會計英語課件-1

1、Why do we learn Accounting English?What are the learning objectives of Accounting English?Is Accounting English difficult?1CHAPTER 1ACCOUNTING:THE BASIS FOR DECISIONS2Learning ObjectivesExplain the definition of accounting;Understand the basic function of accounting;Understand the types of accountin

2、g information;Ascertain the users of accounting information and know why they need the information;Have a general idea of the professional fields of accounting and their duties.3Definition of AccountingAccounting is an information system designed to record, classify and summarize systematically sign

3、ificant financial and other economic information about business firms, and analyses and interprets its results, with monetary unit as its main criterion. 4Different expresses about “ 企業(yè)” in English BusinessEnterpriseFirm Accounting 會計（學(xué)）Accountant 會計師Bean Counter 56Accounting: Information for Decisi

4、on MakingThe primary objective of accounting is to provide information that is useful for making decisions.Types of accountingFinancial AccountingManagement Accounting Tax Accounting7Financial AccountingFinancial position 財務(wù)狀況Result of operation 經(jīng)營成果Income tax returns 納稅申報Question:Whats the purpose

5、of financial accounting?8 Management AccountingBank account 銀行賬戶Owe to 欠債Question:Whats the purpose of management accounting?9Tax AccountingPrepare 編制Confirm to/with 與相一致Question:What functions does tax accounting encompass?10External usersInternal usersUsers of Accounting Information11Internal user

6、s of accounting informationQuestion:How to define internal users of accounting information?Who are internal users of accounting information?12Internal users of accounting informationMature = be due v.到期 Maturity n.到期Meet = pay off 償還Inventory 存貨Expense 費(fèi)用Revenue 收入Earnings = profits 利潤13Internal use

7、rs of accounting informationQuestion:Which decisions are to be made by internal users ?14External users of accounting informationWarranty obligations 保證責(zé)任Question:How to define external users of accounting information?Who are external users of accounting information? And who are the two primary exte

8、rnal users of accounting information? Which decisions are to be made by external users ?15Objectives of External Financial ReportingWholesale houses 批發(fā)商Debt-paying ability 償債能力Return on investment 投資回報Return of investment 投資回收16Profession Fields of Accountingprivate accountingpublic accounting accou

9、nting for governments and nonprofit organization17Public AccountingCPA (Certificated Public Accountants)CPA firm普華永道(Price Waterhouse Coopers，PwC)安永(Ernst&Young，E&Y)畢馬威(KPMG)德勤(Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu，DTT)安達(dá)信(Arthur Andersen)(已倒閉)ACCA (Association of Chartered Certificated Accountants)AICPA (Americ

10、an Institute of CPA)CICPA (Chinese Institute of CPA)18Auditing 審計，審計學(xué)Internal/external auditing Auditor19Private AccountingController 總會計師，會計主管Treasurer 財務(wù)主管Question:What are the responsibilities of accountants at the private business?20Accounting for Governments and Nonprofit Organizations21Merchan

11、dising Business ProductWal-MartGeneral merchandiseAInternet books, music, video retailerMajor Types of Businesses22Service Business ProductDisney EntertainmentMerrill Lynch Financial adviceMajor Types of Businesses23Manufacturing Business ProductBoeing PlanesFord Cars Major Types of Businesses24Ther

12、e are three types of business organizationsProprietorshipPartnershipCorporation25A sole proprietorship is owned by one individual. AdvantagesEasy formationLow cost of organizingtotal undivided authorityDisadvantageslimitation on size: fund raising powerUnlimited liabilitylife of entity: limited by o

13、wners choice or deathJoes 26A sole proprietorshipA sole proprietorship pays no separate income taxes. The owner merely adds any profits or subtracts any losses from the business when determining personal taxable income.This business form is widely used in service industry.27A partnership is owned by

14、 two or more individuals. AdvantagesRaise more fund than a sole proprietorship.Additional management skills.DisadvantagesUnlimited liability.life of entity: limited by owners choice or deathJoe and Martys 28A partnershipA partnership has two types: a general partnership and a limited partnership.In

