20、/whales/dolphins/porpoises/seals一群魚/鯨/海豚/鼠海豚/海豹a shoal of fish/herring/cod一群魚/鯡魚/鱈魚a band of dogs/stray dogs一群狗/野狗a barrel of monkeys一群猴子;a bunch of cattle一群牛a collection of cats/ a cluster of cats/a clowder of cats一群貓a flock of sheep/goats/cattle/camels一群綿羊/山羊/牛/駱駝a gang of elks一群麋;a group of cats/

21、bears一群貓/熊a herd of sheep/goats/cattle/oxen/cows/buffaloes/antelopes/horses/ zebras /ponies/ asses/camels/giraffes/deer/elephants/pigs/swine/wolves 一群綿羊/山羊/牛/乳牛/水牛/羚羊/馬/斑馬/小馬/驢/駱駝/長(zhǎng)頸鹿/鹿/象/豬/狼中國(guó)人重整體而西方人重個(gè)體英語有些量詞表示一胎或一窩里生長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)物群體,其中有的由表示生育的動(dòng)詞變化而來的,如:a brood of chickens/hens/pheasants/grouse一窩雞/母雞/雉/松雞a

22、colony of ants/termites/bees一窩螞蟻/白蟻/蜜蜂a catch of fish/herring/mackerel一網(wǎng)魚/鯡魚/鯖魚a hatch of fry 一批魚苗無論裂痕或裂口由何產(chǎn)生,漢語全用縫隙或裂痕一詞,而英語則依裂痕的來源或形狀不同而用不同的詞:nick小傷口、gash深而長(zhǎng)的傷口、lesion受傷點(diǎn)、fracture裂口、laceration撕裂口、incision切口、aperture可調(diào)控的孔隙、orifice小開口、vent孔,口、dent凹痕、indentation鋸齒狀開口、notch V V形缺口、schism組織分裂、rift裂縫、sl

23、it裂口、crevasse裂隙、cleavage分裂、cleft裂縫、crevice細(xì)縫、hiatus空隙、fissure裂縫、interstice細(xì)長(zhǎng)裂隙、rent裂隙,意見分歧。 中國(guó)人重整體而西方人重個(gè)體表示氣味這一嗅覺概念時(shí),英語有許多詞:fumes強(qiáng)烈而刺激的氣味、odor氣味、stink臭味、stench惡臭,臭氣、bouquet芳香;花束、aroma芳香,香氣、fragrance香味、incense香,香味、scent氣味;香味、perfume香味;香水、relish味道、savor味道,滋味、gustation 品嘗;味覺、acerbity酸;苦澀受生態(tài)環(huán)境和物質(zhì)文化的影響,漢

24、語有些詞的指代非常明晰,而英語則比較模糊。如長(zhǎng)在田中稱為“稻子”、“水稻”,成熟后脫離植株為“稻谷”,留作次年用的種子稱為“稻種”,脫殼后稱為“大米”,煮熟后稱為“米飯”。所有這些詞英語用一個(gè)詞rice便可表達(dá)。類似的詞還有很多。中國(guó)人重整體而西方人重個(gè)體漢語表意較模糊,英語表意較準(zhǔn)確。這主要表現(xiàn)在虛詞的特殊語法功能(如句末的“啊”在不同語境中具有不同作用等)和詞類定界及句子成分功能等幾個(gè)方面。如“打”既可作動(dòng)詞“打人,打量”,又可作量詞“一打襪子”;“走紅”、“紅色”、“玫瑰紅”中的“紅”分別作動(dòng)詞、形容詞和名詞。漢語強(qiáng)調(diào)篇章的整體結(jié)構(gòu),講究起承轉(zhuǎn)合的完備性,注重對(duì)稱平衡,英語強(qiáng)調(diào)篇章句式結(jié)

25、構(gòu)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。如孟浩然的詩春曉:春眠不覺曉,處處聞啼鳥。夜來風(fēng)雨聲,花落知多少。這首詩結(jié)構(gòu)完整,層層遞進(jìn)地表達(dá)了作者喜春、惜春、愛春的激情,通篇未指明“誰”,表現(xiàn)了漢語模糊化的特點(diǎn)。主語的省略并不影響讀者對(duì)詩的理解,但譯成英語就得考慮英語讀者重客體的思維方式。吳鈞陶先生的譯文既注意了傳達(dá)原詩的神韻和意境,又兼顧了西方人的思維方式,譯為:Slumbering, I know not the spring dawn is peeping, but everywhere the singing birds are cheeping. Last night I heard the rain drippin

