現(xiàn)實(shí)主義歐洲文學(xué)史課件

1、Realism in the 19th century1Realism A movement in art and literature;It developed in Europe and the US; In the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century;It centered集中 in the novel;It emphasizes fidelity 忠實(shí) to reality and actual experience實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn). 2It aims at a truthful rep

2、resentation陳述 of human behavior and surroundings or figures and objects客觀事物 exactly as they act or appear in life. Attempts at realism have been made several times throughout history in all the arts, but the term詞匯 is generally restricted限定約束 to a movement that began in the mid-19th century, in reac

3、tion to the highly subjective主觀 approach of Romanticism.3It was in opposition to Romanticisms emphasis on feelings and imaginations, which was believed as an escape from reality by the writers of Realism. The world reflected in Romantic writers works was false錯誤的 and the romantic works were consider

4、ed too sentimental傷感的感情脆弱的 by the realists.4It began in France in the novels of Flaubert and the short stories of Maupassant.Central to the idea核心思想 of Realism is the belief that literature is the mirror鏡子 of real life. Writers of Realism use everyday scenes and occurences as their subject主題. Method

5、: observational and objective representation5The realists regard characterization 人物塑造 rather than the plot 情節(jié) the center of the novel. The realists have more interest in social problems and tend to talk about ethical 倫理 issues. Its language is usually simple, clear and direct. Its tone is usually c

6、omic and sometimes satirical諷刺性的. 6The realists concentrate on middle-class life and preoccupations 想法, avoiding larger, more dramatic issues.For the realists, it is important to reflect the world as it is from the personal experience of it. 7Representative figuresFranceStendhal Balzac巴爾扎克Flaubert Z

7、ola左拉 MaupassantEnglandDickens 狄更斯 -George Eliot -the Bronte sistersThackeray - Thomas HardyRussiaAnton Chekhov -TurgenevDostoyevsky -TolstoyNorthern EuropeHenry Ibsen natualism8French Literature9Stendhalone of the leading Realist French novelists of the 1800sMajor works：The Red and the Black (1830)

8、 紅與黑The Charterhouse of Parma (1839) 巴馬修道院 10Charateristics of his works He has an acute 敏銳的 analysis of the characters psychology心理. His use of character analysis marks him as one of the first realists in 19th-century literatureHis works are also noted for the use of irony諷刺反語, ambiguity模棱兩可模糊, and

9、 narrative complexity復(fù)雜的. His narrative point of view restricts限制 the readers vision to that of the characters, so it gives readers an objective picture from the characters perspective透視圖. 11For example, Fabrice del Dongo in La chartreuse de Parme goes to the battle of Waterloo, but both he and the

10、reader are uncertain afterward后來以后 if he has witnessed it. This ambiguity is a kind of psychological心里上的 realism. Similarly, Stendhals heroes and heroines cannot be completely known, either by the reader or by themselves. The narrator 敘述者 constantly不斷的 undercuts 削弱 the readers assumptions假想 about th

11、e characters with irony, indicating表明 sometimes how naive天真 or mistaken the characters are, while sometimes expressing surprise at what they do or say. 12Honor de Balzac (1799-1850) a French novelist and playwright The Human Comedy (1842-1848) 人間喜劇 Le Pre Goriot (Father Goriot or Old Goriot) 1835 高老

12、頭13Characteristics of his writingsBalzac achieved sublime令人崇敬的 realism in his novels through his attention to details and his intensely強(qiáng)烈的緊張的 portrayed描繪 characters.Balzac extensively uses detail, especially the detail of objects, to illustrate闡明 the lives of his characters. 14“The author firmly堅(jiān)決的

13、believes that details alone will henceforth determine the merit價值 of works.” 自此以后15characterizationHis characters are multi多-faceted有小面的; even his lesser較小的 characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. He sought to present his characters as real people, neither fully good nor fully evi

14、l, but fully human. The characters represent a particular range范圍幅度 of social types.Objects are also imbued 充滿 with character; Paris, a setting for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities.16The Human ComedyIt is inspired by Dantes The Divine Comedy.It is a set of about 90 works that explo

15、re the influence of society on the individual.It is a book left unfinished at the time of his death. His goal was to depict描繪 the human species in France with its many character types and associated關(guān)聯(lián) behaviors. It gave a comprehensive廣泛的綜合的 view of the French society of his time, and nearly all soc

16、ial classes have been depicted. 17Gustave Flaubert福樓拜 (1821-1880) Often called the first French realist Considered by many to be the father of realistic fictionMasterpiece: Madame Bovary (1857) 包法利夫人18Characteristics of his worksHis works influenced the development of the modern novel, most notably顯

