小升初英語語法復(fù)習(xí)-名詞

1、 第一節(jié) 【知識梳理】一、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞初識“名詞的數(shù)” 英語中名詞可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。表示可以被基數(shù)詞或與他們相當(dāng)?shù)脑~所修飾的人或物的名詞叫可數(shù)名詞；表示不可以被基數(shù)詞或與他們相當(dāng)?shù)脑~所修飾的人或物的名詞叫不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分。如果表示單個的概念，用名詞的單數(shù)形式，單數(shù)名詞前一般要用a或an。如要表示兩個或兩個以上的概念，用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。下面是名詞的單數(shù)形式變復(fù)數(shù)形式的幾種情況：1. 絕大多數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，是在該詞末尾加上“-s”。 讀音變化：結(jié)尾是清輔音時，-s讀s，結(jié)尾是濁輔音或元音時, 讀z。 例：map maps;pen pens;ruler

2、 rulers 2. 凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的詞，在該詞末尾加上“-es”構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。 讀音變化：-es統(tǒng)一加讀iz。 例：bus buses; fox foxes;match matches;flash flashes 3. 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞，將y改變?yōu)閕，再加 “-es”。 讀音變化：加讀z。 例：lady ladies;story stories 4. 以-o結(jié)尾的名詞，如果不是外來詞或縮寫，就加-es，否則加-s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。 讀音變化：加讀z。 例：tomato tomatoes; potato potatoes 例外： piano pianos; photo photo

3、s 5. 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞，多為將-f或-fe改變?yōu)椤?ves”，但有例外。 讀音變化：尾音 f 改讀 vz。 例：knife knives;life lives;leaf leaves 例外：roof roofs注意：1. 不可數(shù)名詞所表示的事物無法以數(shù)計算，一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：water（水）2. 可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與主語的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致。如：These girls are my friends. 這些女孩是我的朋友。3.不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：There is some broccoli on the table. 桌上有些花椰菜。 4.對

4、可數(shù)名詞前的修飾語提問一般用how many。如：How many apples do you have? 你有多少個蘋果？ 5.對不可數(shù)名詞前的修飾語提問一般用how much。如：How much tea is there in the cup? 杯子里有多少茶水？6.有些可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)變化無規(guī)律，如：manmen， woman-women， childchildren，footfeet， toothteeth, policemanpolicemen等。 7.有些名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞，也可作不可數(shù)名詞，但它們表達(dá)的意義不同。 可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞chicken (雞，一種動物)fish（魚，一種

5、動物）an ice cream（一個冰淇淋）a tomato salad（一種西紅柿沙拉）chicken（雞肉）fish（魚肉）ice cream（冰淇淋這一類）salad（沙拉這一類）如：二、名詞所有格：1）一般在名詞末尾加s，用來表示人物或動物的所有格。2）當(dāng)名詞的結(jié)尾為字母s時，則只點(diǎn)撇即可。3) 表示同屬于兩個人的物品，應(yīng)該在第二個名詞末尾點(diǎn)撇()即可。4）復(fù)合名詞或名詞詞組的所有格，只在最后一個詞的末尾加s。另外：介詞of，用來表示植物或無生命物體的所有格；如：the leaves of the tree、the legs of the table。注意：通常在單詞拼寫題目中, 考查

6、學(xué)生在理解題目的前提下，拼寫一些常用名詞。在單選題目中，考查學(xué)生對名詞含義的理解及一些名詞的變異。有時候也在完形填空題目中，考查在篇章理解的前提下，選用正確的名詞，常見的考查點(diǎn)如下：1. 不可數(shù)名詞所表示的事物無法以數(shù)計算，一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：water（水）2. 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，要注意主謂一致。如：These girls are my friends. 這些女孩是我的朋友。There is some broccoli on the table. 桌上有些花椰菜。 3. how many用于對可數(shù)名詞提問。如：How many apples do you have? 你有多

7、少個蘋果？ 4. how much用于對不可數(shù)名詞提問。如：How much tea is there in the cup? 杯子里有多少茶水？5.有些可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)變化無規(guī)律，如：manmen， woman-women， childchildren，footfeet， toothteeth, policemanpolicemen等。第二節(jié) 【例題精講】一、單項填空。根據(jù)句意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選擇可以填入空白處的最佳答案。( ) 1. Would you like something to drink, _or coffee?Coffee, please.Afruit B

