怎樣寫好英文類畢業(yè)論文的目錄

1、怎樣寫好英文類畢業(yè)論文的目錄英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文目錄（Contents） 是論文撰寫的一個有機組成部分，可視為論文的一扇窗口，它不僅映射論文的主要內(nèi)容，而且反映論文的學(xué)術(shù)質(zhì)量甚至學(xué)術(shù)價值。因此，切不可小看論文目錄的撰寫。然而，在指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)論文的寫作過程中，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)不少學(xué)生撰寫的目錄存在比重失調(diào)、層次不清、結(jié)構(gòu)混亂等不規(guī)范現(xiàn)象。那么如何才能撰寫好英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的目錄呢？ 經(jīng)分析研究，筆者認為，明確格式是前提，理清層次是基礎(chǔ)，統(tǒng)一體例是保障。本文就此分述如下。一、明確目錄格式。英語論文目錄格式盡管因?qū)W校要求有所不同，但大同小異?？傮w說來，目錄格式以分層次均衡排列為佳，否則會造成比重失調(diào)，下級標(biāo)題項數(shù)要

2、么不均衡，要么欠完整。例如一篇題為“Difference Between Chineseand Western Dietary Culture”的論文目錄：1. Introduction 12. Different Dietary History 22. 1 History of American cooking 32. 1. 1 Food in American culuture 32. 2 History of Chinese cooking 42. 2. 1 Food in Chinese culutre 43. Different Dietary Concept 53. 1Sumptu

3、ous and luxurious feasts vs. simple and plain meals63. 2Collctivism vs. individualism 74. Different Table Etiquette 84. 1 Attendance time 94. 2 Table taboos 104. 3 Tableware 115. Conclusion 12Bibliography13此目錄中盡管一級標(biāo)題和二級標(biāo)題格式正確，但三級標(biāo)題不當(dāng)，即在2. Different Dietary History下的2. 1 Historyof American cooking和2.

4、 2 History of Chinese cooking分別只有一項三級標(biāo)題：2. 1. 1 Food in American culture和2. 2. 1 Foodin Chinese culture.按照MLA科研論文寫作規(guī)范，目錄中標(biāo)題數(shù)字和字母標(biāo)號應(yīng)一致，若無項數(shù)2就不應(yīng)使用項數(shù)1,若無項數(shù)b就不應(yīng)使用項數(shù)a.上例中的三級標(biāo)題2. 1. 1和2. 2. 1恰恰與之相悖。當(dāng)目錄下級標(biāo)題出現(xiàn)一個時，應(yīng)采用合并，將其整合歸屬于其上級標(biāo)題。這樣，不妨將該目錄的2. 1. 1和2. 2. 1直接刪去。經(jīng)此刪改后，會使目錄各級標(biāo)題均衡得當(dāng)。再如一篇題為“Language Features of

5、 AdvertisingEnglish”的論文目錄：1. Introduction 11. 1 Rationale of the study 11. 2 Definition of advertising 12. Lexical Features 12. 1 Classification of advertising and its audience 22. 2 Similarities at the lexical level 32. 3 Differences at the lexical level 63. Syntactical Features 83. 1 Similarities

6、93. 2 Differences 104. Discourse Features 115. Conclusion 12Bibliography13該目錄一級標(biāo)題中的2. Lexical Features和3. Syntac-tical Features都有二級標(biāo)題闡述其異同，但其中的4.Discourse Features下的二級標(biāo)題空缺，致使目錄中二級標(biāo)題不完整。就此問題，英語寫作手冊一書中指出： 論述甲的項目多于論述乙的項目（ 如：I. A,B,C,D;II. A,B） ,這是比較與對照文章的一個常犯的錯誤。筆者認為，該目錄中的這種二級標(biāo)題完全空缺也可歸屬該類常犯錯誤。為使該目錄完整，可

7、再在其4. Discourse Features下增補4. 1 Similarities和4. 2 Differences兩個二級標(biāo)題即可。二、理清層次關(guān)系。在撰寫目錄的同時，還應(yīng)注重理清層次關(guān)系，即：遵循同級標(biāo)題表達同一層次相互并列內(nèi)容的原則進行排列各級標(biāo)題，不然就會出現(xiàn)層次混淆、脈絡(luò)不清等問題。例如一篇題為“Cultural Similarities and Differ-ences of Connotations Between Chinese and English Ani-mal Vocabulary”的論文目錄：1. Introduction 12. The Significanc

