【文學課件】美國文學史及選讀

1、 備課本教研室：文學教研室課程名稱：美國文學史及選讀任課教師：德州學院外語系美國文學史及選讀課程的教育目標：通過教學,使學生掌握美國文學的發(fā)展史及各階段具有代表性的主要作家及其作品的主要特色，具備一定的分析鑒賞英語文學作品的能力,幫助培養(yǎng)學生的英語思維能力,提高英語整體水平。課程的基本要求：要求學生有目的、較系統(tǒng)地了解和掌握美國文學的發(fā)展史及各階段具有代表性的主要作家及其作品的主要特色。課程的重點與難點：對具有代表性的作家的評價，對著名的美國小說和詩歌的分析、鑒賞及評價。主要參考書目美國文學簡史（第二版）常耀信南開大學出版社2004美國文學選讀李宜燮南開大學出版社2000牛津文學術語辭典上海外

2、語教育出版社2000美國文學大綱吳定柏上海外語教育出版社1998Introduction教學的目的和要求：簡述美國文學史，包括美國文學史的5個主要階段，每個階段的起止時間，主要特點及代表作家，要求學生了解美國文學史概況教學重點：美國文學史的五個階段及起止時間教學難點：各個階段的主要特點教學內容Amliteratureisonelftheyoungestnationalliteratureintheworld.ItbecameacolonyofBritainintheearly17thcentury.AndtheAmericanIndependenceWarstretchedfrom1776to

3、1783.Theshorthistorycanbedividedintoseveralstages:1.thecolonialperiodItstretchedroughlyfromthesettlementofAmintheearly17thCthroughtheendofthe18th.ThefirstpermanentsettlementinAmericawasestablishedbyEnglishin1607.(AgroupofpeoplewassentbytheEnglishkingJamesItohuntforgold.TheyarrivedatVirginiain1607.Th

4、eynamedtheJamesRiverandbuildtheJamestown.)HerethemajortopicwillbeaboutAmPuritanism.2.theRomanticPeriodItcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thC,whichisaperiodfollowingthenationalpoliticalindependence.Around1840sarosetheculminationoftheRomanticPeriodNewEnglandTranscendentalism(1836-1855).3.theAgeofRealismItwasa

5、fterthecivilwar(1861-1865)tilltheendofthe19thcentury,coveringthelatterhalfofthe19thC.ThecivilwarbroughttheRomanticperiodtoanend.Naturalism(thelastdecadeofthe19thc)Inthelastdecadeofthe19thc,theageofnaturalismcameintobeing.Naturalistssawmanslifeasgovernedbytwoforcesheredity&environment.ModernismInthed

6、ecadeofthe1920s,therecametheageofmodernism.(herearemanyeminentwritersinthisperiod,suchasT.SEliot,EarnestHemingway,WilliamFaulkner,etc.)6.思考題：簡介美國文學史ChapterILiteratureofColonialAmerica教學的目的和要求：介紹對美國文學及美國文化影響重大的清教主義，要求學生理解清教主義的教義，掌握清教主義對美國文學的影響，殖民時代的主要作家及啟蒙時代的特點教學重點：清教主義對美國文學的影響教學難點：清教主義的教義，愛德華茲和富蘭克林各

7、自的哲學思想教學內容IAmericanPuritanism1.originofPuritanInthemediaevalEurope,therewaswidespreadreligiousrevolution.Inthe16thC,theEnglishKingHenryVIII(Atthattime,theCatholicswerenotallowedtodivorceunlesstheyhavethePopespermission.HenryVIIIwantedtodivorcehiswifebecauseshecouldntbearhimason.ButthePopedidntallowh

8、imtodivorcebecausehiswifeisthePopesniece.HenryVIIIbecameverydissatisfiedwiththePope,sohe)brokeawayfromtheRomanCatholicChurch&establishedtheChurchofEngland.ButtherewasnoradicaldifferencebetweenthedoctrinesoftheChurchofEnglandandtheCatholicChurch.AgroupofpeoplethoughttheChurchofEnglandwastooCatholican

