英語學(xué)案獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

1、2014屆二輪復(fù)習(xí)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)案編寫人：馬玉紅 一【考綱解讀】2014年湖北省高考補(bǔ)充說明中明確規(guī)定命題第四部分第一節(jié)仍為完成句子形式,該題著重考查英語語法,而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)和with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是很重要的考查部分.結(jié)合近幾年高考題我們就可明白其重要性.例如:（07湖北省高考題）31. They sat together around the table, with (門關(guān)著). (shut)思路分析 此題的答案為 the door shut。該題考查的是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即 with +賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語，補(bǔ)足語一般為六種形式。而with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在全國卷或其他省市高考中也多次

2、考到.(07高考全國卷1）At the beginning of class, the noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard outside the classroom.(be)(開關(guān)桌的噪音)（08北京西城測試）The best part given to Peter,John was so disappointed that he felt unwilling to continue his taking part in the play.(give)(最好的角色給了Peter)(08東北三校二模)I was scare

3、d and feeling pretty anxious, this being my first time in a new country.(first)(這是我第一次)二【知識講解】1.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的定義獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由一個(gè)名詞或代詞（稱為邏輯主語）加上非謂語動詞、名詞、形容詞（副）詞、或介詞短語構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立成分。常在句中作狀語或定語。該結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，也不是從句，所以它內(nèi)部的動詞不能考慮其時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，它與其主句之間既不能通過并列連詞連接也不能用從句引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)，常用逗號與其主句隔開。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在很多情況下可以轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語從句或其他狀語形式，但很多時(shí)候不能轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞形式，因

4、為它內(nèi)部動詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致。2結(jié)構(gòu)組成及用法獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu):名詞或代詞+名詞此結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于補(bǔ)充說明某一情況或表示某一方式。I received many gifts, many of them books.我收到了很多禮物，其中很多是書籍。名詞或代詞+形容詞（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)） Arriving at the spot, they were all standing in surprise face to face, eyes wide open. 一到現(xiàn)場，他們都面對面吃驚地站著，眼睛睜得大大的。（3）名詞或代詞+副詞 Music over , all the audience stood

5、 up with fits of applause.（音樂結(jié)束了） Nobody in, I had to wait.（里面一個(gè)人都沒有） We fell asleep, all the lights on .燈都亮著)（4）名詞或代詞+介詞短語Many experts attended the conference, most of them from the States.(=and most of them were from the States.)很多專家參加了這次會議，其中大多數(shù)來自美國。The boy went off, a pinwheel in his hand. (=and

6、 a pinwheel was in his hand.)小男孩手里拿著一個(gè)風(fēng)車走了。（注意：此時(shí)往往將獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的冠詞或物主代詞都省略。Whitney came in ,(a) smile on (his) face.（5）名詞或代詞+不定式（表示還未發(fā)生的動作）如果句子主語就是不定式動作執(zhí)行者時(shí)用不定式的主動形式，否則用被動。如：So much homework to do ,the boy feels annoyed.(男孩就是動作的執(zhí)行者)So many letters to be typed, the manager is very busy at present.(通常不是經(jīng)理

7、打印信件而是他的秘書) His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）will you go to the concert tonight ? 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？sorry., So many exercise-books to check, I really cant afford any time.對不起，有這多的作業(yè)要批改，我真的抽不出時(shí)間

8、。（Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really cant afford any time.）The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。（The four of us agreed on a division of labor and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,

9、flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 種上許多的樹，花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)校將看上去更美。(=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)（6）名詞或代詞+Ving（此時(shí)的名詞或代詞是動作的執(zhí)行者）Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. （表時(shí)

10、間）每個(gè)人都準(zhǔn)備好后，老師開始上課。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting, everyone being seated. .每個(gè)人坐好后，主席開始開會。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句after everyone was seated） The boy leading the way , we had no trouble finding the strange cave.（表原因）由那個(gè)男孩帶路，我們沒有困難就找到了那 奇怪的洞。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句Because the boy led the wa

11、y） Many eyes watching him , he felt a bit nervous. 許多眼睛看著他，他感到有點(diǎn)兒緊張。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him）必背：含有being的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是國慶節(jié),街上很擁擠。=,As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to disc

12、uss, we all went home. 沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.(表?xiàng)l件)時(shí)間允許的話，我們下星期將進(jìn)行一次野炊。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康許可的話，我愿工作到深夜。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句If my health al

13、lows）The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.(表方式)學(xué)生們快樂地在學(xué)校里走著，每個(gè)人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）(7)