15、a general partnership , all partners have unlimited liability for the debts of the firm. These partners are called general partners.29A corporation is organized under state or federal statutes as a separate legal entity.Advantagesseparate legal existencelimited liability of stockholderstransferabili

16、ty of ownership relatively easyDisadvantagesDouble taxation.Extensive governmental regulationJ & M, Inc. 3031Design of accounting systems會計制度設(shè)計包括會計核算制度，成本計算制度，內(nèi)部控制制度，會計工作組織制度。32Internal control and auditing內(nèi)部控制廣義的講是指企業(yè)的內(nèi)部管理控制系統(tǒng)，包括為保證企業(yè)正常經(jīng)營所采取的一系列必要的管理措施，貫穿于企業(yè)經(jīng)營活動的各個方面。內(nèi)部審計同樣是一種內(nèi)部控制，是服務(wù)于經(jīng)營管理的。33內(nèi)部審計對

17、內(nèi)部控制的作用內(nèi)部審計人員參與內(nèi)部控制的制定內(nèi)部審計人員監(jiān)督內(nèi)部控制的執(zhí)行并對其進(jìn)行評價內(nèi)部審計在實際工作中獨(dú)立于內(nèi)部控制內(nèi)控的設(shè)計、執(zhí)行、檢查和評估首先是經(jīng)營管理部門的職責(zé)，而內(nèi)部審計是在經(jīng)營管理部門基礎(chǔ)上的再監(jiān)督。34What Is Accounting?The scope of accounting include first identifying economic events, then measuring, recording ,summarizing ,and reporting the information to users.Accounting covers a broa

18、der scope of activities than bookkeeping.summarization35Exhibit 1-1 Present the flow of information in an accounting system.Decision MakingEconomic EventsReports36What is bookkeeping?Bookkeeping is only the part of accounting that records transactions and events .Accounting includes the analysis and

19、 interpretation of accounting information intended to be used by both external and internal users in making economic decisions.37New Words, Phrases and Special TermsAccounting: the art or system of keeping and analyzing financial records 會計:指財務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)的記錄、分類、匯總、計量和報告。主要用于反映企業(yè)的財務(wù)狀況和經(jīng)營成果，以及經(jīng)營過程中的控制和經(jīng)營決策的制定。

20、大中型企業(yè)的會計工作通常由主計長(controller)負(fù)責(zé)，其負(fù)責(zé)的工作范圍一般包括財務(wù)會計(financial accounting/external account)、管理會計(management/managerial accounting/internal accounting)、數(shù)據(jù)處理(data processing)、內(nèi)部審計(internal audit)、預(yù)算編制(budgeting)、稅務(wù)會計(tax accounting)和財務(wù)分析(financial analysis)等項內(nèi)容。 會計學(xué)：闡述會計理論與實務(wù)的一門學(xué)科。38New Words, Phrases and

21、Special TermsAudit:An independent examination of ,and the subsequent expression of opinion on ,the financial statements of an organization.This involves the auditor in collecting evidence by means of compliance tests(符合性測試) and substantive tests(實質(zhì)性測試).39New Words, Phrases and Special TermsExternal

22、audits are required under statute for limited companies by the Companies Act and for various other undertakings, such as housing associations and building societies ,by other acts of parliament. 40New Words, Phrases and Special TermsInternal audits are performed by auditors within an organization ,u

23、sually an independent department ,such as an internal-audit department.Internal auditors examine various areas, including financial and non-financial concerns ,with emphasis on ensuring that internal controls are working effectively. Internal auditors may assist the external auditor of an organizati

24、on.41New Words, Phrases and Special TermsNon-statutory audits (非法定審計)can be performed at the request of the owners, members ,or trustees of an undertaking ,for example.Forms of financial statements ,other than the annual accounts, may also be audited; for example, summaries of sales made by an organ