9、dwantedtopurifythechurch.ThencamethenamePuritans.OfcoursetheyhaddifferentreligiousbelieffromthatoftheCatholicChurch.2.PuritanismbasedonCalvinism1)predestination:GodselectPuritansbelievedtheyarepredestinedbeforetheywereborn.Nothingornogoodworkcanchangetheirfate.Theybelievedthesuccessofonesbusinessist

10、hesigntoshowheistheGodselect.SothePuritansworksveryhard,spendverylittleandinvestmoreforthefuturebusiness.Theylivedaveryfrugallife.Thisistheirethics.2)originalsinandtotaldepravityManisbornsinful.Thisdeterminesomepuritanspessimisiticattitudetowardlife.3)limitedatonement(thesalvationofaselectedfew)4)th

11、eocracyTheycombinedstatewithreligion.Theirgovernmentisatleastnotaliberalone.(ThePuritansestablishedAmtraditionintolerantmoralism.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adultery&heretics.Puritanschangedgraduallyduetotheseverityoffrontierenvironment.Puritannism&ConfucianismConfucianism(修身齊家治國平天下)3.InfluenceonAmli

12、terature1)itsoptimismAmericanliteraturewasfromtheoutsetconditionedbythePuritanheritage.ItcanbesaidAmericanliteratureisbasesontheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.(AdamandEveusedtoliveacarefreelifeintheGardenofEden.luredbythesnake,theyatetheForbiddenFruitintheappletree.ApeiceofapplechokedinAdamsthroat,th

13、encameAdamsapple.Afterknowingthetruth,GodbecameveryangryanddrovethemalloutoftheGardenofEden.ThesnakeusedtowalklikemanbutafterthattheGodforcehimtocrawl.ThenmanwasforcedtosufferthelabortokeepthewholefamilyandWomanwasforcedtosuffertheagonyofbabybearing.)Afterthat,manhaveanillusiontorestoretheparadise.T

14、hepuritans,afterarrivingatAmerica,believeingthatGodmusthavesentthemtothisnewlandtorestorethelostparadise,tobuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.Firedwithsuchastrongsenseofmission,theytreatedlifewithatremendousamountofoptimism.TheoptimisticPuritanshasexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature,2)Pur

15、itansmetaphoricalmodeofperceptionchangedgraduallyintoaliterarysymbolismIIColonialLiteratureAmericancolonialliteratureisneitherrealliteraturenorAmericanwhy?Diaries,histories,journals,letters,etc.personalliteratureinvariousformsColonialLiteratureismainlyEnglishliteraturetraditionimitated&transplanted.

16、AnneBradstreetEdwardTaylorTheycanbecalledservantsofGod.TheirwritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansion.Someothercolonialwriterswroteforcivilandreligiousfreedom,andsomewroteforAmericashakingoffthefettersofthesavageBritishcolonialrule.RogerWilliamsJohnWoolmanThomasPaineOneofmostimportantAmericanprosew

17、ritersofthe18thCentury.HewroteanumberofrevolutionaryworkstoattackBritishcolonialrule.1776,hewrote“CommonSense”,whichgreatlyencouragedthepainfullyfightingpeople.Afterthewar,heparticipatedintheFrenchRevolutionandwrote“TheRightsofMan”and“TheAgeofReason”tospreadtheidealsoftheFrenchrevolutionamongthepeop

18、le.PhilipFreneauHeisthemostimportantpoetofthe18thCentury,anotablerepresentativeofdawningnationalisminAmericanliterature.“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”isagoodexample.Heisthetransitionalroleb/wtheneoclassismofthe18thCandtheRomanticismofthe19thC.Thisisclearlymanifestedinhis“TheIndianburyingGround”and“TheWil

19、dHoneySuckle”IIIEdwardsandFranklintworepresentativesoftheageofEnlightenment(ofthe18thCentury)(The18thCAmhistorywitnessedtwogreatrevolutions:onewasAmIndependenceWar,theotherwasEnlightenment.EnlightenmentwasseveraldecadesearlierthantheRevolution,andithelpedpavedthepathfortheIndependencewarinpeopleswar