14、名詞或代詞+Ved（此時(shí)的名詞或代詞是動作的執(zhí)行對象）與邏輯主語+動詞的-ing形式一樣，如果-ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.該書是用簡單英語寫的，英語初學(xué)者也能看懂。= As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, th

15、eir living conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixe

16、d on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months leave.任務(wù)完成以后，他休了兩個(gè)月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months leave.）解題技巧：先判斷結(jié)構(gòu)中動作是否發(fā)生，如還未發(fā)生，用不定式。若已發(fā)生，再看邏輯主語是動作執(zhí)行者還是動作執(zhí)行對象，若是前者用doing 或having done，doing主要強(qiáng)調(diào)與主句謂語動詞的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，沒有間隔。Having done 強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。若是后者，用done ,同時(shí)，為

17、了強(qiáng)調(diào)某動作正在被進(jìn)行用being done，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作已被執(zhí)行用having been done或done, having been done 主要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動作先于謂語動詞的動作，如果沒有很明顯的先后順序，動作是緊接著的，done 可與having been done 互換。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經(jīng)處理

18、好了， 經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個(gè)動作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個(gè)動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的.All flights（ having been ）cancelled, because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but wait.(cance

19、l) 所有的航班都被取消With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) A. with+名詞或代詞+形容詞He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服濕透了。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：在“with+名詞或代詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式

20、或-ed形式。With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。With his father well-known, the boy didnt want to study.父親如此出名，兒子不想讀書。B with+名詞或代詞+副詞Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的燈都打開時(shí)，我們的學(xué)?？瓷先ジ?。= Our school looks even more beautiful when all the

21、lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父親在前，小孩在后走著。= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C with+名詞或代詞+介詞短語He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand./a computer in his hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。= He stood at the door, and a compu

22、ter was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth./a pen in his mouth.文森特坐在課桌前，嘴里銜著一支筆。= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D with+名詞或代詞+動詞的-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。= When his home

23、work was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信號發(fā)出了，火車開始起動了。= After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.工作還沒完成，我不敢回家。= I wouldnt dare go home because the job was not finished.E with+名詞或代詞+動詞的-ing形式The man felt very

24、 happy with so many children sitting around him.有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍，那男子感到很高興。= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing,

25、 he slipped through the window. 他趁沒人注意的時(shí)候，從窗口溜走了。= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F with+名詞或代詞+動詞不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做，小男孩看上去很不開心。= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so man

26、y places of interest to visit. 有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：在with/without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再多說一句話3獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中除了能充當(dāng)狀語外，還能作定語。在形式上，“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗號

27、與主句隔開。A作狀語獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句或并列分句。1表示時(shí)間Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降臨，我們在一家小旅館住了下來。（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他們才開始吃飯。（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinne

28、r.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home. 所需要的都買好后，格雷斯打的回家了。（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2表示原因With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 有許多難題要解決，新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。（= As he has a lot of difficult pr

29、oblems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由于在半夜沒有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3表示條件Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports mee

30、ting next week.如果天氣允許的話，我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運(yùn)動會。（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can have a rest. 所有工作做好后，你可以休息。（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）Everything taken into consideration, your plan seems to be more practical. 如果

31、從各方面考慮，你的計(jì)劃似乎更實(shí)際些 。（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：表示時(shí)間、原因、條件的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首，并且不能保留連詞。【誤】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下課了，學(xué)生都離開了教室?！菊`】The moon appearing and they

32、continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出來了，他們繼續(xù)趕路。4表示伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那個(gè)奇怪的男人在街上走著,手里拿著根手杖。（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in, wi

33、th his hands tied behind his back.殺人犯被帶了進(jìn)來，手被捆在背后。（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 有兩百人在事故中喪生，其中許多是兒童。（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）B作定語獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)

34、定語從句。He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾the person)他就是有許多問題要解決的那個(gè)人。= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾bottle)你可以使用一個(gè)頂部被砍掉的大塑料瓶。 = You can use a large plastic bottl

35、e whose top was cut off. He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides. 他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。 (without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾the road ) = He was walking along the road that didnt have any street lights on its both sides.I live in the building, its top well above the others.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語修飾the

36、 building)Close to the bank, we saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.( 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語修飾deep pools)提示：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的否定形式名詞或代詞+名詞，變換修飾詞，使用帶否定意義的修飾詞。 I received many gifts, few of them books.(很少有書)（2）名詞或代詞+形容詞或副詞，通常將形容詞或副詞改成它的否定形式。 Music not over, he cant leave the hall. He unhappy, his classmates dare not

