【文學(xué)課件】美國文學(xué)史及選讀

1、 備課本教研室：文學(xué)教研室課程名稱：美國文學(xué)史及選讀任課教師：德州學(xué)院外語系美國文學(xué)史及選讀課程的教育目標(biāo)：通過教學(xué),使學(xué)生掌握美國文學(xué)的發(fā)展史及各階段具有代表性的主要作家及其作品的主要特色，具備一定的分析鑒賞英語文學(xué)作品的能力,幫助培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的英語思維能力,提高英語整體水平。課程的基本要求：要求學(xué)生有目的、較系統(tǒng)地了解和掌握美國文學(xué)的發(fā)展史及各階段具有代表性的主要作家及其作品的主要特色。課程的重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)：對(duì)具有代表性的作家的評(píng)價(jià)，對(duì)著名的美國小說和詩歌的分析、鑒賞及評(píng)價(jià)。主要參考書目美國文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史（第二版）常耀信南開大學(xué)出版社2004美國文學(xué)選讀李宜燮南開大學(xué)出版社2000牛津文學(xué)術(shù)語辭典上海外

2、語教育出版社2000美國文學(xué)大綱吳定柏上海外語教育出版社1998Introduction教學(xué)的目的和要求：簡(jiǎn)述美國文學(xué)史，包括美國文學(xué)史的5個(gè)主要階段，每個(gè)階段的起止時(shí)間，主要特點(diǎn)及代表作家，要求學(xué)生了解美國文學(xué)史概況教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：美國文學(xué)史的五個(gè)階段及起止時(shí)間教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：各個(gè)階段的主要特點(diǎn)教學(xué)內(nèi)容Amliteratureisonelftheyoungestnationalliteratureintheworld.ItbecameacolonyofBritainintheearly17thcentury.AndtheAmericanIndependenceWarstretchedfrom1776to

3、1783.Theshorthistorycanbedividedintoseveralstages:1.thecolonialperiodItstretchedroughlyfromthesettlementofAmintheearly17thCthroughtheendofthe18th.ThefirstpermanentsettlementinAmericawasestablishedbyEnglishin1607.(AgroupofpeoplewassentbytheEnglishkingJamesItohuntforgold.TheyarrivedatVirginiain1607.Th

4、eynamedtheJamesRiverandbuildtheJamestown.)HerethemajortopicwillbeaboutAmPuritanism.2.theRomanticPeriodItcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thC,whichisaperiodfollowingthenationalpoliticalindependence.Around1840sarosetheculminationoftheRomanticPeriodNewEnglandTranscendentalism(1836-1855).3.theAgeofRealismItwasa

5、fterthecivilwar(1861-1865)tilltheendofthe19thcentury,coveringthelatterhalfofthe19thC.ThecivilwarbroughttheRomanticperiodtoanend.Naturalism(thelastdecadeofthe19thc)Inthelastdecadeofthe19thc,theageofnaturalismcameintobeing.Naturalistssawmanslifeasgovernedbytwoforcesheredity&environment.ModernismInthed

6、ecadeofthe1920s,therecametheageofmodernism.(herearemanyeminentwritersinthisperiod,suchasT.SEliot,EarnestHemingway,WilliamFaulkner,etc.)6.思考題：簡(jiǎn)介美國文學(xué)史ChapterILiteratureofColonialAmerica教學(xué)的目的和要求：介紹對(duì)美國文學(xué)及美國文化影響重大的清教主義，要求學(xué)生理解清教主義的教義，掌握清教主義對(duì)美國文學(xué)的影響，殖民時(shí)代的主要作家及啟蒙時(shí)代的特點(diǎn)教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：清教主義對(duì)美國文學(xué)的影響教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：清教主義的教義，愛德華茲和富蘭克林各

7、自的哲學(xué)思想教學(xué)內(nèi)容IAmericanPuritanism1.originofPuritanInthemediaevalEurope,therewaswidespreadreligiousrevolution.Inthe16thC,theEnglishKingHenryVIII(Atthattime,theCatholicswerenotallowedtodivorceunlesstheyhavethePopespermission.HenryVIIIwantedtodivorcehiswifebecauseshecouldntbearhimason.ButthePopedidntallowh