20、.(P.28)i.Background:theageofEnlightenmentTowardthelatterpartofthe17thcentury,withNewtonslawsofmotionandtheideaofgravity,acompletelynewviewoftheuniversecameintobeing.Inthemindsofsomethinkingpeople,theuniversebecamesomethingmechanicalsubjecttocertainphysicallawsinsteadoftothesupervisionofGod.Thisbroug

21、htaboutawholesetofnewideas,amongwhichwasdeism(自然神論)。DeistsbelieveGodisindeedthecreatoroftheworld,butHehasleftittooperateaccordingtonaturallaw.ThusthebestwaytoworshipGodistostudythenaturalworldandhumanworld.Manypeoplespeakforthisidea,suchasVoltaireinFrance,AlexanderPopeinEngland.Theideaoforderbecamet

22、hewatchwordoftheday.AlltheseideasalsohadgreatinfluenceinAmerica.Thus18thcenturyAmericaexperiencedanageofEnlightenment,ofreason,oforderwithFranklinasitsspokesman.ThoughNewtonsideawasveryinfluentialoverthemindsofthepeopleinthe18thcentury,theCalvinistpositiondidnotseemtobedead,Theoldideaisincollisionwi

23、ththenewidea.Thebesttestimonywas“TheGreatAwakening”.Itisinfactaseriesofreligiousrevivalsinthe1730s&1740s,whichaimstobringnewfeelingandstrengthintoreligion.JonathanEdwardsplayedanimportantroleinthismovement.ii.JonathanEdwardsandBenjaminFranklinSeethecommentaryonP27inthetextbook.Edwardsrepresentsrelig

24、iousidealismofAmPuritanism,whileFranklinrepresentslevelheadedcommonsenseofAmJonathanEdwards(1703-1758)HewasbornintoaveryreligiousNewEnglandfamily.HetriedtoreasserttheCalvinistidea.Hewasinpartinstrumentalinbringingaboutthe“GreatAwakening”movement.Afterthismovement,Hewrotemanygreatworks,seetextbookP29

25、.“PersonalNarrative”HediscoveredadynamicworldfilledwiththepresenceofGod.HeholdsthatGodmanifestsHimselfinnatureandman,andman,beingapartofGod,isalsodivine.Everythinginthephysicalworldisanimageofthedivine.Wecansayheanticipatedthesymbolismofthe19thcenturyTranscendentalism.ThemysticalimplicationsofhisPur

26、itansidealismwastobedevelopedbyEmersoninthenextcentury.BenjaminFranklinLikeEdwards,healsocamefromaPuritanfamily.Theystoodontheoppositeendsofonespectrum.(TheyareAntagonists.)Hemademanyinventions.HispubliccareerwasalsoveryinfluentialinAmerica.HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtherep

27、ublic.AsthesymbolofAmericaintheAgeofEnlightenment,hebroughtthecolonialagetoanend.“PoorRichardsAlmanac”(adages)“Autobiography”.6.思考題：清教主義對美國文學有什么影響愛德華茲和富蘭克林各自的哲學思想是什么Chapter2AmRomanticism教學的目的和要求：介紹浪漫主義及美國浪漫主義的定義，要求學生掌握美國浪漫主義的產(chǎn)生背景及特點，及兩位前期浪漫主義作家教學重點：浪漫主義及美國浪漫主義的定義及特點教學難點：浪漫主義的主要作品教學內容(Asaliterarytren

28、d,RomanticismappearedinEuropeandAmattheturnofthe18thC&the19thC.In1798,theEnglishpoetsWordsworthandColeridgepublishedavolumeofpoemsLyricalBalla.dTshisusuallymarkedthebeginningofRomanticism.Itwasthereactionfromtheformalorthodoxofthepastinfieldssuchasliterature,art,etc.)Romanticism:asweepingbutindispen

29、sablemoderntermappliedtotheprofoundshiftinWesternattitudestoartandhumancreativitythatdominatedmuchofEuropeancultureinthefirsthalfofthe19thC,andthathasshapedmostsubsequentdevelopmentsinliteratureeventhosereactingagainstit.Itschiefemphasiswasuponfreedomofindividualself-:sincerity,spontaneity,andorigin

