參考nju課程organizational management成善泠

1、Chapter 11.CommunicationTuesday, 2:00pm 4:00pmInstructor: Sun Young Sung (成善泠） New Seating Arrangement15-20 minute presentation6/16Group 1,2,36/23Group 4,5,6,7Schedule of PresentationTeam Project GuidelineFor topics, please refer to syllabus p.3 and p.5Should be related to OB areastheory-basedcase d

2、evelopmentuse the most effective and attractive way to convey your message (e.g., multi-media, video.)Project EvaluationCreativityQuality / Soundness of IdeasClear link to OB concepts/theoriesPresentation style /organization structureWritten Report & PPT: Due date: 6/26 midnight by e-mail10 page lim

3、it (main text only, excluding references, tables, graphs, appendices, etc.)1 inch margin all sides, 12-pitch Times New Roman font, double spaced throughout. Functions of CommunicationCommunicationThe transference and understanding of meaningCommunication FunctionsControl member behaviorFoster motiva

4、tion for what is to be doneProvide a release for emotional expressionProvide information needed to make decisionsThe Communication ProcessCommunication ProcessThe steps between a source and a receiver that result in the transference and understanding of meaningCommunication ProcessEncoding translati

5、ng thought to messageThe Message what is communicatedThe Channel the medium the message travels throughDecoding the receivers action in making sense of the messageNoise things that interfere with the messageFeedback a return message regarding the initial communicationInterpersonal CommunicationOral

6、CommunicationAdvantages: Speed and feedback.Disadvantage: Distortion of the message.Written CommunicationAdvantages: Tangible and verifiable.Disadvantages: Time consuming and lacks feedback.Nonverbal CommunicationAdvantages: Supports other communications and provides observable expression of emotion

7、s and feelings.Disadvantage: Misperception of body language or gestures can influence receivers interpretation of message.Nonverbal CommunicationBody MovementUnconscious motions that provide meaningShows extent of interest in another and relative perceived status differencesIntonations and Voice Emp

8、hasisThe way something is said can change meaningFacial ExpressionsShow emotionPhysical Distance between Sender and ReceiverDepends on cultural normsCan express interest or statusDirection of CommunicationCEOVPMgrMgrVPMgrMgrDOWNWARDUPWARDLATERALSmall-Group NetworksChain:Rigidly follows the chain of

9、commandWheel:Relies on a central figure to act as the conduit for all communicationTeam with a strong leaderAll Channel:All group members communicate actively with each otherSelf-managed teamsSmall-Group Networks and Effectiveness CriteriaElectronic Communications: E-mailE-mailAdvantages: quickly wr

10、itten, sent, and stored; low cost for distributionDisadvantages: Messages are easily and commonly misinterpretedNot appropriate for sending negative messagesOverused and overloading readersRemoves inhibitions and can cause emotional responses and flamingDifficult to “get” emotional state understood

11、emoticons Non-private: e-mail is often monitored and may be forwarded to anyoneElectronic Comms: Text MessagingForms of “real time” communication of short messages that often use portable communication devices.Explosive growth in business useFast and inexpensive means of communicationCan be intrusiv

12、e and distractingEasily “hacked” with weak security Can be seen as too informalInstant MessagingImmediate e-mail sent to receivers desktop or deviceText MessagesShort messages typically sent to cell phones or other handheld devicesElectronic Comms: Networking SoftwareLinked systems organically sprea

13、d throughout the nation and world that can be accessed by a PC Includes:Social networks like MySpace and FacebookProfessional networks like Zoominfo and ZiggsCorporate networks such as IBMs BluePages Key Points:These are public spaces anyone can see what you postCan be used for job application scree

14、ningAvoid “overstimulating” your contactsElectronic Comms: Blogs and VideoconferencingBlogs: Web sites about a single person (or entity) that are typically updated dailyA popular, but potentially dangerous activity:Employees may post harmful information Such comments may be cause for dismissalCan be

15、 against company policy to post in a blog during company time and on company equipment/connectionsVideoconferencing: uses live audio and video Internet streaming to create virtual meetingsNow uses inexpensive webcams and laptops in place of formal videoconferencing roomsChallenges of Virtual Teams A

16、bsence of traditional communicative cuesMore chances of misunderstanding and conflictDiminished sense of physical and social presenceReduced social pressure/status differences Dynamic, fluid membershipChoice of Communication ChannelThe model of “media richness” helps explain an individuals choice of

17、 communication channelChannels vary in their capacity to convey informationA “rich” channel is one that can:Handle multiple cues simultaneouslyFacilitate rapid feedbackBe very personalChoice depends on whether the message is routine High-performing managers tend to be very media-sensitiveCommunicati

18、on ChannelsLow channel richnessHigh channel richnessRoutine Nonroutine Barriers to CommunicationFilteringA senders manipulation of information so that it will be seen more favorably by the receiver.Selective PerceptionPeople selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, backgr

19、ound, experience, and attitudes.Information OverloadA condition in which information inflow exceeds an individuals processing capacity.Barriers to CommunicationEmotionsHow a receiver feels at the time a message is received will influence how the message is interpreted.LanguageWords have different me

20、anings to different people.Communication ApprehensionUndue tension and anxiety about oral communication, written communication, or both.Communication: Men vs. WomenMen use talk to emphasize status; women use it to create connection.Men use dialogue to persuade; women use dialogue to achieve understa

21、nding.Men criticize women for apologizing, but women say “Im sorry” to express empathy.Men more often use “I” statements (e.g., “I did this” and “I did that”) and are more likely to boast about their achievements than women.Communication: Men vs. WomenMen are less likely to indicate that they are un

22、certain about an issue and less likely to ask questions than women.Men offer direct and blunt feedback and are stingy with praise; women tend to temper criticism with praise and are generous with praise.Men are indirect when it comes to admitting fault or when they dont know something; women are ind

23、irect when telling others what to do.Politically Correct “PC” CommunicationCommunication so concerned with being inoffensive that meaning and simplicity are lost or free expression is hamperedCertain words do stereotype, intimidate, and insultIn a highly diverse workforce this is problematic:“Garbag

24、e” es “post-consumer waste materials”“Quotas” e “educational equity”“Women” e “people of gender”Such non-standard sanitizing of potentially offensive words can reduce the clarity of messagesGlobal ImplicationsCross-cultural factors increase communication difficultiesCultural Barriers:Semantics: some

25、 words arent translatableWord Connotations: some words imply multiple meanings beyond their definitionsTone Differences: the acceptable level of formality of languagePerception Differences: language affects worldviewCultural Context: The importance of social context to meaningLow-context cultures (l

26、ike the U.S.) rely on words for meaningHigh-context cultures gain meaning from the whole situationCross-Cultural CommunicationCultural BarriersSemanticsWord connotationsTone differencesDifferences among perceptionsCultural GuideAssume differences until similarity is proven.Emphasize description rather than interpretation or evaluation.Practice empathy. Treat your interpretations as a working hypothesis. HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURESMost information drawn from surroundings. Very litt