8、imtodivorcebecausehiswifeisthePopesniece.HenryVIIIbecameverydissatisfiedwiththePope,sohe)brokeawayfromtheRomanCatholicChurch&establishedtheChurchofEngland.ButtherewasnoradicaldifferencebetweenthedoctrinesoftheChurchofEnglandandtheCatholicChurch.AgroupofpeoplethoughttheChurchofEnglandwastooCatholican

9、dwantedtopurifythechurch.ThencamethenamePuritans.OfcoursetheyhaddifferentreligiousbelieffromthatoftheCatholicChurch.2.PuritanismbasedonCalvinism1)predestination:GodselectPuritansbelievedtheyarepredestinedbeforetheywereborn.Nothingornogoodworkcanchangetheirfate.Theybelievedthesuccessofonesbusinessist

10、hesigntoshowheistheGodselect.SothePuritansworksveryhard,spendverylittleandinvestmoreforthefuturebusiness.Theylivedaveryfrugallife.Thisistheirethics.2)originalsinandtotaldepravityManisbornsinful.Thisdeterminesomepuritanspessimisiticattitudetowardlife.3)limitedatonement(thesalvationofaselectedfew)4)th

11、eocracyTheycombinedstatewithreligion.Theirgovernmentisatleastnotaliberalone.(ThePuritansestablishedAmtraditionintolerantmoralism.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adultery&heretics.Puritanschangedgraduallyduetotheseverityoffrontierenvironment.Puritannism&ConfucianismConfucianism(修身齊家治國平天下)3.InfluenceonAmli

12、terature1)itsoptimismAmericanliteraturewasfromtheoutsetconditionedbythePuritanheritage.ItcanbesaidAmericanliteratureisbasesontheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.(AdamandEveusedtoliveacarefreelifeintheGardenofEden.luredbythesnake,theyatetheForbiddenFruitintheappletree.ApeiceofapplechokedinAdamsthroat,th

13、encameAdamsapple.Afterknowingthetruth,GodbecameveryangryanddrovethemalloutoftheGardenofEden.ThesnakeusedtowalklikemanbutafterthattheGodforcehimtocrawl.ThenmanwasforcedtosufferthelabortokeepthewholefamilyandWomanwasforcedtosuffertheagonyofbabybearing.)Afterthat,manhaveanillusiontorestoretheparadise.T

14、hepuritans,afterarrivingatAmerica,believeingthatGodmusthavesentthemtothisnewlandtorestorethelostparadise,tobuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.Firedwithsuchastrongsenseofmission,theytreatedlifewithatremendousamountofoptimism.TheoptimisticPuritanshasexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature,2)Pur

15、itansmetaphoricalmodeofperceptionchangedgraduallyintoaliterarysymbolismIIColonialLiteratureAmericancolonialliteratureisneitherrealliteraturenorAmericanwhy?Diaries,histories,journals,letters,etc.personalliteratureinvariousformsColonialLiteratureismainlyEnglishliteraturetraditionimitated&transplanted.

16、AnneBradstreetEdwardTaylorTheycanbecalledservantsofGod.TheirwritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansion.Someothercolonialwriterswroteforcivilandreligiousfreedom,andsomewroteforAmericashakingoffthefettersofthesavageBritishcolonialrule.RogerWilliamsJohnWoolmanThomasPaineOneofmostimportantAmericanprosew

17、ritersofthe18thCentury.HewroteanumberofrevolutionaryworkstoattackBritishcolonialrule.1776,hewrote“CommonSense”,whichgreatlyencouragedthepainfullyfightingpeople.Afterthewar,heparticipatedintheFrenchRevolutionandwrote“TheRightsofMan”and“TheAgeofReason”tospreadtheidealsoftheFrenchrevolutionamongthepeop

18、le.PhilipFreneauHeisthemostimportantpoetofthe18thCentury,anotablerepresentativeofdawningnationalisminAmericanliterature.“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”isagoodexample.Heisthetransitionalroleb/wtheneoclassismofthe18thCandtheRomanticismofthe19thC.Thisisclearlymanifestedinhis“TheIndianburyingGround”and“TheWil

19、dHoneySuckle”IIIEdwardsandFranklintworepresentativesoftheageofEnlightenment(ofthe18thCentury)(The18thCAmhistorywitnessedtwogreatrevolutions:onewasAmIndependenceWar,theotherwasEnlightenment.EnlightenmentwasseveraldecadesearlierthantheRevolution,andithelpedpavedthepathfortheIndependencewarinpeopleswar

