不同文化背景前的美麗宣言分析課件

1、不同文化背景前的美麗宣言分析不同文化背景前的美麗宣言分析One of the most memorable episodes of “The Twilight Zone” television series begins as a woman chats with a doctor in a hospital room with her head covered with gauze. This woman has undergone a procedure to make her look normal and she is anxiously waiting to see her face

2、 without the bandages. I never really wanted to be beautiful”, she tells the doctor. “I just wanted people not to scream when they looked at me” “I want to belong; I want to be like everybody else”.One of the most memorable epiHowever, the doctor warns her that because she has undergone so many proc

3、edures, it will not be possible to try again. If the procedure proves unsuccessful, she will be sent to a special area where people of her kind have been exiled. The doctor removes the bandages from the final surgery, and he and the nurses are horrified to discover there has been “no change”. Howeve

4、r, the doctor warns heWhen the womans face is revealed to the camera, however, we see that she is beautiful by human standards, but, to our surprise, when the camera turns to reveal the faces of doctors and nurses, we see that they are hideously deformed. The message is clear: Beauty is in the “Eye

5、of the Beholder”When the womans face is revThroughout history, people in every culture have sought to change the natural appearance of their bodies. They reshape and sculpt their bodies and adorn them with paint, cosmetics, clothing, and jewelry. These customs, however, are diverse and particular to

6、 a culture at a specific period of time. Throughout history, people inThe diversity of body costumes has led anthropologists (e.g., Douglas 1970; Strathern 1996) to conclude that a body is both a physical and a symbolic artifact, forged by nature and by culture at a particular moment in history (Sul

7、livan, 2000).Social institutions, ideology, values, beliefs, and technology transform a physical body into a social body. Bodies, therefore, provide important clues to the mechanics of society (Sullivan,2000).The diversity of body costumBody customs have social significance. The body can be a site f

8、or the expression of power in a culture and for communicating group membership, social status, social identity and associated beliefs and values. All body customs, whether temporary, like tweezing eyebrows, or more permanent, like tattoos and cosmetic surgery, are forms of self-creation that establi

9、sh a connection with a reference group. The cultural and social context influences individual body choices and gives them social meaning (Sullivan 2000).Body customs have social sigBody Size Ideals in African CulturesIn Cameroon and many other parts of Africa, obesity, especially in the buttocks, ha

10、s been associated with abundance, erotic desirability, and fertility. Fat has been seen as a statement of well-being and has been frequently produced artificially through fattening processes (Roybal,2002) In a rite of passage, some Nigerian girls spend months gaining weight in what is known as “the

11、fattening room”. In this culture, a womans rotundity is a sign of good health, prosperity and charm. “Beauty is in the weight”, says a defender of the practice, “To be called a slim princess is an abuse” (Angeloni, 2001) Body Size Ideals in African CuBody Size Ideals in the Western WorldIn modern We

12、stern society thin is in and sometimes artificial means such as liposuction are used to lessen the appearance of hips, buttocks, and fat in general (Sullivan, 2002).In the United States, most people hold negative attitudes toward body fat. According to surveys, people attribute increased body weight

13、 to being poor or having poor health. Obese women, more than men, are rated negatively by peers (Levy and Shiraev, 2001).Body Size Ideals in the WesterSobal and Stunkard (1989) reviewed several anthropological studies that measured correlation between the individuals body weight and socioeconomic st

14、atus. They found out that in rich countries the correlation is negative: people who are richer tend to be thinner. In undeveloped countries the correlation is positive: thinner people, in general, are usually poorer than the ones who weight more (Levy and Shiraev, 2001)Sobal and Stunkard (1989) reCo

15、gan et al. (1996) examined attitudes toward obesity and fitness in university students in the United States and Ghana. Students in Ghana rated heavier bodies more favorably than U.S. students did. American students were more likely to be dieting, especially women. U.S. women also scored higher on ea

16、ting-restriction problems and interference of their body weight with social behavior (Levy and Shiraev, 2001)Cogan et al. (1996) examined a Rites of passage between life stages in many non-Western cultures are marked by ritualized patterns of scarification, piercing and tattooing (Sullivan, 2001). R

17、ites of passage between li不同文化背景前的美麗宣言分析 The Padaung women in Southeast Asia are often referred to as giraffe women because of the custom of placing rings around their necks from when they are young girls until they marry. The pressure and weight of the rings (as much as 11 pounds) force the chin up

18、ward while pressing down the collar bones and ribs, elongating the neck. The Padaung women in South Lip plates have been around in some African tribes for thousands of years. Young girls stretch their lips with round wooden or clay plates and wear them throughout their lives. The lip eventually gets

19、 so elastic that the plate can be taken in and out easily. The plate must always be in while in the presence of men and can only be taken out when sleeping or around other women. Lip plates have been arounThe Kayapo people of the Amazon, use scarification, ornaments for pierced lips, ears, and noses

20、, body paint and different hair styles to distinguish social and age classes, as well as to adorn themselves for potential mates. The Kayapo people of the AmazIn Papua New Guinea, scarification is usually related to initiation. The skin on the chest, back and buttocks of the initiate is cut with a b

21、amboo sliver to test their physical strength and self-discipline. The scars, when healed, represent the teeth marks of a crocodile that has swallowed the initiates who are reborn as crocodile-men. In Papua New Guinea, scarificTechnological innovations that inundate society with images of beautiful p

22、eople are a cultural change that has helped to narrow the criteria for evaluating appearance (Sullivan, 2000).Few can compare themselves favorably to the beautiful people in the media, whose images are increasingly artificially enhanced.Fashion dolls, like Barbie, are an icon of female beauty for yo

23、ung girls to adopt.Mass culture and the media have served to project the body ideal and turn gentle concern about appearance into obsessions. Beauty can become very unnatural. People will go lengths to live up to the beauty ideals of their society: eating disorders, cosmetic surgery, hair implants,

24、etc. Mass culture and the media haEven I dont wake up looking like Cindy Crawford. :- Cindy Crawford:- Cindy CrawfordEvery period of history held its own standards on what was and was not considered beautiful. Every period of history held iWhen powerful cultural ideologies and institutions change, b

25、ody standards and customs change.This is clearly evident in the changing standards for feminine and masculine beauty over the last two centuries in the Western world.When powerful cultural ideologIn the early nineteenth century, European travelers and explorers expressed their disbelief at the savag

26、e and unusually decorated bodies of the natives, while asserting their own wildly interesting fashion statement consisting of wigs, large hats, painted faces, and body deformities caused by the wearing of narrow, pointed, and tight-fitting shoes. (Roybal, 2002)In the early nineteenth centuWe tend to

27、 regard our own cultures customs as highly “civilized” and others as “savage”. Cultural EthnocentrismWe tend to regard our own cultBeauty in women evolved in order to attract and hold the interest of men. The standards of what is beautiful might vary from culture to culture and from time to time, bu

28、t there is something within female psychology which leads women to want to be beautiful and attractive to men. Women want to be beautiful because to be beautiful is to be desired by men and this means, hopefully, having access to a mans resources for herself and her offspring in order to ensure their survival (Sones, 2002)Beauty and EvolutionBeauty in women evolved in orThroughout cultures world wide, womens looks seem to be more important to men than mens looks to wome