8、tea Cmeat Dbread 答案與解析：B 關(guān)鍵詞是drink“喝”, tea是一種飲料，是不可數(shù)名詞。( ) 2. Would you like some _? Yes, please. Im a little thirsty.Abread Bmeat Cbeef Dwater答案與解析：D 關(guān)鍵詞是thirsty“渴的”。water“水”是不可數(shù)名詞。( ) 3. Whats your favorite _?Potatoes.AcolorBfruit Csubject Dvegetable答案與解析：D 關(guān)鍵詞是Potatoes “土豆”, 屬于蔬菜類。 ( ) 4. Hello,

9、may I speak to Ben, please ? Sorry youve got a wrong _.Aname Bway Cnumber Dtelephone 答案與解析：C May I speak to Ben, please.是打電話時常用的語言，have got“有”，本句話中表示“撥電話”的意思。( ) 5. Lunch is the second _ of the day. A. meal B. dinner C. supper D. food 答案與解析：A lunch“午飯/午餐”，meal“餐/飯”。( ) 6. I want to have a _ with you

10、 about the problem. A. fun B. word C. play D. rest 答案與解析：B have a word with sb“和某人說句話”，about“關(guān)于”，problem“問題”。( ) 7. Excuse me, what time is it? Sorry , I dont have a _. A. radio . B. cup C. watch D. camera答案與解析：C 關(guān)鍵詞是：What time is it?“幾點(diǎn)了？”；watch“手表”。( ) 8. How many _ are there in the kitchen? Only

11、one. A. a bag of rice B. some bags of rice C. bags of rice D. one bag of rice 答案與解析：C How many“多少個”，其后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。句意：廚房里有幾袋大米？ ( ) .9 .Yao Ming is a popular(受歡迎的) basketball _. A. singer B. player C. actor D. dancer 答案與解析：B 根據(jù)主語“姚明”，得答案。player “運(yùn)動員/選手”。( )10. Im too hungry. Bring me some _, please. A. m

12、edicine B. bread C. water D. books 答案與解析：B 關(guān)鍵詞是hungry“饑餓的”，bread “面包”，是不可數(shù)名詞。( )11. The two books here are _ . You may use the book over there. A. Mikes and Toms B. Tom and MikeC. Mike and Tom D. Mike and Toms答案解析：D 在人名后面寫上 s，表示“某某人的”，如果某物同時屬于兩個人，這時應(yīng)該在第二個人名的后面寫上s。( )12. Is it your coat ? No, Its my

13、_.Asisters Bsister Csisters Dsisters答案解析：C 因為coat是單數(shù)形式，因此它一定屬于一個人的。選項D表示“幾個姐姐的/至少兩個姐姐”。( )13. How far is your school from here? Not very far. Its about twenty _ walk. A. minutes B. minutes C. minutes D. minute答案解析：C twenty minutes “二十分鐘的路”，twenty minutes walk “步行要二十分鐘的路”，這是用時間表示路程的一種方法。選題意圖：小學(xué)教材中已經(jīng)有

14、名詞的教學(xué)內(nèi)容，但是對于可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞沒有更詳細(xì)的教學(xué)內(nèi)容。本題的意圖是幫助學(xué)生們更明確可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的概念及用法，尤其是一些特殊的可數(shù)名詞的變化形式是解題中的難點(diǎn)，也是中考試卷中的必考項目之一。二、單詞拼寫。根據(jù)句子的意思和括號中的所給的中文詞語，寫出真確的單詞。1. The _ (雙胞胎) are wearing the same clothes. 2. The little girl has a round face and long _ (頭發(fā)).3. The farmer is working in the _ (田地).4. There is a lot of _ (雪

15、) in winter in Harbin.5. There are sixty _ (分鐘) in an hour.6. When he heard the _ (消息)， he got angry.7. I pay ten yuan for two kilos of _ (肉).8. The _ (雞肉) is very delicious.9. I usually have milk and _ (面包) for breakfast. 10. It takes them two hours to walk through the _ (森林).答案與解析：1.twins twins是可數(shù)