20、.(P.28)i.Background:theageofEnlightenmentTowardthelatterpartofthe17thcentury,withNewtonslawsofmotionandtheideaofgravity,acompletelynewviewoftheuniversecameintobeing.Inthemindsofsomethinkingpeople,theuniversebecamesomethingmechanicalsubjecttocertainphysicallawsinsteadoftothesupervisionofGod.Thisbroug

21、htaboutawholesetofnewideas,amongwhichwasdeism(自然神論)。DeistsbelieveGodisindeedthecreatoroftheworld,butHehasleftittooperateaccordingtonaturallaw.ThusthebestwaytoworshipGodistostudythenaturalworldandhumanworld.Manypeoplespeakforthisidea,suchasVoltaireinFrance,AlexanderPopeinEngland.Theideaoforderbecamet

22、hewatchwordoftheday.AlltheseideasalsohadgreatinfluenceinAmerica.Thus18thcenturyAmericaexperiencedanageofEnlightenment,ofreason,oforderwithFranklinasitsspokesman.ThoughNewtonsideawasveryinfluentialoverthemindsofthepeopleinthe18thcentury,theCalvinistpositiondidnotseemtobedead,Theoldideaisincollisionwi

23、ththenewidea.Thebesttestimonywas“TheGreatAwakening”.Itisinfactaseriesofreligiousrevivalsinthe1730s&1740s,whichaimstobringnewfeelingandstrengthintoreligion.JonathanEdwardsplayedanimportantroleinthismovement.ii.JonathanEdwardsandBenjaminFranklinSeethecommentaryonP27inthetextbook.Edwardsrepresentsrelig

24、iousidealismofAmPuritanism,whileFranklinrepresentslevelheadedcommonsenseofAmJonathanEdwards(1703-1758)HewasbornintoaveryreligiousNewEnglandfamily.HetriedtoreasserttheCalvinistidea.Hewasinpartinstrumentalinbringingaboutthe“GreatAwakening”movement.Afterthismovement,Hewrotemanygreatworks,seetextbookP29

25、.“PersonalNarrative”HediscoveredadynamicworldfilledwiththepresenceofGod.HeholdsthatGodmanifestsHimselfinnatureandman,andman,beingapartofGod,isalsodivine.Everythinginthephysicalworldisanimageofthedivine.Wecansayheanticipatedthesymbolismofthe19thcenturyTranscendentalism.ThemysticalimplicationsofhisPur

26、itansidealismwastobedevelopedbyEmersoninthenextcentury.BenjaminFranklinLikeEdwards,healsocamefromaPuritanfamily.Theystoodontheoppositeendsofonespectrum.(TheyareAntagonists.)Hemademanyinventions.HispubliccareerwasalsoveryinfluentialinAmerica.HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtherep

27、ublic.AsthesymbolofAmericaintheAgeofEnlightenment,hebroughtthecolonialagetoanend.“PoorRichardsAlmanac”(adages)“Autobiography”.6.思考題：清教主義對(duì)美國文學(xué)有什么影響愛德華茲和富蘭克林各自的哲學(xué)思想是什么Chapter2AmRomanticism教學(xué)的目的和要求：介紹浪漫主義及美國浪漫主義的定義，要求學(xué)生掌握美國浪漫主義的產(chǎn)生背景及特點(diǎn)，及兩位前期浪漫主義作家教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：浪漫主義及美國浪漫主義的定義及特點(diǎn)教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：浪漫主義的主要作品教學(xué)內(nèi)容(Asaliterarytren

28、d,RomanticismappearedinEuropeandAmattheturnofthe18thC&the19thC.In1798,theEnglishpoetsWordsworthandColeridgepublishedavolumeofpoemsLyricalBalla.dTshisusuallymarkedthebeginningofRomanticism.Itwasthereactionfromtheformalorthodoxofthepastinfieldssuchasliterature,art,etc.)Romanticism:asweepingbutindispen

29、sablemoderntermappliedtotheprofoundshiftinWesternattitudestoartandhumancreativitythatdominatedmuchofEuropeancultureinthefirsthalfofthe19thC,andthathasshapedmostsubsequentdevelopmentsinliteratureeventhosereactingagainstit.Itschiefemphasiswasuponfreedomofindividualself-:sincerity,spontaneity,andorigin