26、g and wind weeping, how many petals are now on the ground sleeping.類似的格言還有:善與人見,不是真善;惡恐人知,便是大惡。譯成英語時(shí)關(guān)聯(lián)詞是不可缺少的:A good deed is no good deed if it is done for show. A evil deed is all the worse if it is covered up。再如,施惠無念,受恩莫忘。Do not remember a favor given; do not forget a favor received。一分耕耘,一分收獲。沒有耕耘

27、就沒有收獲。No mill, no meal; No pains, no gains.幸福皆從汗水來。No sweet without sweat。漢語多用對(duì)仗修辭格和四字詞組 如:“天造地設(shè)”(created by nature; ideal)、“天涯海角”(the ends of the earth; the remotest corners of the earth)、“天旋地轉(zhuǎn)”((feel as if)the sky and earth were spinning round; very dizzy)、“縮頭縮腦”(be timid)、“四通八達(dá)”(extend in all dir

28、ections)、“四分五裂”(fall apart)、“十拿九穩(wěn)”(practically certain)、“年深日久”(as the years go by)、“年富力強(qiáng)”(in the prime of life)、“德高望重”(be of noble character and high prestige)、“得意忘形”(have ones head turned by success)等。上述四字詞組中除“得意忘形”的兩部分之間有因果關(guān)系之外,其余詞組中的后一部分只是前一部分的補(bǔ)充和強(qiáng)調(diào),以達(dá)到平衡和對(duì)稱的效果。翻譯時(shí)往往只取一部分意義,不必將兩部分都譯出來,以免累贅。漢語重意念,

29、英語重形式 漢語的連句成章往往憑借作者的形象思維和靈感思維,更重視意合,句子的連接是直鏈?zhǔn)剑渥映煞值墓δ芎蛯哟瓮糜诖我匚?。英語講究邏輯關(guān)系,重視形合,句子的連接是樹枝狀,句中各部分連接環(huán)是各種關(guān)系代詞或相關(guān)的詞?!熬途渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)論,西洋語言是法治的,中國(guó)語言是人治的”。例如:史密斯教授開發(fā)出了謂之嗜熱厭氧消化的系統(tǒng)。它將動(dòng)物糞便轉(zhuǎn)化為各種有用的產(chǎn)品,包括作燃料的沼氣、水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖用的液體營(yíng)養(yǎng)和畜禽業(yè)所需的飼料添加劑。Professor Smith has developed a system called thermophilic anaerobic digestion, which co

30、nverts animal waste into various useful products, including methane gas for fuel, liquid nutrients for aquaculture and nutrient-rich feed additives for the poultry and livestock industries.英譯漢時(shí)采用斷句的方法,把“消化系統(tǒng)”用代詞另起一句,既符合漢語習(xí)慣,又比較通順。翻譯成英語時(shí)則需復(fù)原,才更符合英語的習(xí)慣。漢語重意念,英語重形式 再如:比目魚的左緣帶可變成無眼面的最低點(diǎn),其形成后很快即消失,雖然頭顱仍完

31、全對(duì)稱。In flatfishes, the left taenia marginals on which is to become the blind nadiral side, disappears shortly after it forms, although the skull is still perfectly symmetrical.例三:本文綜述的魚類投喂實(shí)驗(yàn)均采用植物性物質(zhì),含有多種抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)物,因此,用其喂魚時(shí),很難確定某種因子為產(chǎn)生不利影響的“罪惡”因子。The fish feeding studies reviewed in our paper used plant-de

32、rived materials that contain more than one antinutritional substance, and because of this it is difficult to pinpoint any one factor as the culpritfor the adverse effects that these feed ingredients produced when fed to fish.上述例子表明,英民族習(xí)慣于把最著重的事物放在句首,一語破的,然后再把各種標(biāo)志一一補(bǔ)上,一步一步補(bǔ)述,交代清楚,從容不迫,形成一條頭短尾長(zhǎng)的“葡萄”、頭

33、小尾大的雄孔雀。而漢語相反,其語序的展開好比“畫龍點(diǎn)睛”,先把外圍的環(huán)境與襯托一一交代清楚,最后點(diǎn)出話語的信息中心,水道渠成,給人以豁然開朗之感,形如頭大尾小的雄師。2英漢語言文化的對(duì)比漢語是分析型加黏著型語言,其典型特征是沒有曲折變化:名詞不會(huì)改變自身的形式變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)或陰性、陽性;動(dòng)詞不能通過自身或其他方式變化表示不同的人稱、所有格或時(shí)態(tài)。漢語詞的組合靠詞素的粘著,詞語的組合靠詞序和虛詞。如科(+學(xué))科學(xué)(研究);深(+入)(+開展+科學(xué)研究)深入開展科學(xué)研究。 2英漢語言文化的對(duì)比英語是分析型加綜合型語言。其分析型特征也體現(xiàn)在詞序和助詞的組句功能上;其綜合性特征表現(xiàn)在詞的曲折變化上。隨著社會(huì)