16、名詞。2. hair hair是不可數(shù)名詞。3. field field是土地、田地的意思，是集合名詞，田地是沒有界限的，本題中可視為不可數(shù)名詞。4. snow snow是不可數(shù)名詞。5. minutes minute是可數(shù)名詞。6. news news本身是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。7. meat 表示肉類的單詞都是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。8. chicken chicken是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。9. bread bread是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。10. forest forest是集合名詞，本題可理解為森林是沒有界限的，本題中可視為不可數(shù)名詞。選題意圖：本題從可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名

17、詞的用法訓(xùn)練角度出發(fā)，不僅幫助提高學(xué)生閱讀理解、分析判斷的能力還可以提高學(xué)生記憶和拼寫單詞的能力。本題在部分地區(qū)也是中考試卷中的必考項目之一。三、單詞拼寫。根據(jù)句子意思和首字母提示完成句子。1. His sister eats lots of healthy f _. 2. I dont like milk for b _ in the morning. I usually have porridge.3. Here is a p_ of my family. There are five people in it.4. Would you like some w_? Yes, please.

18、 Im a little thirsty.5. I like f _, such as apples, bananas, oranges .答案：1. food 本題的關(guān)鍵詞是eats。2. breakfast 本題的關(guān)鍵詞是in the morning。3. picture/photo 本題的關(guān)鍵句子是There are five people in it. 4. water 本題的關(guān)鍵詞是thirsty“渴的”。5. fruit 本題的關(guān)鍵詞是apples, bananas, oranges。選題意圖：本題從可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞用法訓(xùn)練的角度出發(fā)，通過訓(xùn)練不僅可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀理解、分析判斷

19、的能力還可以提高學(xué)生記憶和拼寫單詞的能力。但比起前一題稍有難度，因為空白部分只給一個首字母，需要提醒學(xué)生充分理解題意，在題干中尋找解題的關(guān)鍵詞，才能寫出正確的單詞。本題在部分地區(qū)也是中考試卷中的必考項目之一。第三節(jié) 【鞏固練習(xí)】一、單項填空。根據(jù)句意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選擇可以填入空白處的最佳答案。( )1. Lucy likes _. She has piano lessons on Sundays. A. moviesB. EnglishC. sports D. music( ) 2. Mary wants to be _ because she loves child

20、ren and school very much. A. a teacherB. a police officer C. an actress D.an engineer( ) 3. Would you like some _? Thank you, but Im not thirsty.Asandwiches Bcakes Cbread Dorange ( ) 4. Whats your favorite subject? _.Its interesting.A. T-shirt B. Math C. ToysD.E-mail( ) 5. She likes singing because

21、she has a very sweet _. A. face B. voice C. noise D. hands ( ) 6.I have a toothache. Maybe you should see a _. A. teacherB. nurse C. worker D. dentist( ) 7. Excuse me, what time is it ? Sorry , I dont have a _. A. radio . B. cup C. watch D. camera( )8. Grandma is ill, Please send her to the _. A. st

22、ation B. hospital C. shop D. bookshop ( )9. There is not enough _ in the corner to put the table. A. place B. room C. seat D. ground( )10. He likes English very much, hes a _ of the English club.A. number B. kind C. member D. student答案解析：1.D 關(guān)鍵詞是piano“鋼琴”。2. A 解題的關(guān)鍵時后面半句話 because she loves children

23、and school very much.“因為她非常喜愛孩子和學(xué)?！?。3. D 因為答句說：我不渴，選項中只有orange和答句有關(guān)系，orange是不可數(shù)名詞“橘汁”的意思。4. B 解題關(guān)鍵時subject “學(xué)科”。5. B like singing“喜歡唱歌”，voice“聲音/嗓音”，noise“喧鬧聲”。6. D 四個選項的意思分別為：教師，護(hù)士，工人，牙醫(yī)。have a toothache意為：（患了）牙疼。7. C 關(guān)鍵詞是：What time is it?“幾點(diǎn)了？”，watch“手表”。8. B send sb to a place“把某人送到某地”，ill “生病的”。