30、alitybecamethenewstandardsinliterature,replacingthedecorousimitationofclassicalmodelsfavouredby18thCneoclassicism.RejectingtheorderedrationalityoftheEnlightenmentasmechanical,impersonal,andartificial,theRomanticsturnedtotheemotionaldirectnessofpersonalexperienceandtotheboundlessnessofindividualimagi

31、nationandaspiration.Therestrainedbalancevaluedin18thCwasabandonedinfavourofemotionalintensity,oftentakentoextremesofrapture,nostalgia,horror,melancholy,orsentimentality.Some-butnotallRomanticwriterscultivatedtheappealoftheexotic,thebizarre,orthemacabre;almostallshowedanewinterestintheirrationalrealm

32、sofdreamanddeliriumoroffolksuperstitionandlegend.ii.AmericanRomanticismfromtheendof18thCthroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWarBackgroundnativefactors:ItisaperiodfollowingAmindependenceInthisperiod,.democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.Americawasinaneconomicboom.Thereisatremendoussense

33、ofoptimismandhopeamongthepeople.Thespiritofthetimeis,insomemeasure,responsiblefortheoutburstofromanticfeeling.foreigninfluenceRomanticismemergedinEnglandfrom1798to1832.ItaddedimpetustothegrowthofRomanticisminAm.InEnglandthegeneralfeaturesoftheworksoftheromanticsisadissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissoci

34、ety.BritishRomanticisminspiredtheAmericanimagination.ThusAmericanRomanticismwasinawayderivative.2.itsdistinctfeature1)itwasinessencetheexpressionofarealnewexperienceForexample,theAmnationalexperienceofwesternexpansionwasarichfundofmaterialforAmwriters.TheywerequiteresponsivetothestimuluswhichAmlifeo

35、ffered.Theauthorsdescribedboththefrontier&theIndianlife.2)AmPuritanismservedasaculturalheritageinAmliteratureAmmoralvalueswereessentiallyPuritan.ItsinfluenceoveramRomanwasquitenoticeable.ManyAmRowriterstendedtomoralizemorethantheirEuropeanbrothers.Amauthorswerecarefulinapproachingsomesubjects,suchas

36、truelove,sexandlove.AmnewidealswerestrongenoughtoinspireRomanticspiritAmisanewlyindependentnationfromthecolonialrule.Thereremanynewideals.Itsidealsofindividualism,politicalequalityandAmdreamweredistinctlyAmerican.bothimitative&independentAsalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactors,AmRowasbothimitat

37、ive&independent.TherewerewriterswhomodeltheirworksupontheEnglishneoclassicalauthors.Fromotherwriterswecanseeavigorousliteraryindependenceisemerging.TheycalledforthecreationofanativeAmericanculture.WashingtonIrving(IrvingmodeledhimselfonGoldsmithsothatheisattimesknownas“theAmericanGoldsmith”)Hiscontr

38、ibutiontoAmericanliteratureisuniqueinmorewaysthanone.HedidanumberofthingsthathavebeenregardedasthefirstoftheirkindinAmerica.“AHistoryofNewYork”UnderthenameofDiedrichKnickerbocker“TheSketchBook”:-RipVanWinkleThisshortstoryarebasedonGermanfolktales,butIrvingchangedthesettingoftheoriginaltothenativeHud

39、sonrivervalley.TheLegendofSleepyHollowIchabodcraneshrewd,credulous,self-assertive,coward,commercialBombonesrough,vigorous,inwardlygoodTheyarerivalsinlove.Theyassumesthedimensionsoftwoethicalgroupslockedinakindofhistoricalconest.JamesFenimoreCoopertheAmScottHeinventedanewgenreofAmlitethehistoricalnov

40、elinasimilarwaywithWalterScott“LeatherstockingTales”Thefivenovelsofthetales:ThePioneers,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePrairie,ThePathfinder,TheDeerslayerthehistoricalsignificanceofthefivetalestheimportantthemeoftheThePioneers6.思考題：美國浪漫主義有什么特點清教主義對美國浪漫主義有什么影響Chapter3NewEnglandTranscendentalism(1836-1855)教學