25、ization.42New Words, Phrases and Special TermsAuditing: 審計:指有系統(tǒng)地審查會計記錄和經(jīng)營效率。審查者通常是與被審核單位無利害關(guān)系的獨(dú)立審計師。獨(dú)立審計師將審查結(jié)果報告給股東和債權(quán)人，以保護(hù)他們在企業(yè)單位中權(quán)益不受侵害。目前，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)國家大多數(shù)大型企業(yè)都進(jìn)行年度審計，并且已經(jīng)成為常規(guī)，有不少企業(yè)按按季或按月進(jìn)行審計。除上述外部審計外，企業(yè)內(nèi)部亦需要進(jìn)行審計，借以防止舞弊行為和提高所屬業(yè)務(wù)部門的經(jīng)營效率。 審計學(xué):會計學(xué)的一個分支，以審查會計記錄和經(jīng)營效率作為研究對象。43New Words, Phrases and Special Ter

26、msexternal audit 外部審計不是由企業(yè)內(nèi)部審計師，而是由注冊公共會計師進(jìn)行審計。主要檢查的對象是企業(yè)的年度會計報表。經(jīng)過公共會計師簽證的年度會計報表，才能夠被社會公眾所信賴。投資人和債權(quán)人需依據(jù)已審核的年度會計報表所反映的財務(wù)狀況和經(jīng)營成果，制定投資和信貸決策。internal audit 內(nèi)部審計或稱責(zé)任審計(responsibility audit)。指由企業(yè)內(nèi)部專職審計人員所進(jìn)行的審計。大中型企業(yè)通常設(shè)置內(nèi)部審計部門，其主要審計內(nèi)容是檢查企業(yè)的內(nèi)部控制制度(internal control system)是否正常執(zhí)行，會計記錄是否健全和完整，以及是否存在貪污舞弊情況等。44

27、New Words, Phrases and Special TermsCost accounting :成本會計Tax accounting :稅務(wù)會計Budgetary accounting :預(yù)算會計Governmental and not-for-profit accounting :政府及非營利組織會計Human resources accounting : 人力資源會計Environmental accounting :環(huán)境會計Social accounting：社會會計International accounting ：國際會計Tax returns:納稅申報單45Sentenc

28、esAccounting is an information system necessitated by the great complexity of modern business.One of the most important functions of accounting is to accumulate and report financial information that shows an organizations financial position and the results of its operations to its interested users.4

29、6SentencesBanks and other creditors must consider the financial strength of a business before permitting it to borrow funds .Also, many laws require that extensive financial information be reported to the various levels of government.47SentencesTo meet the needs of the external users ,a framework of

30、 accounting standards, principles and procedures known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) have been developed to insure the relevance and reliability of the accounting information contained in these external financial reports.48SentencesThe subdivision of the accounting process that

31、produces these external reports is referred to as financial accounting .會計過程中形成這類對外報告的分支，稱為財務(wù)會計。49SentencesFor example, tax accounting encompasses the preparation of tax returns and the consideration of the tax consequences of proposed business transactions or alternative courses of action.50Individ

32、ualsBusinessesInvestors and CreditorsGovernment Regulatory AgenciesTaxing AuthoritiesNonprofit OrganizationsDECISION MAKERS WHO USE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION51Financial accounting provides information to managers and people outside the firmFinancial accounting information must meet certain standards of

33、 relevance and reliabilityManagement accounting generates confidential information for internal decision makers, e.g., Top executivesDepartment headsFINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING52Reading MaterialGenerally accepted accounting principles(GAAP):公認(rèn)會計原則Accounting entity:會計主體Going concern:持續(xù)經(jīng)營Measuring unit:計量單位Historical cost：歷史成本Objectivity:客觀性53Reading MaterialAccounting entry:會計分錄Financial accounting standards board: FASB財務(wù)會計準(zhǔn)則委員會Committee on Accounting Procedure: CAP會計程序委員會Accounting P