2022職稱英語考試綜合類B級試題及參考答案

1、職稱英語考試綜合類B級試題及參照答案 第一部分：詞匯選項（第115題，每題1分，共15分）下面每個句子中均有1個詞或者短語有括號，請為每處括號部分?jǐn)M定1個意義最為接近旳選項。1. All the walls in the building had the same layout.A. sizeB. functionC. colorD. arrangment答案：D2. The storm caused severe damage.A. physical B. accidentalC. seriousD. enviromental答案：C3. The walls are made of holl

2、ow concret blocks.A. bigB. emptyC. longD. new答案：B4. Our aim was to update the health service and we succeeded.A. offerB. provideC. modernizeD. fund答案：C5. Do we have to wear these name tags?A. listsB. formsC. lablesD. codes答案：C6. Joe came to the window as the crowd chanted ”Joe,Joe,Joe”A. repeatedB.

3、jumpedC. maintainedD. approached答案：A7. He inspired many young people to take up sports.A. encouragedB. allowedC. calledD. advised 答案：A8. The city center was wiped out by the bomb.A. coveredB. reducedC. destroyedD. moved答案：C9. Most baby can take in a wide range of food easily.A. bringB. digestC. keep

4、D. serve答案：B10. A larg crowd assembled outside the American embassy.A. watchedB. shoutedC. gatheredD. walked答案：C11. The weather was crisp and clear and you could see the mountains fifty miles away.A. freshB. hotC. heavyD. windy答案：A12. What puzzles me is why his books are so popular.A. shocksB. influ

5、encesC. confusesD. concerns答案：C13. I think $7 a drink is a bit steep, dont you?A. tightB. lowC. cheap D. high答案：D14. The contempt he felt for his fellow students was obvious.A. needB. hateC. loveD. pity答案：D15. Her comments about men are utterly ridiculous.A. slightlyB. partlyC. faintlyD. completely答

6、案：D 第二部分：閱讀判斷（第1622題，每題1分，共7分）下面旳短文后列出了7個句子，請根據(jù)短文旳內(nèi)容對每個句子做出判斷；如果該句提供旳是對旳信息，請選擇A；如果該句提供旳是錯誤信息，請選擇B；如果該句旳信息文中沒有提及，請選擇C。Brotherly Love1. Adidas and puma began to make shoes at the end of 19th century. Wrong2. The brothers father was a ball maker. Wrong3. The brothers make shoes at home. Right4. The bro

7、thers argued about the shoes. Wrong5. The brothers decided to start their separate companies after argument. Right6. Nike makes more shoes than Adidas. Not mentioned7. People in town have forgotten their argument. Wrong第三部分：概括大意和完畢句子（第2330題，每題1分，共8分）下面旳短文后有2項測試任務(wù)：（1）第2326題規(guī)定從所給旳6個選項中為指定段落每段選擇1個小標(biāo)題；（

8、2）第2730題規(guī)定從所給旳6個選項中為每個句子擬定一種最佳選項。How technology pushes down price(原文有刪減) The Treaty of Breda, signed in 1667 after a war between the English and Dutch in which the English were worsted, gave the Dutch the big prize: Run, a small island in the Indonesian archipelago which was the worlds principal sou

9、rce of nutmeg. The margin on nutmeg at the time was around 3,200%. The English, as a consolation prize, got Manhattan. As an illustration of the long-term fall in food prices compared with other goods, that is a sharp one. But deflation has characterized the food business for centuries, because of c

10、ontinual advances in food production and distribution technology. Consumers have benefited greatly from those advances. Malthusians, whose descendants until quite recently predicted that the world would run out of food, have thereby been confounded. More and more food is being produced by fewer and

11、fewer people with less and less capital; it is therefore ever more plentiful and cheaper. Since demand is to some extent limited by the size of peoples stomachs, spending on food compared with other goods has been falling for many years, and continues to drop (see chart 4). Genetically modified (GM)

12、 seeds are the latest manifestation of a production revolution that started with Charles “Turnip” Townsend, who in the 18th century laid the basis for crop rotation. Organic fertilisers were replaced by chemical ones in the 19th century. The railway opened up the American mid-west. The horse replace

13、d the cow, the combine harvester the horse. After the second world war, dwarf varieties of wheat and rice (which overcame the problem that heavily fertilised crops in hot countries grew too tall and fell over) boosted developing-country output. The “green revolution” helped trigger a more recent “l(fā)i

14、vestock revolution”, documented by Chris Delgado, who works jointly for the International Food Policy Research Institute and the International Livestock Research Institute. Higher incomes and urbanisation, combined with falling food prices, have boosted meat and milk consumption in developing countr

15、ies. By 1997, real beef prices were a third their level in 1971. Over that period, meat consumption in developing countries rose five-fold, three times as fast as in developed countries. Milk consumption rose three-fold.By the 1980s, advances in conventional plant breeding had tailed off, but GM mad

16、e it possible to do things with DNA that conventional breeding could not do. Despite scaremongering in Europe, GM technology is spreading elsewhere: most of the worlds soya is now GM.Producing lots of food is not much good unless you can distribute it, so advances in distribution technology have bee