30、alitybecamethenewstandardsinliterature,replacingthedecorousimitationofclassicalmodelsfavouredby18thCneoclassicism.RejectingtheorderedrationalityoftheEnlightenmentasmechanical,impersonal,andartificial,theRomanticsturnedtotheemotionaldirectnessofpersonalexperienceandtotheboundlessnessofindividualimagi

31、nationandaspiration.Therestrainedbalancevaluedin18thCwasabandonedinfavourofemotionalintensity,oftentakentoextremesofrapture,nostalgia,horror,melancholy,orsentimentality.Some-butnotallRomanticwriterscultivatedtheappealoftheexotic,thebizarre,orthemacabre;almostallshowedanewinterestintheirrationalrealm

32、sofdreamanddeliriumoroffolksuperstitionandlegend.ii.AmericanRomanticismfromtheendof18thCthroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWarBackgroundnativefactors:ItisaperiodfollowingAmindependenceInthisperiod,.democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.Americawasinaneconomicboom.Thereisatremendoussense

33、ofoptimismandhopeamongthepeople.Thespiritofthetimeis,insomemeasure,responsiblefortheoutburstofromanticfeeling.foreigninfluenceRomanticismemergedinEnglandfrom1798to1832.ItaddedimpetustothegrowthofRomanticisminAm.InEnglandthegeneralfeaturesoftheworksoftheromanticsisadissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissoci

34、ety.BritishRomanticisminspiredtheAmericanimagination.ThusAmericanRomanticismwasinawayderivative.2.itsdistinctfeature1)itwasinessencetheexpressionofarealnewexperienceForexample,theAmnationalexperienceofwesternexpansionwasarichfundofmaterialforAmwriters.TheywerequiteresponsivetothestimuluswhichAmlifeo

35、ffered.Theauthorsdescribedboththefrontier&theIndianlife.2)AmPuritanismservedasaculturalheritageinAmliteratureAmmoralvalueswereessentiallyPuritan.ItsinfluenceoveramRomanwasquitenoticeable.ManyAmRowriterstendedtomoralizemorethantheirEuropeanbrothers.Amauthorswerecarefulinapproachingsomesubjects,suchas

36、truelove,sexandlove.AmnewidealswerestrongenoughtoinspireRomanticspiritAmisanewlyindependentnationfromthecolonialrule.Thereremanynewideals.Itsidealsofindividualism,politicalequalityandAmdreamweredistinctlyAmerican.bothimitative&independentAsalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactors,AmRowasbothimitat

37、ive&independent.TherewerewriterswhomodeltheirworksupontheEnglishneoclassicalauthors.Fromotherwriterswecanseeavigorousliteraryindependenceisemerging.TheycalledforthecreationofanativeAmericanculture.WashingtonIrving(IrvingmodeledhimselfonGoldsmithsothatheisattimesknownas“theAmericanGoldsmith”)Hiscontr

38、ibutiontoAmericanliteratureisuniqueinmorewaysthanone.HedidanumberofthingsthathavebeenregardedasthefirstoftheirkindinAmerica.“AHistoryofNewYork”UnderthenameofDiedrichKnickerbocker“TheSketchBook”:-RipVanWinkleThisshortstoryarebasedonGermanfolktales,butIrvingchangedthesettingoftheoriginaltothenativeHud

39、sonrivervalley.TheLegendofSleepyHollowIchabodcraneshrewd,credulous,self-assertive,coward,commercialBombonesrough,vigorous,inwardlygoodTheyarerivalsinlove.Theyassumesthedimensionsoftwoethicalgroupslockedinakindofhistoricalconest.JamesFenimoreCoopertheAmScottHeinventedanewgenreofAmlitethehistoricalnov

40、elinasimilarwaywithWalterScott“LeatherstockingTales”Thefivenovelsofthetales:ThePioneers,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePrairie,ThePathfinder,TheDeerslayerthehistoricalsignificanceofthefivetalestheimportantthemeoftheThePioneers6.思考題：美國浪漫主義有什么特點(diǎn)清教主義對(duì)美國浪漫主義有什么影響Chapter3NewEnglandTranscendentalism(1836-1855)教學(xué)