8、e of Comparison and Contrast of Animal WordsBetween English and Chinese 13. The Similarities and Differences of Animal Words BetweenEnglishand Chinese 23. 1 The similarities of animal words between Enlgish andChinese 23. 1. 1 The same word in two languages expressing thesame meaning 33. 1. 2 The sam

9、e cultural connotation of different animalwords 43. 2 The differences of animal words between English andChinese 43. 2. 1 National cultural characters of animal words 53. 2. 2 Culutral differences of animal words betweenEnglishand Chinese 73. 2. 2. 1 Good sense in English but bad in Chinese 73. 2. 2

10、. 2 Good sense in Chinese but bad in English 83. 3 Losses of cultural connotations in different languages93. 3. 1 The word rich in English cultural denotative meaningbut poor in Chinese 93. 3. 2 The word rich in Chinese cultural denotativemeaningbut poor in English 104. The Importance of Knowlege Ab

11、out Cultuarl Similarities andDifferences 105. Conclusion 11Bibliography12本目錄的問題在于層次多處混淆。一是3. TheSimilarities and Differences of Animal Words Between English andChinese這個一級標(biāo)題與該論文題名大體相似，這與題名應(yīng)大于一級標(biāo)題的觀點不相符。同樣，3. 2. 2 Culu-tral differences of animal words between English and Chinese這個三級標(biāo)題與3. 2 The differ

12、ences of animal words between Eng-lish and Chinese這個二級標(biāo)題大體相同，也不規(guī)范。二是2. The Significance of Comparison and Contrast of AnimalWords Between English and Chinese和4. The Importance ofKnowledge About Cultuarl Similarities and Differences這兩個一級標(biāo)題意思相近，內(nèi)容重疊，且無下級標(biāo)題。三是3. 3Losses of cultural connotations in diff

13、erent languages這個二級標(biāo)題與另外兩個同級標(biāo)題3. 1 The similarities of animal wordsbetween English and Chinese和3. 2 The differences of animalwords between English and Chinese在內(nèi)容上不屬于相互并列的同一層次，而從屬于3. 2 The differences of animal wordsbetween English and Chinese.3. 2. 1 National cultural charactersof animal words這個三級標(biāo)題

14、與同級標(biāo)題3. 2. 2 Culutraldifferences of animal words between English and Chinese也非并列關(guān)系。根據(jù)Gibaldi的觀點，目錄標(biāo)題之間的關(guān)系不是并列關(guān)系就是從屬關(guān)系。并列關(guān)系用于表達同等重要的思想，從屬關(guān)系則表述不同等級的思想。為此，筆者認為，可采用刪減、整合和理順等方法理清目錄層次不清的問題。刪減在此是指把與論文題名或與上級標(biāo)題相同的標(biāo)題直接刪去。這樣刪減一級標(biāo)題3和三級標(biāo)題3.2. 2后，再對其下屬各級標(biāo)題分別作相應(yīng)的提升，從而避免了一級標(biāo)題與論文題名的混淆，同時也避免了下級標(biāo)題與上級標(biāo)題的混淆。整合在此是指把兩個同級關(guān)

15、聯(lián)的標(biāo)題合并為一。Marius和Wiener指出： 一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有重疊或重復(fù)就要刪減，或找出更佳表達方法。此處可采用整合法，即將原2. The Significance of Comparison and Contrast of Animal WordsBetween English and Chinese合 并 入1. Introduction; 將 原4. The Importance of Knowlege About Cultuarl Similarities andDifferences合并入原5. Conclusion,并將序號作相應(yīng)調(diào)整。這樣，在Introduction中引出英漢動物

16、詞匯之比較對照的重要性，在Conclusion中總結(jié)英漢動物詞匯的文化異同，引言和結(jié)論相互照應(yīng)，既避免了同級標(biāo)題的重疊，又避免了比重失調(diào)的問題。理順在此是指理順隸屬關(guān)系或并列關(guān)系。從邏輯上講，原3. 3 Losses of cultural connotations in different languages二級標(biāo)題應(yīng)從屬于The differences of animal words betweenEnglish and Chinese.原3. 2. 2. 1 Good sense in English but badin Chinese和原3. 2. 2. 2 Good sense in