17、著的 in theirdetailed, objective observation of everyday lifetheir concern for form 19He attempts to hide all traces of the author. The exact thoughts of a character are reported by an objective narrator, who makes no comment on the character at all, revolutionized改革 modern fiction. He was a perfectio

18、nist完美主義者至善主義者 about his writing and was always searching for the right word.20Madame BovaryCharles Bovary is a kindhearted doctor without much ability or ambition野心報復(fù). He meets one of his clients顧客委托人 daughter, Emma艾瑪, a beautiful, daintily-dressed講究的 young woman who has received a good education a

19、nd has a powerful yearning渴望 for luxury奢侈 and romance that she learnt from the popular novels. Charles is immediately attracted to her. When his wife dies, they are married. Charles means well, but is boring and clumsy笨拙的, and Emma grows disillusioned 幻想破滅的with married life. Charles decides that she

20、 needs a change of scenery, and moves from the village into a market town. 21Emma gives birth to a daughter, however, motherhood proves disappointing. She then develops an affair with a young law student, Lon, who is considered by her the finer things in life. Out of fear and shame, however, Emma hi

21、des her love for Lon and her contempt輕蔑 for Charles, and plays the role of the devoted wife and mother, all the while consoling安慰 herself with thoughts and self-congratulations of her own virtue美德. Finally, in despair絕望 of ever gaining Emmas affection, Lon departs 離開to study in Paris. 22A three-year

22、 affair between Emma and a landowner follows. Full of romantic fantasy幻想, Emma insists on eloping 私奔 with him. The man, however, has no such intention and ends the relationship. The shock is so great that Emma falls deathly ill, and briefly turns to religion.23When Emma is nearly fully recovered, sh

23、e and Charles attend the opera, which reawakens重新喚起 Emmas passions, and she meets Lon again. They begin an affair. While Charles believes that she is taking piano lessons, Emma travels to the city each week to meet Lon, always in the same room of the same hotel, which they call it their home. Later,

24、 Lon grows bored with Emmas emotional excesses過度, and Emma feels him unsatisfactory. Meanwhile, Emma, out of vanity虛榮心, purchases increasing amounts of luxury items on credit and her debts mount quickly.24When it is time to pay debt, Emma pleads懇求 for money from several people but is turned down. In

25、 despair, she swallows吞下 poison毒藥 and dies. Charles is in deep grief悲痛 and preserves保存 Emmas room as if it is a shrine圣地, and in an attempt to keep her memory alive, adopts several of her attitudes and tastes. In his last months, he stops working and lives off the sale of his possessions. When he ac

26、cidentally comes across the landlords love letters one day, he still tries to understand and forgive. Soon after, he dies a poor man, leaving his young daughter to live with distant遙遠(yuǎn)的 relatives and eventually sent to work at a cotton mill磨坊. 25 criticism批評 It is a penetrating尖銳的 psychological study

27、 of its heroine女英雄, Emma Bovary, who struggles to find fulfillment through a realization of her romantic fantasies of love and wealth. 26The book could be viewed as an expose暴露揭發(fā) of the situation of women in the 19th century: women had not yet been emancipated解放 and were expected to obey their husba

28、nds, to stay in their homes while the men went to work or to fight in wars. Emma also serves as a voice for Flaubert, who patterned模仿 the characters personality品格 after his own. Emma Bovarys rebellious反抗 attitude against the accepted ideas of the day, reflects Flauberts views of the bourgeoisie. 27N

29、aturalism In literature, the theory that literary composition should be based on an objective, empirical經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義 presentation of human beings. It differs from realism in its amoral與道德無關(guān)的 attitude to the objective presentation of life. Naturalistic writers regard human behavior as controlled by instinct本

30、能, emotion, or social and economic conditions. 28They adopt the biological determinism 決定論生物進(jìn)化論of Charles Darwin and the economic determinism of Karl Marx.They emphasize the importance of heredity遺傳. They emphasize the importance of environment and the theory of “the survival of the fittest” 29Unlik

31、e the realists, the naturalists not only record men and manners, they observe like scientists and biologists, and draw a theory of human conduct行為 based on their observation.They do not allow any invention虛構(gòu) and adhere堅(jiān)持 to strict observation. The chief figures in France: Zola and Maupassant. 30Maup