17、n as important as those in production technology. Salt, used to preserve food, which meant that it could be stored and traded, was an early aid to distribution. Canning arrived in the early 19th century, when a Frenchman discovered that food could be stored longer if it was heated before it was bott

18、led, and a Briton worked out that tin cans were easier to transport than bottles; and both the British and the French armies used the technology to feed their troops in the Napoleonic wars.Francis Bacon, a British scientist and essayist, was an early victim of the struggle to develop refrigeration t

19、echnology: he died in 1626 after eating some chicken that he had stuffed with snow as part of an experiment. In 1877 the first shipload of frozen beef was carried from Argentina to France. The impact on the food industry of the spread of the domestic refrigerator in the 20th century was rivalled onl

20、y by that of the car, which changed the face of retailing by allowing supermarkets to develop. Supermarkets have helped push down prices principally because of their scale. Big businesses can invest in IT systems that make them efficient. And their size allows them to buy in bulk. The more concentra

21、ted the retail business becomes, the bigger supermarkets get, the further prices get pushed down until, of course, there is so much concentration that there is not enough competition. Britains Competition Commission indicated earlier this year that the supermarket industry was moving towards that po

22、int: it refused to let any of the top three supermarket chains buy one of the smaller players. In America, however, where the size of the country means a more fragmented retail business, there is still scope for further concentration: the “black death”, as Wal-Mart is known in the trade, is expected

23、 to claim more victims. Wal-Marts scale, the efficiency of its IT systems and the cheapness of its non-unionised labour force ($8-10 an hour compared with $17-18 for mid-sized players such as Albertsons, A hold, Safeway and Kroger), give it a massive advantage. It sells Colgate toothpaste for an ave

24、rage of 63% of its competitors price, Tropicana orange juice for 58% and Kelloggs Corn Flakes for 56%. Analysts expect at least one of the mid-sized firms to disappear.The concentration of power among retailers has led to another stage in the shift in power down the food chain. Once upon a time, pow

25、er lay with landlords. In the 20th century, as processing and distribution became more important, so did the food producers. Lord Haskins, Tony Blairs adviser on farming, recalls going to food industry conferences in the 1970s, when there would be a line of Rolls-Royces outside, all belonging to pro

26、ducers. Retailer concentration has shifted power (and profits) further down the food chainNo longer. Retailer concentration has shifted power (and profits) further down the food chain. But the retailers are not the type to swank around in flash cars. They are ostentatiously parsimonious, advertising

27、 their determination to keep prices down. Wal-Marts headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, is in a converted warehouse. Tesco, Britains biggest private-sector employer, has its headquarters in a Stalinist bunker in a nasty bit of north-east London. Beside the main reception its share price is proudl

28、y displayed on one of those blackboards with white plastic letters stuck on to it that you see in the cheapest sandwich bars. One of the manifestations of retailers power (which also reinforces it) is the growth of private-label (ie, supermarket- not producer-branded) goods. In , according to the Bo

29、ston Consulting Group, own-label made up 39% of grocery sales in Britain, 21% in France and only 16% in the United States, but everybody thinks that, as retailing becomes more concentrated, America is going the way of Britain. Retailers can sell private-label only if the price cuts they offer mean m

30、ore to consumers than a producers brand. As own-label has expanded, so supermarkets have been taking all but the most successful brands off their shelves. “If you are a must-have brand its fine,” says Dido Harding, Tescos commercial director. “If youre a sub-global brand, lifes much harder.”The shif

31、t in power to retailers has put pressure on producers margins, hence huge programmes of cuts. Since , Uni-lever has cut its workforce by 33,000 to 245,000 and dropped lots of minor brands as part of its “path to growth” strategy. Cadbury is the latest to announce big cuts: in October it said that it

32、 will be shutting 20% of its 133 factories and cutting 10% of its 55,000 global workforce. These cuts should help keep costs, and thus the price of food, low.Does cheap food make people unhealthy? In some ways. Hydrogenated vegetable oil, for instancevegetable fat made solid by adding hydrogen atoms

33、is the nutritionists current bte noire. Widely used as a cheap substitute for butter and cream, it is the main dietary source of trans fats. Trans fats are heavily implicated in heart disease; companies are taking them out of products for fear of lawsuits.Cheap food may also make people eat more. In

34、 a paper entitled “Why have Americans become more obese?” David Cutler, Jesse Shapiro and Edward Glaeser, a group of Harvard economists, note that, among OECD countries, obesity is correlated to the level of regulation: the more food laws, the more protected local producers are, the harder it is to

35、import technology, the slimmer people tend to be. They reckon that is because of price: the less regulated a country, the cheaper a Big Mac tends to be. But it could be another factor: heavily regulated countries might, for instance, be places with stronger family ties where real meals have survived

36、 and people eat fewer snacks and less fast food. Giving people bigger portions is an easy way of making them feel they have got a better dealFood companies certainly think giving people more food for their money makes them buy more. That is why portions have been getting larger and larger. In Americ