34、的發(fā)展,漢語的詞匯從以單音節(jié)為主走上了以雙音節(jié)為主的復(fù)合發(fā)展道路,還出現(xiàn)了多音節(jié)詞向雙音節(jié)詞靠攏的趨勢(shì),吸收了許多外來詞。如計(jì)算機(jī)computer、硬件hardware、軟件software、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)internet、光盤disc、激光唱盤laser video、鼠標(biāo)mouse、視屏screen、排行榜chart、卡拉OK Karaoke、迪斯科disco、摩擦學(xué)tribology、生物技術(shù)biotechnology、電子信箱(郵件)E-mail等。2英漢語言文化的對(duì)比英語在形成和發(fā)展過程中,吸收了拉丁語、希臘語、斯堪的納維亞語、德語、荷蘭語、葡萄牙語、西班牙語、俄語、阿拉伯語、藏語和漢語等世

35、界較重要語言的詞匯,詞匯量之豐居世界之首。豐富的詞匯使英語表意準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng),一詞多義和一詞多性的現(xiàn)象非常普遍,迫使人們一詞多譯、一詞多用。如漢語的“空”字可以和不同詞組合成“(出租車的)空車”、“空房”、“(填補(bǔ)科技)空白”、“空白表格”、“空白支票”、“填空”、“空子”、“空閑”、“空額”、“空當(dāng)兒”、“空隙”、“空腹(胃)、”“空暇”等,譯成英語則分別為for hire, vacant room, (fill the) gap in science and technology, blank form, blank cheque, fill in the blank, chance (oppo

36、rtunity, gap, opening),idle (free), vacancy, break (gap), space(gap, interval), empty stomach, spare time (leisure).2英漢語言文化的對(duì)比漢語中的“主要”一詞可以修飾許多詞,構(gòu)成:“主要敵人”,“主要矛盾”,“主要目的”,“主要因素”,“主要作物”,“主要取決于”,“主要生境”,“主要途徑”,“主要(優(yōu)勢(shì))種類”,“主動(dòng)脈”,“主要養(yǎng)殖魚類”等;大城市; 大救星; 大聲; 大路; 大吃一驚; 大規(guī)模; 大哥; 大半; 大豆; 大功率; 大河(江); 大麻哈魚 (大麻哈魚,銀大麻哈魚

37、,馬蘇大麻哈魚,大鱗大麻哈魚,紅大麻哈魚,三文魚);大氣; 大頭針; 大協(xié)作; 大煙;大洋洲; 大雨;比例很大(高); 重大貢獻(xiàn); 重大損失;大量死亡; 變異很大; 巨大成功。請(qǐng)大家翻譯: 2英漢語言文化的對(duì)比chief enemy, principal contradiction, major objective, staple crops, to depend heavily on, major habitat, main path, dominant species,aorta, common culture fish。a big city; the great liberator; l

38、oud; main road; be greatly surprised; in a big way, on a large (big) scale, large-scale, massive, mass; elder brother; more than, most, very likely; soybean; high-power; great river; Pacific salmons (chum salmon,coho salmon,masu salmon,chinook salmon,sockeye salmon,Atlantic salmon); atmosphere; pinh

39、igh proportion; great contribution; heavy loss; high mortality; considerable variation; great success。2英漢語言文化的對(duì)比有時(shí)漢語的不同詞語,譯成英語時(shí)可用同一個(gè)詞,可謂“一譯多詞”。例如:The simple method has the advantage of requiring a much reduced sampling effort.(這種簡(jiǎn)單方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是大大減少了采樣的麻煩。)It does not need much of an effort. (這不需要花多大的力量。)He

40、 did it with little effort. (他作這件事沒怎么費(fèi)勁。)His novel is really a fine effort. (他的那部小說真是一部杰作。) In 1958, under the efforts of scientists and fish farmers, successful results were obtained by the use of fish pituitary and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) for the induction of spawning of silver carp and