41、的目的和要求：介紹美國超驗主義，要求學生理解超驗主義產(chǎn)生的背景，掌握超驗主義的特點及兩位超驗主義哲學家3.教學重點：超驗主義的特點3.教學難點：清教主義對超驗主義的影響4.教學內容IIntroductionEmersonsNature(1836)pushedAmRotoanewphaseNewEnglandTranscendentalism.ItsthesummitofAmRomanticism.1.Backgroundmajorfeatures1)emphasisonSpiritortheOversoul2)theimportanceoftheindividual3)natureassymb

42、olicoftheSpiritofGodTheessenceofNewEnglandTranscendentalismaproductofthecombinationofforeigninfluences&nativePuritantradition1)foreigninfluence2)puritantraditionNewEnglandTranscendentalismwas,inactuality,RomanticismonthePuritansoil.(Comment:Transcendentalistbelievedinstinctorintuitionisthedeepestlev

43、elofmanssoul.Theytriedtofindtruththroughfeeling,ratherthanthroughlogic.Sotheywritenotinalogicalway.Wecansaytheyformedamovementoffeelings&beliefsratherthanasystemofphilosophy.)IILeadingwritersRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)Nature“self-Reliance”“Tobegreatistobemisunderstood”“TheAmericanScholar”AmericasDe

44、clarationofIntellectualIndependence(EmersonsTranscendentalism,withitsemphasisondemocraticindividualism,mayhaveprovidedanidealexplanationfortheconductandactivitiesofanexpandingcapitalistsociety.)HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)(HeisEmersonsjuniorbysome14years.In1845,hebulidacabinonWaldenPondandmovedinonJ

45、uly4,illustratinghisdesiretobeindependentandfindtruthforhimdelf.HewantedtomoveawayfromtherudhofAmericansociallifewhichwasgettingmoreandmorematerialisticoriented.)WaldonorLifeintheWoods“Civildisobedience”ThoughhelivedinWaldenPondforovertwoyears.Hewasbynomeansan“escapist”.Hedidntlikethewaymaterialisti

46、cAmericawasdeveloping.Hehatedhumaninjustice.HerefusedtopayapolltaxforUSwartoVietnamesetoAmericangovernmentwhichhethoughtunjust.Forthishewasdetainedforanightinjail.Thisincidentinspiredhimtowritethisfamousessay,whichadvocatedpassiveresistencetounjustlawsofsociety.Itsinfluence:1.AfterWWIinIndia,Gandhie

47、mployedthisessaytosupporthisantiBritishpassiveresistance.2.In1960sinAmerica,MartinLutherKingbasedhisstrategyofthenonviolentCivilRightsMovementonthesameessay.Alsoin1960sintheAnti-WarMovement,AmericanstudentsfightagainstUSwartoVietanam.Theyorganizetheirmovementas“Civildisobedience”思考題：清教主義對美國超驗主義有什么影響

48、Chapter4Post-RomanticWriters1.教學的目的和要求：主要介紹后浪漫主義詩人與小說家，要求學生理解惠特曼與狄金森的主要詩作，掌握霍桑與麥爾維爾的作品及寫作特點，了解愛倫坡教學重點：主要后浪漫主義作家的作品及寫作特點教學難點：惠特曼與狄金森的主要詩作教學內容：WaltWhitman1)lifeexperienceHewasbroughtupinaworkingclassfamilyonLongIsland,NY.Withlittleschooling,hereadalotanddidanumberofdifferentjobs.In1848,hetravelledtoNe

49、wOrleansandsawverymuchoftheMississippiheartlands.Thistriplaidasolidfoundationforhisawakeningaspoet.Thefirsteditionof“LeavesofGrass”in1855changedWhitmanfromaconventionalmanoflettersintooneofAmericasmostoriginalpoets.Thiseditionattractedlittleattentionfromliterarycircles.OnlyEmersonrespondedenthusiast

50、ically.HisappreciationencouragedWhitmantocontinuehiscareer.“LeavesofGrass”wentthrough9editionsaltogether,containingallofhis400-oddpoems.2)innovationsintechniquea.parallelism(平行結構)b.phoneticrecurrencec.freeverse,abandoningtraditionaliambicpentameter(詩行長短不一，不押韻，不以傳統(tǒng)格律為頓挫單位，而是以短句、短語為頓挫單位。)(iambicpentam