32、assant莫泊桑French short story writer and novelistA naturalist/realist In addition to his more than 200 short stories, Maupassant also wrote travel sketches素描梗概 and six novels.His works are characterized by simplicity樸素簡易天真 and irony.Famous works:The Necklace項(xiàng)鏈 “Boule de suif” (Ball-of-Fat) 羊脂球 31His w

33、orks reflect a grim冷酷的 and pessimistic悲觀的 world in which human activity is futile無用的 and ultimately最后的 meaningless in a universe devoid全無的缺乏的 of evidence of a merciful仁慈的 God. While he admired the courage and generosity慷慨的大方的 of spirit of certain individuals, although they almost never belonged to t

34、he middle or upper classes, he usually depicted the human spirit as defeated by darker instincts直覺本能. E.g. “Boule de suif”32English Literature33Victorian Era (18371901)維多利亞時代Queen Victorias reign統(tǒng)治 is known as the Victorian Age and was marked by the rise of the middle class and a deeply conservative

35、 扒開保守的 morality.This era was represented by such 19th-century ideals as devotion to family life, public and private responsibility, and obedience順從 to the law.34Under Victoria, the British Empire expanded, and Britain became an increasingly powerful nation and grew into an industrialized工業(yè)化的 nation.

36、 This period is the prime time of English Realism. 35Charles Dickens (1812-1870) probably the best-known and the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. Dickens crafted精巧的 complex plots and striking顯著的 characters that capture the panorama全景 of English society. He is the outstanding representa

37、tive of English critical realism.After his death, his body was laid in the Poets Corner at Westminster Abbey大修道院大寺院.36significanceHe established the method of first publishing novels in serial installments 連載 in monthly magazines. His novels criticize the injustices of his time, esp. the brutal殘忍的 t

38、reatment of the poor in a society sharply divided by differences of wealth. His novels are noted著名的for their psychological realism and depth深度 in characterization. 37Major WorksThe Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837; 1837) The Adventures of Oliver Twist (1837-1839; 1838)The Old Curios

39、ity Shop (1840-1841; 1841)Dombey and Son (1846-1848; 1848)The Personal History of David Copperfield (1849-1850; 1850)Hard Times (1854); A Tale of Two Cities (1859)Great Expectations (1860-1861; 1861)38The Bronte Sisters勃朗特 Charlotte Bront (1816-1855) Jane Eyre簡愛Shirley雪莉Emily埃米莉 (Jane) Bront (1818-1

40、848) Wuthering Heights Anne 安妮Bront (1820-1849) Agnes艾格尼斯 Grey灰色的 39Can you tell the story of Jane Eyre?Do you happen to know its significance in literary history?40George Eliot 艾略特A female writer who assumed假裝 a male name in publication出版 Major works:Adam Bede (1859)The Mill on the Floss (1860) 弗洛斯

41、河上的磨坊41William Thackeray (1811-63) one of the foremost最先的 19th-century realistic novelists in England Thackeray is particularly noted for his exquisitely 精巧的humorous and ironic portrayals描寫 of the middle and upper classes of his time. the most famous work:Vanity虛榮心 Fair42Vanity Fair is an elaborate精

42、心制作的 study of social relationships in early 19th-century England. Becky Sharp is one of the most vividly portrayed characters in world literature. 43Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)He was the last of the great Victorian novelists, the last decade十年 of the 19th century was dominated受支配的 by him.He stood betwe

43、en Victorian novelists and modernists.44 most popular novels Far From the Madding Crowd (1874) The Return of the Native(1878) The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) Tess of the DUrbervilles(1891) Jude the Obscure(1895) 45Characteristics of his worksThe area, Wessex, and the city of Dorchester became the s

44、etting for his novels. Therefore, his works are often called “Wessex Novels”. His best works are called “novels of character and enviroment”. 46Fatalism宿命論/determinism plays a great part in his novels. Therefore, his works share a pessimistic悲觀的 view of the human condition. Nature is indifferent漠不關(guān)心

45、的 to a persons desires and efforts. Bad luck is as important as individual character in determining ones fate.47What do you know about Tess of the DUrbervilles? Can you explain Hardys idea of fatalism with some examples from the novel?48Russian Literature49Gogol (1809-1852) 果戈理The first master of fi

46、ction in Russian He laid the foundation for Russian critical realism.Major worksThe Inspector General 欽差大臣 Dead Souls 死魂靈 50Turgenev (1818-1883)屠格涅夫He was the first recognized Russian writers in the west. Major works:A Hunters Sketches 獵人筆記Rudin 羅亭A Nest of Gentlefolk 貴族之家 Fathers and Sons (1862) 父與