24、9. B room“房間”，是可數(shù)名詞， 還有“空余之地/空間”的意思，是不可數(shù)名詞。in the corner“在拐角處”。題意：拐角處沒有多余的空間放那張桌子。10. C member“成員/會員”，句意：他非常喜歡英語，他是英語俱樂部的會員。二、寫出下列各名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 (A) 1.policeman _ 2.problem _ 3.question _ 4.radio _ 5. reason _ 6. robot _ 7. sheep _ 8. shelf _9. thank _ 10.tooth _ 11. university _ 12.video _ 13.watch _ 14

25、.woman _ 15. wife _ (B) 1.friend _ 2.half _ 3. hero _ 4.house _ 5. idea _ 6. knife _ 7.life _ 8.market _ 9.monkey _ 10. mouth _ 11.movie _ 12.museum _ 13. page _ 14.parent _ 15.person _ (C) 1. piano _ 2. mouse _ 3.tomato _ 4. month _ 5. leaf _ 6. brush _ 7. baby _ 8. bus _ 9. century _ 10 child _ 11

26、. Chinese _ 12.city _ 13. company _ 14.country _ 15. foot _ (D) 1. activity _ 2.camera _ 3.glass _ 4 .movie _ 5. stone _ 6. ticket _ 7 .lady_ 8. bird _ 9. island _ 10.ticket _ 11. village _ 12.piece _ 13.hotel_ 14.difficulty _ 15. animal_ (E) 1. wish_ 2.flower _ 3.mile _ 4. song _ 5.table _ 6.key _

27、7. bottle _ 8. address _ 9. card _ 10.hole _ 11.newspaper _12. tie _ 13. ball _ 14.festival _ 15.baby _ (F) 1. bag _ 2.ice _ 3.factory _ 4. machine _ 5.shape _ 6.plane _ 7.object _ 8. dream_ 9.date _ 10.boat _ 11.box_ 12.dress _ 13.advice _ 14. place_ 15.fun _ 答案： (A)1.policemen 2.problems 3.questio

28、ns 4. radios 5. reasons 6. robots 7. sheep 8. shelves 9. thanks 10.teeth 11. universities 12.videos 13.watches 14.women 15. wives (B) 1.friends 2. halves 3. heroes 4. houses 5. ideas 6.knives 7. lives 8. markets9. monkeys 10. mouths 11. movies 12. museums 13. pages 14. parents 15. persons(C)1.pianos

29、 2. mice 3. tomatoes 4. months 5. leaves 6. brushes 7. babies 8. buses9. centuries 10. children 11. Chinese 12. cities 13. companies 14. countries 15. feet(D) 1. activities 2. cameras 3. glasses 4. movies 5. stones 6. tickets 7. ladies 8. birds9. islands 10. tickets 11 . villages 12. pieces 13. hote

30、ls 14 .difficulties 15. animals(E)1.wishes 2. flowers 3.miles 4.songs 5.tables 6.keys 7.bottles 8.addresses9. cards10.holes 11.newspapers 12.ties 13 .balls 14 .festivals 15.babies(F)1.bags 2. ice 3.factories 4.machines 5.shapes 6. planes 7.objects 8.dreams9.dates 10.boats 11. boxes 12.dresses 13 .ad

31、vice 14 . places 15.fun二、用括號中所給名詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. These friends come from many _ (country). 2. There are fifty _ (state) in America.3. How many _ (radio) are there on the shelf.4. She has saved many peoples_ (life).5. The little baby only has two _ .(tooth)6. Here are some flowers for you, with our best _

32、 (wish) 7. There are twelve_ (month) in a year.8. There are many _ ( monkey) in the zoo.9. Beijing is one of the most famous_ (city ) in the world. 10. We have a lot of _ (work ) to do every day. 11. I put them in_ (box) under my bed.12. Fish cant live without _ (water)13.June 1st is _ (child ) Day 14.I like collecting _ (watch) in my free time.15.There are seven _ (day ) in a week.16. Ms Jenny gave us some_ (advice)on how to learn English well.17. Several _ (woman ) are talking under the tree.18. After