41、 bighead carp. (1958年,在科技人員和漁民的努力下,用注射魚類腦垂體和人的絨毛膜促性腺激素的方法促使鰱鳙魚繁殖成功。)It was a difficult decision for Einstain. All his life he had devoted to efforts to build world peace.(愛因斯坦很難做出決定。他已經(jīng)把他的一生致力于世界和平事業(yè)。)2英漢語言文化的對(duì)比One of the pleasures I have had was first hand knowledge obtained of the great significan

42、ce attached to Norman Bethunes unselfish efforts by the government of new China.(令我曾感到高興的一件事情是:我直接了解到新中國(guó)政府對(duì)白求恩忘我奮斗的精神是十分重視的。)The brief inventory of the results of efforts over decade suffices to show the growing importance of machine translation.(簡(jiǎn)要地列舉一下近十年的工作成果,就足以表明機(jī)器翻譯日益增長(zhǎng)的重要性。)Based on previous

43、research efforts fasting would result in hypoinsulinemia.(依以前的研究工作,禁食可導(dǎo)致低胰島素血癥。)2英漢語言文化的對(duì)比All this effort has largely foundered in the face of the variability in the relationships between stock and recruitment shown by most natural populations.(所有的嘗試都面臨著這樣一個(gè)大難題:大多數(shù)天然種群所表現(xiàn)的產(chǎn)卵群體和補(bǔ)充群體間的變異性。)These exper

44、iments also provide evidence for a growth cost to reproduction because growth is negatively correlated with reproductive effort.(這些實(shí)驗(yàn)也證明繁殖抑制了生長(zhǎng),因?yàn)樯L(zhǎng)與繁殖耗能之間呈負(fù)相關(guān)。)There is a strong positive correlation between the number of sick and dead fish and average reproductive effort(病、死魚數(shù)和平均產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)間呈顯著的正相關(guān)。.)上述漢語

45、句子中的“麻煩”、“工作”、“次數(shù)”、“耗能”、“嘗試”、“致力于”等,在英語中均譯為“effort”。 在這方面,與其說硬骨魚類象哺乳類,倒不如說象鳥類,因?yàn)椋ǔS补囚~類主要依賴聽力和嗅覺。 In this respect, teleosts are more similar to birds than to mammals, which often depend heavily on hearing and olfaction.我們廠只有300名工人。 There are no more than 300 workers in our factory.大個(gè)頭的大象是動(dòng)物,小個(gè)體的貓也是動(dòng)

46、物。big elephant is not more an animal than a little cat is.A science is more than a large amount of information on some subject.科學(xué)不是關(guān)于某個(gè)(些)課題大量資料的匯集。目前對(duì)沼潮蟹色素細(xì)胞系統(tǒng)的研究可能遠(yuǎn)多于對(duì)其它甲殼動(dòng)物的研究。The chromatophore system of the fidder crab has probably been studied more than that of any other crustacean.Nothing is m

47、ore disgraceful than insincerity 最可恥的事莫過于虛偽。 大多數(shù)孵化場(chǎng)從養(yǎng)殖池中而不是從天然水域中捕捉懷卵的雌魚。 Most hatcheries capture berried (egg-carrying) females from farm rather than the wild.上幾個(gè)句子的“只有”、“也是”、“不只是”、“就是”、“多于,大于”等都翻譯成more than 或more than。類似的句子還有: 在連續(xù)投喂實(shí)驗(yàn)中,生活在實(shí)驗(yàn)室這種生境中的藍(lán)鰓魚捕食率顯著增加。Bluegills exposed to these laboratory h

48、abitats show a marked increase in prey capture rate with successive feeding experiments. 還有證據(jù)表明,哺乳動(dòng)物在較冷的環(huán)境下,排泄的尿氮量和產(chǎn)熱量確實(shí)增加。There is also evidence that cold exposure of mammals does result in increased urinary nitrogen excretion and heat production.整個(gè)心跳頻率和呼吸頻率是根據(jù)各條件下最后15分鐘的數(shù)值來計(jì)算的。Calculation of overa

49、ll cardiac and respiratory frequencies were based on the last 15 minutes of each exposure.一般來說,海水魚進(jìn)入淡水中不能存活。Marine fishes in general do not survive exposure to freshwater.由于鱈魚最終可在沿岸帶半咸水中養(yǎng)殖,所以,我們研究了鱈魚直接進(jìn)入30以下鹽度的耐受力的季節(jié)變化。Because cod may eventually be used for aquaculture in coastal regions with bracki

50、sh water, we investigated seasonal change I the ability of cod to tolerate direct exposure to salinities below 3.流感盛行期間,盡量少帶兒童到公共場(chǎng)所去。Children should as less as possible be exposed to the public during peak epidemic of influenza.秋末對(duì)蝦收獲后,塘底經(jīng)曝曬后再注入新水。A pond bottom was exposed to sunlight later fall whe