47、子51A Hunters Sketches描繪 describes the miseries痛苦悲慘 of peasants under serfdom農(nóng)奴. Its effect on the abolition廢除 of serfdom農(nóng)奴制 in Russia equaled Harriet Beecher Stows Uncle Toms Cabin小屋 on the abolition of slavery in the US. 52Dostoyevsky (1821-1881)Russian thinker and one of the worlds greatest noveli

48、sts, whose works dramatize使戲劇化 religious, moral, political, and psychological issues.He believes love, not punishment can redeem贖回補(bǔ)償 Russia and the world. 53Major works The House of the Dead 死屋日記The Insulted and Humiliated (1861) 被侮辱與被損害的 Crime and Punishment (1866) 罪與罰The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1

49、880) 卡亞馬佐夫兄弟The Idiot (1868-1869)白癡54Tolstoy托爾斯泰 (1828-1910) Realism reached its peak頂峰 in Tolstoys novels.His writings profoundly influenced much of 20th-century literature with their psychological realistm. Together with Dostoyevsky, he made Russian realist novels the gist主旨 of world literature. 5

50、5Major worksWar and Peace 戰(zhàn)爭與和平Anna Karenina安娜卡列尼娜Resurrection 復(fù)活56Anton Chekhov契訶夫 (1860-1904)a Russian short story writer and playwrightone of the greatest short-story writers in world literature 57He brought both the short story and the drama to new prominence突出 in Russia and eventually in the We

51、stern world. Taking a cool, objective stance 立場toward his characters, Chekhov conveys傳達(dá) their inner lives and feelings indirectly, by suggestion rather than statement. 58His plots are usually simple, and the endings of both his stories and his plays tend toward openness公開的 rather than finality終結(jié). Ch

52、ekhovs works create the effect of profound深厚的 experience taking place beneath在之下 the surface in the ordinary普通的 lives of unexceptional普通的非例外的 people.59Famous works Short stories “The Chameleon” 變色龍“The Man in the Shell” 套中人 PlaysThe Cherry Orchard 櫻桃園The Three Sisters 三姐妹The Sea Gulf 海鷗Uncle Vanya 萬

53、亞舅舅60Other writers 61Henrik Ibsen易卜生 (1828-1906) Norwegian dramatist挪威recognition as the father of modern prose drama Famous worksA Dolls House (1879)Ghosts鬼 (1881) Hedda海達(dá) Gabler (1890)An Enemy of the People人民的敵人 (1882)The Wild Duck (1884) 62Characteristics of his playsHis plays are well-constructe

54、d結(jié)構(gòu), dealing realistically with psychological and social problems.In his later works, Ibsen moved away from realistic drama to tackle裝備用具滑車 questions of a psychological and subconscious潛意識的 nature. Accordingly, symbols began to gain prominence突出 in his plays. He took ordinary social and domestic國內(nèi)的家

55、庭的 relationships and situations for the subject matter. He is most noted for his problem plays, which are considered the fountain源泉head of much modern drama. 63A Dolls House玩偶之家A Dolls House opens on Christmas Eve in Nora 諾拉Helmer and Torvald Helmers house. Torvald has recently obtained獲得 a new posi

56、tion at the bank that will afford them a more comfortable lifestyle.The Helmers friend Dr. Rank comes to visit. At the same time, to Noras great surprise, Kristine Linde, a former school friend, also comes. Mrs. Linde tells Nora that when her husband died, she was left with no money and no children.

57、64Mrs. Linde explains that for years she had to care for her sick mother and her two younger brothers. She states that her mother has passed away and that the brothers are too old to need her. Instead of feeling relief減輕, Mrs. Linde says she feels empty because she has no occupation職業(yè); she hopes Tor

58、vald may help her find a job.Nora promises to speak to Torvald and then reveals揭露 a great secret to Mrs. Lindewithout Torvalds knowledge, Nora illegally不合法的 borrowed money for the trip that she and Torvald took to Italy for the cure of her husbands illness; she told Torvald that the money had come f

59、rom her father. For years, Nora reveals, she has worked and saved in secret, slowly repaying the debt, and soon it will be fully repaid. 65Krogstad, a low-level employee員工 at the bank where Torvald works, arrives and makes Nora uneasy. He is actually the source of Noras secret loan貸款. Krogstad state

60、s that Torvald wants to fire him and asks Nora to prevent it from happening. When she refuses, Krogstad points out that he has a contract that contains Noras forgery偽造 of her fathers signature署名. He threatens to reveal her crime and to bring shame and disgrace on both Nora and her husband if she doe