17、 Chinese but bad in Eng-lish應(yīng)從屬于原3. 2. 1 National cultural characters of animalwords作此調(diào)整后，各級標(biāo)題關(guān)系明確，層次清楚。經(jīng)修改后的目錄如下：1. Introduction 12. The Similarities of Animal Words Between Enlgish and Chinese22. 1 The same word in two languages expressing the samemeaning 32. 2 The same cultural connotation of dif

18、ferent animal words43. The Differences of Animal Words Between English and Chinese43. 1 National cultural characters of animal words 53. 1. 1 Good sense in English but bad in Chinese 73. 1. 2 Good sense in Chinese but bad in English 83. 2 Losses of cultural connotations in different languages 93. 2.

19、 1 The word rich in English cultural denotative meaningbut poor in Chinese 93. 2. 2 The word rich in Chiese cultural denotative meaningbut poor in English 104. Conclusion 11Bibliography12需說明的是： 為使目錄簡潔明了，大多數(shù)論文目錄僅需二、三級標(biāo)題即可。三、統(tǒng)一標(biāo)題體例。在理清層次關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上，還要做到目錄標(biāo)題體例一致，即結(jié)構(gòu)相似。否則會出現(xiàn)短語句子混用、結(jié)構(gòu)不一等不規(guī)范現(xiàn)象。例如一篇題為“The Art o

20、f AskingQuestions in English Classes”的論文目錄：1. Introduction 12. The Functions of Questioning 12. 1 To achieve smooth transition and get information feedback12. 2 To stimulate studentsinterest and inspire students to think22. 3 To promote interactive learning and inquisitive awareness22. 4 To develop

21、the sense of participation and the ability ofexpressingin class 23. Classification of the Questions 33. 1 Convergent questions and divergent questions 33. 2 Prompting questions and probing questions 33. 3 Displaying questions and referential questions 44. Problems Existing in TeachersQuestioning 64.

22、 1 Questions are not related to teaching materials 64. 2 Questions are shallow and dull 64. 3 Teachers evaluation to students reply is not timely,accurate,or positive 65. Strategies of Questioning 75. 1 Careful preparations for questioning 75. 1. 1 Setting purpose of questioning 75. 1. 2 Using the a

23、rt of questioning 85. 2 Grasp right opportunity to ask questions 95. 3 Handling the speed,density and angle of questioningproperly 106. Conclusion 11Bibliography12此目錄中既有句子式，又有短語式，如：4. 1,4. 2和4. 3三個二級標(biāo)題屬句子式，除此之外，其他各級標(biāo)題均為短語式。而且，5. Strategies of Questioning的下一級標(biāo)題5. 1,5. 2和5. 3的短語結(jié)構(gòu)也不一致。5. 1 Carefulprep

24、arations for questioning為名詞短語，5. 2 Grasp right oppor-tunity to ask questions為動詞短語5. 3 Handling the speed,density and angle of questioning properly為分詞短語。丁往道等在提綱寫作時強調(diào)：提綱的兩種形式-短語式和句子式，不能混合使用。這一規(guī)則同樣適用于論文目錄撰寫。朱金花等也認為目錄中的標(biāo)題應(yīng)遵循提綱的寫作原則。因此，應(yīng)避免在目錄中混合使用短語和句子。丁往道等還進一步指出，同一等級的標(biāo)題要用相同的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。大標(biāo)題下的小標(biāo)題不但應(yīng)該同等重要，而且要與大標(biāo)題

25、有關(guān)聯(lián)，并按邏輯順序排列。石堅和帥培天也指出： 同級標(biāo)題要用平行結(jié)構(gòu)表示，使用相同的完整句、從句、短語、或單個單詞結(jié)構(gòu)表示。因此，上述目錄的修改要么采用全短語式，要么使用全句子式。筆者在此采用前者修改如下：1. Introduction 12. The Functions of Questioning 12. 1 Making transition and getting feedback 12. 2 Stimulating studentsinterest and inspiring thoughts 22. 3 Promoting learning and causing inquisitive awareness 22. 4 Developing participation and enouraging speaking in class23. Classification o