51、n the shrimp were harvested and refilled with fresh water.上幾句中的“在環(huán)境下”、“進(jìn)入”、“曝露”均譯為“exposed或exposure”。名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞時(shí),均用同一個(gè)詞的不同形式:他有這個(gè)房間的鑰匙,但卻忘了鎖門。He has the key of this room, but forgets locking it.離開房間時(shí)請(qǐng)把門鎖上。Please lock the door when you leave the room.用Mettler PC 180天平上稱量了肝和性腺等內(nèi)臟的重量,并同去內(nèi)臟后的體重加以比較,以確定比肝重和

52、成熟系數(shù)。Weight of viscera such as live and gonad weights were measured on a Mettler PC 180 scale and compared with the eviscerated body weight to determine the respective hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices.依性腺外部形態(tài)觀察來鑒別魚的雌雄。Fish were sexed by gross morphological examination of the gonads.此外,性別、攝食量和

53、食物的能量密度也影響營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要量。 Also, nutritional requirements are affected by sex, feed intake and energy density of the diet. 該組織的組織學(xué)切片觀察表明,囊狀或卷曲狀的小管襯以單層立方上皮。Histological sections of the tissue revealed cysts or coiled tubules that were lined with simple columnar epithelium.未染色的前鰓蓋發(fā)育成扇貝形的邊緣;它們實(shí)際就是感覺和前鰓蓋孔的外部。The

54、unstained preoperculars have developed and display scalloped edges; they are actually the external parts of the tubes of the sensory and preopercular canals.扇貝的外套膜是具有纖毛的表皮,參與幾種重要的機(jī)能。The scallop mantle is a ciliated integument which intervenes in several key functions.若給兔子投喂適宜的飼料,它們的廢物即糞便則含有大量的氮肥,可用在

55、施肥魚池中。If you feed rabbit the proper food, their waste or manure will contain a lot of nitrogen and be added into the manured fish ponds. 人們采用粗養(yǎng)或半精養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)。在這種系統(tǒng)中,池塘中生物的食物主要有兩種來源:微型藻類 的初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力和添加的有機(jī)物(如草、糞便、谷物和其它人工飼料)。 Extensive or semi-intensive systems are used, where there are two basic sources of food fo

56、r all organisms in the ponds: primary productivity from micro algae, and added organic matter (e. g. grass, manure, grain and other artificial feeds).魚類越冬 wintering of fish; 澆花 to water flower.采樣時(shí),測(cè)量了每尾魚的總重、凈重(去內(nèi)臟重減去鰓重和腎重)。 At sampling, each fish was measured for total body weight and slaughter weig

57、ht (gutted weight minus gills and kidney). 鮭鱒魚的腸道很簡(jiǎn)單。Salmonid fishes have a very simple gut.In the laboratory the 150 ml composite sample was stirred and 5 ml subsamples were pipetted into plankton cuvettes.在實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi),將150 ml的混合樣品攪勻,再用吸量管吸出5 ml放入浮游生物杯中。在實(shí)驗(yàn)中,我們用許多常見的儀器進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的測(cè)量。測(cè)量長(zhǎng)度有米尺或尺;測(cè)體積用滴定管、移液管、量筒和容量瓶。

58、 A number of common devices available in the laboratory enable us to make simple measurements. For measuring length, there is the meter stick or scale; for volume, there are the buret, the pipet, the graduated cylinder, and the volumetric flask. 在完全依靠池塘內(nèi)的生物來進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)時(shí),若外界環(huán)境條件允許,春秋季培育池中可接種天然海水浮游動(dòng)物(管殼蟲、疣毛輪

59、蟲和橈足類)。In the case of entirely endogenous production, the rearing tanks are seeded with natural marine zooplankton (tintinnids, synchaeta and copepods) when ambient conditions permit, during spring and autumn. 魚種供應(yīng)不可靠阻礙了商業(yè)性食用庸鰈的養(yǎng)殖。采用抬高所需魚種價(jià)格的方法解決了這個(gè)問題。The problem of unreliable juvenile supply has hi

60、ndered the commercial uptake of halibut farming by the ongoing sector. This has been compounded by the high prices demanded for juveniles. 然后再將卵放入黑暗中,可使其孵出得更齊。By subsequently returning the eggs to darkness, a more synchronous hatch can be achieved. 用水槽孵化鯰魚卵時(shí),必須用架在水槽上的葉輪將其攪起。When catfish eggs are hat

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