41、的目的和要求：介紹美國超驗(yàn)主義，要求學(xué)生理解超驗(yàn)主義產(chǎn)生的背景，掌握超驗(yàn)主義的特點(diǎn)及兩位超驗(yàn)主義哲學(xué)家3.教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：超驗(yàn)主義的特點(diǎn)3.教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：清教主義對(duì)超驗(yàn)主義的影響4.教學(xué)內(nèi)容IIntroductionEmersonsNature(1836)pushedAmRotoanewphaseNewEnglandTranscendentalism.ItsthesummitofAmRomanticism.1.Backgroundmajorfeatures1)emphasisonSpiritortheOversoul2)theimportanceoftheindividual3)natureassymb

42、olicoftheSpiritofGodTheessenceofNewEnglandTranscendentalismaproductofthecombinationofforeigninfluences&nativePuritantradition1)foreigninfluence2)puritantraditionNewEnglandTranscendentalismwas,inactuality,RomanticismonthePuritansoil.(Comment:Transcendentalistbelievedinstinctorintuitionisthedeepestlev

43、elofmanssoul.Theytriedtofindtruththroughfeeling,ratherthanthroughlogic.Sotheywritenotinalogicalway.Wecansaytheyformedamovementoffeelings&beliefsratherthanasystemofphilosophy.)IILeadingwritersRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)Nature“self-Reliance”“Tobegreatistobemisunderstood”“TheAmericanScholar”AmericasDe

44、clarationofIntellectualIndependence(EmersonsTranscendentalism,withitsemphasisondemocraticindividualism,mayhaveprovidedanidealexplanationfortheconductandactivitiesofanexpandingcapitalistsociety.)HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)(HeisEmersonsjuniorbysome14years.In1845,hebulidacabinonWaldenPondandmovedinonJ

45、uly4,illustratinghisdesiretobeindependentandfindtruthforhimdelf.HewantedtomoveawayfromtherudhofAmericansociallifewhichwasgettingmoreandmorematerialisticoriented.)WaldonorLifeintheWoods“Civildisobedience”ThoughhelivedinWaldenPondforovertwoyears.Hewasbynomeansan“escapist”.Hedidntlikethewaymaterialisti

46、cAmericawasdeveloping.Hehatedhumaninjustice.HerefusedtopayapolltaxforUSwartoVietnamesetoAmericangovernmentwhichhethoughtunjust.Forthishewasdetainedforanightinjail.Thisincidentinspiredhimtowritethisfamousessay,whichadvocatedpassiveresistencetounjustlawsofsociety.Itsinfluence:1.AfterWWIinIndia,Gandhie

47、mployedthisessaytosupporthisantiBritishpassiveresistance.2.In1960sinAmerica,MartinLutherKingbasedhisstrategyofthenonviolentCivilRightsMovementonthesameessay.Alsoin1960sintheAnti-WarMovement,AmericanstudentsfightagainstUSwartoVietanam.Theyorganizetheirmovementas“Civildisobedience”思考題：清教主義對(duì)美國超驗(yàn)主義有什么影響

48、Chapter4Post-RomanticWriters1.教學(xué)的目的和要求：主要介紹后浪漫主義詩人與小說家，要求學(xué)生理解惠特曼與狄金森的主要詩作，掌握霍桑與麥爾維爾的作品及寫作特點(diǎn)，了解愛倫坡教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：主要后浪漫主義作家的作品及寫作特點(diǎn)教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：惠特曼與狄金森的主要詩作教學(xué)內(nèi)容：WaltWhitman1)lifeexperienceHewasbroughtupinaworkingclassfamilyonLongIsland,NY.Withlittleschooling,hereadalotanddidanumberofdifferentjobs.In1848,hetravelledtoNe

49、wOrleansandsawverymuchoftheMississippiheartlands.Thistriplaidasolidfoundationforhisawakeningaspoet.Thefirsteditionof“LeavesofGrass”in1855changedWhitmanfromaconventionalmanoflettersintooneofAmericasmostoriginalpoets.Thiseditionattractedlittleattentionfromliterarycircles.OnlyEmersonrespondedenthusiast

50、ically.HisappreciationencouragedWhitmantocontinuehiscareer.“LeavesofGrass”wentthrough9editionsaltogether,containingallofhis400-oddpoems.2)innovationsintechniquea.parallelism(平行結(jié)構(gòu))b.phoneticrecurrencec.freeverse,abandoningtraditionaliambicpentameter(詩行長(zhǎng)短不一，不押韻，不以傳統(tǒng)格律為頓挫單位，而是以短句、短語為頓挫單位。)(iambicpentam