51、eter:PastureImgongouttoclearthepasturespring;Illonlystoptoraketheleavesaway)SongofMyselfEmilyDickinson(1830-1886)ShewasbornintoaCalvinist(力口爾文教的)family.Calvinismwithitsdoctrineofpredestinationanditspessimismpressuredherandcoloredherworksothatherbasictonewastragic.Thelargestportionofherpoetryconcerns

52、deathandimmortality.ShesettleddowntoaNewEnglandvillagelifeandremainedsingleallherlife.Throughoutherlifeshejustlivedquietly.Shewrotealtogether1775poems,ofwhichonly7appearedinprintinherlifetime.Herfamilymembersevendidntknowshehadwrittensomanypoems.Beforeherdeath,shegaveallhermanuscripttohersisterandas

53、kedhertoburnitup.Butafterhersisterreadingthepoems,shedidnthavethehearttoburnitup.InthiswayDickinsonspoemswerehandeddown.WhenDickinsonwroteherpoems,shedidntaddanytitles.Shewrotethemspontaneously.Wheneditorsgotthempublishedafterherdeath,theychosethefirstlineofthepoemasitstitle,justasweseeineachpoem.Wi

54、ldNightsWildNightsWildNightsWildNightsWereIwiththeeWildnightsshouldbeOurLuxury!Notes:wild-stormy,thee-youItsastormynight.IfIcanstaywithyou,Iwouldconsiderstormynightsasourenjoyments!Itiscleartousthatthespeakeristalkingabouthislover.Ifonlyhecanstaywithher,hewillenjoyastormynightinsteadofdislikingit.We

55、canseehowintensehislove,howstronghisdesiretostaywithhislover.FutiletheWindsToaHeartinportDonewiththeCompassDonewiththechart!Notes:compass-aninstrumentforfindingdirectionsChart-adetailedmapoftheseaOurstayingtogethergivesusenoughsenseofsecurity,justasashipinport.Nomatterhowstrongthewindsare,wellnotbef

56、rightenedorharmed.Itsobviousthatashipinportneedntthehelpofacompassorachart.Similarly,ifwecanstaytogether,wellwantnothingelse.Tostaytogetherisourultimatewish.Fromthisanalogythereaderscanseehowsatisfiedandblissfulthespeakeristobewithhislover.RowinginEdenAh,thesea!MightIbutmoorTonightinthee!Notes:moor-

57、anchor,toattachaboat,shipetctoalandwitharope.Tome,ourstayingtogetherisjustlikerowingintheGardenofEden.TostaywithyoumakemefeelthatIamlivinginParadise.(averycare-free,relaxed,happylife)IregardyouastheseaandIastheboat.IwishIcananchortheboatintheseaport.HowIwanttostaywithyoutonight!譯文：狂風夜，暴雨夜狂風夜，暴雨夜！如果你

58、我在一起，狂風暴雨夜，該是我們的洞天福地！風兒再吹也徒勞，因為心進了港口已不再需要羅盤，已不再需要航圖。蕩槳在伊甸園中啊，這一片海洋！今晚哪，但愿我停泊進你的海港！Inthispoemloveisexpressedinanunabashedmanner.Thetwoloverscoalesceintowildconsummatedlove.(WecanseethewayDickinsonwroteaboutloveisquiteoriginal.Sheneverimitatedothers.)ApparentlywithNoSurpriseApparentlywithnosurpriseToa

59、nyhappyFlowerTheFrostbeheadsitatitsplayInaccidentalpowerTheblondeAssassinpassesonThesunproceedsunmovedTomeasureoffanotherDayForanApprovingGodNotes:apparently-obviouslywithnosurprisenotsuddenly,(expectedly)Whathashappenedisntasurprise(isntunexpected)toanyhappyflower.beheadclutch,choke;accidentalhappe

60、ningbychance,notplanned(notintentional)blondewhite;assassinkiller;passoncontinue;Thewhitekillercontinueswithoutbeingstopped.Thesunproceedsunmoved:Thesunisapatheticandpaysnoattentiontothemurder.Weknowtheriseandfallofsunmarksaday.ThesunpaysnoattentiontothemurderoftheFrostandgoesonwithhisroutinelifetom