37、a, soft drinks, which used to come in 8oz and then 12oz containers now come in 20oz ones. As Dennis Lombardi of Technomic, a food-industry consultancy in Chicago, points out, giving people bigger portions is an easy way of making them feel they have got a better deal. “If I can give you an 8oz porti

38、on for $7, I can give you a 12oz portion for $8. The only incremental cost to me is the food, which probably cost 25 cents.” Everybody, therefore, has done it.Scientists have shown that portion size partly determines how much people eat. Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State Uni

39、versity, fed subjects macaroni cheese, some in 2.5-cup portions, some in 5-cup portions. The ones with the big portions ate 27% more, on average, than those with small portions but did not report feeling any fuller. Brian Wansink at the University of Illinois found that if you give movie-goers an ex

40、tra-large bucket of popcorn, they eat nearly half as much again as if you give them the next size down, even if the popcorn is stale.Now companies are under pressure to stop selling people more for less. But it is a hard trend to reverse, as Mr Lombardi points out. “How about I give you a third less

41、 food for $1 less? I dont think so.”23. Paragraph 124. Paragraph 225. Paragraph 326. Paragraph 4A. Huge retailers force producers to cunt costsB. Consumers like supermarketsC. Technology helps reduce food pricesD. Food comes cheaper in larger portionsE. Chain stores provide better serviceF. Bigger s

42、upermarkets offer lower prices27. Big supermarkets can offer food at lower prices because they can buy in_28. Some food producers have reduced_29. Besides cutting its workforce, Unilever also abandoned its_30. Buyers like bigger portion because they think they have got_A. their workforceB. huge port

43、ionsC. large quantitiesD. their moneyE. a good bargingF. minor brands答案：23C technology helps reduce food prices24. F bigger supermarkets offer lower prices25. A. Huge retailers force producers to cut costs26D food comes cheaper in larger portions27. Big supermarkets can offer food at lower prices be

44、cause they can buy _.答案為C: in bulk = in large quantities28. Some forced producers have reduced _答案為F。minor brands29Besides cutting its cost, Unilever also abandoned its _答案為A. their workforce 30Buyers like big portions because they think they have got _.答案為E。a good bargain = a better deal 第四部分：閱讀理解（

45、第3145題，每題3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題擬定1個最佳選項。第一篇Oseola Marcaty31. This woman shocked and inspired the world because _. A. she had managed to save so much moneyB. she gave her money to African AmericansC. she gave her life savings to help others through universityD. she only spent money on

46、cheap things 答案：C32. She managed to save so much money because _. A. she had ironed and washed clothes all her lifeB. she had worked hard, saved hard and invested carefullyC. she had opened a good bank accountD. she knew how to make money答案：B33. She gave her money away because _. A. she wanted to he

47、lp the universityB. she wanted others to have the chance to become nursesC. she wanted others to have the opportunity to escape a hard lifeD. she want to be remembered after her death答案：C34. When her generosity was made _.A. people donated billionsB. hundreds of students got scholarshipsC. hundreds

48、of people put money into the fundD. she was sent to university答案：C35. Marcartys generosity indicates clearly thatA. scholarship funds are popular in USB. Kind-hearted people deserves doctoratesC. Selflessness exists in human societyD. Poor people can donate as much as rich people答案：C第二篇 From Ponzi t

49、o Madoff36. For every 100 Ponzi promises to pay peopleA5 a yearB40 a yearC20 a yearD100 a year答案：B37. What did Ponzi do with the money people gave him?AHe spent it all on things for himself.BHe used some of it to pay other people.CHe deposited it all in a bank.DHe kept it all to save for a good plan

50、.答案：B38. What was Ponzis crime？AHe kept a lot of other peoples money for himself.BHe robbed the banks of millions of dollars.CHe gave people more than bank allowed.DHe couldnt pay people the interests.答案：A39. How long did Madoffs trick lastsAFour years.BForty years.CNine years.DNinety years.答案：B40.

51、Why didnt Madoff have to go on trail?AHe admitted he was guilty.BThe officials couldnt find any evidence against him. CHe had friends in government who helped him.DHe returned all illegal money.答案：A第三篇Gross National HappinessIn the last century， new technology improved the lives of many people in ma

52、ny countries. However， one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia， the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist（佛教）culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan， however， was a poor country. People died at a young age. Most of

53、its people could not read， and they did not know much about the outside world. Then， in 1972， a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern， but without losing its traditions.King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measur

54、ed their progress by their Gross Natonal Product（GNP）。 The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases， people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a different idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his countrys progress by peoples happiness. If the p

55、eoples happiness increased， the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier， he created a measure called Gross National Happiness（GNH）。GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have health care， education， and jobs. They

56、 are happier when they live in a healthy， protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally， people are happier when they have a good， stable government.Now these is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living

57、longer. More people are educated and employed. Teenty-five percent of the land has become national parks， and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In ， King Wangch

58、uck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king， it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally， Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and internet.Bhutan is a symbol

59、for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutans GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people， cultures， and land.Brazil may be the nest country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian lea

60、ders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil， perhaps the rest of the world will follow. 41. Who was Jigme Singye Wangchuck?A. A president.B. A Buddhist priest.C. A general.D. A k