37、irritate him. He anxious to know the truth, we cant hold back it any more.(3) 名詞或代詞+分詞,通常將分詞前直接notHis homework not done, he cant have a rest.4獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與with的異同及注意事項(xiàng)(1)with 屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的一種,以上結(jié)構(gòu)除了第一種加上with 成了with 的簡單結(jié)構(gòu)，其他6種都直接可以加上with,變成with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。(2)with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中沒有being done 和having been done 的形式，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中有,但be

38、ing 和having been 常省略。 (3)當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中being done 表示“正在被做時(shí)”，being 不可省略。 (4)當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是it, there時(shí)，being 常不可省略。 Eg: There being no time left, we had to speed up. It being fine, we can go to the beach.(5)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞+形容詞的形式，通常情況下，表天氣，時(shí)間，距離，健康等多帶being. He being late, he was fired by the boss. Mother being

39、ill, she had to stay at home.5獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語作狀語的異同1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語從句。但是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句后，有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。例： If time permits, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Time permitting，wed better have a rest at this weekend.如果時(shí)間允許，本周末我們最好休息一下。 When we see from the top floo

40、r, we can find the garden more beautiful. Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 從頂樓上看，花園更漂亮。2、 還應(yīng)該注意，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致，而是主句的其他成分。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語，語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例： Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表，用了我很長時(shí)間。(依著原則) When plan

41、ting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root. (我們)種花時(shí)必須小心，不能碰壞花根。（懸垂分詞）6、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同1、有的分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，實(shí)際上已經(jīng)成了習(xí)慣短語。這些短語有：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。例： Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的來說，這個(gè)規(guī)則很容易懂。 Judging from

42、 what he said, she must be an honest girl. 根據(jù)他所說的，她一定很誠實(shí)。2 、有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨(dú)立成分。這些短語有：to be honest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be frank; to make the matter worse等等。例： To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion. 說實(shí)話，我在會上說

43、的并不是我的意見。 To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car. 更糟糕的是，他把鑰匙鎖在車?yán)锪?【鞏固練習(xí)】(with )so many problems to settle,(如此多的問題要解決)I am afraid, I cant go hiking with you this weekend.(settle)with more and more people moving in (隨著越來越多的人的遷入)，New York has become a real “melt pot”.(with)He lay on th

44、e grass with his arms crossed under his head.(手臂交叉放在頭下)(with)(With )time going by /As time goes by (隨著時(shí)間的流逝)，her hair turned grey.(go)With the new book to be published ,(新書即將出版) the author is very busy at present.(with, publish)(With) the price cut down,(價(jià)格下降)more and more families in China can affo

45、rd cars.(cut)Jenny sat motionless in front of the TV set, with her eyes fixed 0n the screen.(fix)眼睛盯著熒屏）With the boy leading the way(由那個(gè)男孩帶路)，we had no difficulty in finding your house.(lead)(With )(all)his money running out (他的錢用光了)，the lazy middle-aged man began to steal others money in the city.(

46、run)The little girl came to a scream with red flowers and green grass on both sides.(兩岸長著紅花綠草)（side）The girl was crying sadly in her room, with her head buried under the pillow.(頭放在枕頭下)（bury）Mother being ill (因?yàn)椴×?，she had to stay at home looking after her.(ill)(With)the problems solved(As the probl

47、ems were solved),(隨著問題的解決)the quality has been improved.(solve)Weather permitting,（天氣許可）we will climb the hill.(permit)The children went home from the grammar school, (with)their lessons finished for the day.(一天的功課完成了)（finish）All flights (having been) cancelled(已被取消)，because of the snowstorm ,many p

48、assengers could do nothing but wait.(cancel)(with)The heavy storm dying down ,(暴風(fēng)雨減弱)everyone on the island felt released.(die)The famous actress came onto the stage with her boy friend accompanying her(她的男朋友陪伴她)。（accompany）Everything taken into consideration (考慮到)，he thinks this is the best solutio

49、n.(consideration )With the/his wound tied up (包扎好傷口)，the soldiers stopped bleeding and soon became conscious.(tie)With a deadly typhoon breaking out (隨著一場致命臺風(fēng)的爆發(fā))，more than 600 people were listed as either dead or missing on August the 21st,2009,in Taiwan.(break)There being no point (沒有意義)in working for my PHD,I was convinced that I should get engaged first.(point)The mine explosion in Heilong Jiang province caused 104 deaths, with four other miners still trapped u