51、eter:PastureImgongouttoclearthepasturespring;Illonlystoptoraketheleavesaway)SongofMyselfEmilyDickinson(1830-1886)ShewasbornintoaCalvinist(力口爾文教的)family.Calvinismwithitsdoctrineofpredestinationanditspessimismpressuredherandcoloredherworksothatherbasictonewastragic.Thelargestportionofherpoetryconcerns

52、deathandimmortality.ShesettleddowntoaNewEnglandvillagelifeandremainedsingleallherlife.Throughoutherlifeshejustlivedquietly.Shewrotealtogether1775poems,ofwhichonly7appearedinprintinherlifetime.Herfamilymembersevendidntknowshehadwrittensomanypoems.Beforeherdeath,shegaveallhermanuscripttohersisterandas

53、kedhertoburnitup.Butafterhersisterreadingthepoems,shedidnthavethehearttoburnitup.InthiswayDickinsonspoemswerehandeddown.WhenDickinsonwroteherpoems,shedidntaddanytitles.Shewrotethemspontaneously.Wheneditorsgotthempublishedafterherdeath,theychosethefirstlineofthepoemasitstitle,justasweseeineachpoem.Wi

54、ldNightsWildNightsWildNightsWildNightsWereIwiththeeWildnightsshouldbeOurLuxury!Notes:wild-stormy,thee-youItsastormynight.IfIcanstaywithyou,Iwouldconsiderstormynightsasourenjoyments!Itiscleartousthatthespeakeristalkingabouthislover.Ifonlyhecanstaywithher,hewillenjoyastormynightinsteadofdislikingit.We

55、canseehowintensehislove,howstronghisdesiretostaywithhislover.FutiletheWindsToaHeartinportDonewiththeCompassDonewiththechart!Notes:compass-aninstrumentforfindingdirectionsChart-adetailedmapoftheseaOurstayingtogethergivesusenoughsenseofsecurity,justasashipinport.Nomatterhowstrongthewindsare,wellnotbef

56、rightenedorharmed.Itsobviousthatashipinportneedntthehelpofacompassorachart.Similarly,ifwecanstaytogether,wellwantnothingelse.Tostaytogetherisourultimatewish.Fromthisanalogythereaderscanseehowsatisfiedandblissfulthespeakeristobewithhislover.RowinginEdenAh,thesea!MightIbutmoorTonightinthee!Notes:moor-

57、anchor,toattachaboat,shipetctoalandwitharope.Tome,ourstayingtogetherisjustlikerowingintheGardenofEden.TostaywithyoumakemefeelthatIamlivinginParadise.(averycare-free,relaxed,happylife)IregardyouastheseaandIastheboat.IwishIcananchortheboatintheseaport.HowIwanttostaywithyoutonight!譯文：狂風(fēng)夜，暴雨夜狂風(fēng)夜，暴雨夜！如果你

58、我在一起，狂風(fēng)暴雨夜，該是我們的洞天福地！風(fēng)兒再吹也徒勞，因?yàn)樾倪M(jìn)了港口已不再需要羅盤，已不再需要航圖。蕩槳在伊甸園中啊，這一片海洋！今晚哪，但愿我停泊進(jìn)你的海港！Inthispoemloveisexpressedinanunabashedmanner.Thetwoloverscoalesceintowildconsummatedlove.(WecanseethewayDickinsonwroteaboutloveisquiteoriginal.Sheneverimitatedothers.)ApparentlywithNoSurpriseApparentlywithnosurpriseToa

59、nyhappyFlowerTheFrostbeheadsitatitsplayInaccidentalpowerTheblondeAssassinpassesonThesunproceedsunmovedTomeasureoffanotherDayForanApprovingGodNotes:apparently-obviouslywithnosurprisenotsuddenly,(expectedly)Whathashappenedisntasurprise(isntunexpected)toanyhappyflower.beheadclutch,choke;accidentalhappe

60、ningbychance,notplanned(notintentional)blondewhite;assassinkiller;passoncontinue;Thewhitekillercontinueswithoutbeingstopped.Thesunproceedsunmoved:Thesunisapatheticandpaysnoattentiontothemurder.Weknowtheriseandfallofsunmarksaday.ThesunpaysnoattentiontothemurderoftheFrostandgoesonwithhisroutinelifetom