淺談我國中醫(yī)藥高等教育現(xiàn)狀 及國際教育模式

1、淺談我國中醫(yī)藥高等教育現(xiàn)狀及國際教育模式 The Status of Higher Education for TCM in China and the Mode of International Education黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué) 中國中醫(yī)藥高等教育發(fā)展已近60個(gè)年頭， 自1956年創(chuàng)建的第一批4所中醫(yī)學(xué)院后，目前有獨(dú)立建制的中醫(yī)藥院校已達(dá)到24所， 開辦中醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)的院校有62家， 培養(yǎng)了中醫(yī)執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師30余萬人， 為我國和世界醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生保健及人類健康事業(yè)做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。 The development of higher education for TCM in China has been

2、nearly 60 years. After 1956, when the first 4 colleges for TCM founded, there were 24 TCM colleges which organized independently, and 62 TCM colleges had the specialty of TCM, which had trained more than 300,000 practitioners for TCM that had made great contributions to human health care worldwide.

3、中醫(yī)藥高等教育源于中醫(yī)師承教育，中華人民共和國建國后，國家重視中醫(yī)藥事業(yè)的發(fā)展，在學(xué)習(xí)前蘇聯(lián)醫(yī)學(xué)教育的基礎(chǔ)上，把中醫(yī)師承教育納入中國高等教育系列，其中表達(dá)出的重要變革是以學(xué)制學(xué)位為核心，以此構(gòu)成了中醫(yī)藥高等教育各層次體系。 Higher education for TCM originates from Shicheng（teacher-apprentice education). After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, the country laid great importance on the development o

4、f TCM, and brought it into the series of Chinas higher education under the guidance of former Soviet unions medical education basis, which expressed the important changes in schooling degree as the core and makes up the higher education of TCM system at all levels. 前言 Introduction 黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)一、中醫(yī)學(xué)高等教育辦

5、學(xué)層次及學(xué)制Education Levels 特別是進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)中醫(yī)學(xué)教育繼續(xù)進(jìn)行著學(xué)制學(xué)位體系改革，中醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)施臨床醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)位，在碩士、博士兩級(jí)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)位分為醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)學(xué)位和醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)位。近幾年又對(duì)中醫(yī)學(xué)人才培養(yǎng)進(jìn)行了深入的改革，提出培養(yǎng)卓越中醫(yī)醫(yī)生，實(shí)行醫(yī)教協(xié)同，開展了5+3中醫(yī)人才培養(yǎng)，即5年制+3年住院醫(yī)師規(guī)范化培訓(xùn)，中醫(yī)學(xué)畢業(yè)生要達(dá)到職業(yè)資格，需要8年的培養(yǎng)時(shí)間。各高等中醫(yī)藥院還在7年制的基礎(chǔ)上除進(jìn)行本、碩連讀，還有的院校實(shí)行本、碩、博連讀，學(xué)制達(dá)到9年。Especially in the 21st century, reforms on TCM educational system a

6、nd degree system are to continue. By implementation of clinical medicine in TCM professional degree, the master and doctor degrees are divided into degrees of medical science and TCM professional degree. In recent years the in-depth reform of TCM personnel training carried out for cultivating excell

7、ent TCM doctors by medical and educational cooperation. Carried out 5 + 3 talents-cultivating of TCM, namely 5 years studying+ 3 years standardized-training for resident doctors. It requires 8 years training for TCM graduates to achieve professional qualification. Based on the 7-year integrated mast

8、er program, all higher colleges and universities of Chinese medicine are carrying out 9 years program to integrate undergraduate-master-doctor program.黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)二、中醫(yī)學(xué)高等教育課程設(shè)置Curriculum 以大學(xué)本科教育為例，課程設(shè)置充分體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代科學(xué)知識(shí)相互滲透，中醫(yī)學(xué)科與西醫(yī)學(xué)科相互滲透，人文社會(huì)科學(xué)學(xué)科與自然科學(xué)學(xué)科相互滲透的特點(diǎn)。TCM education for undergraduate , the chara

9、cteristics of curriculum are as following: integration of TCM and modern science, integration of TCM and WM,integration of humanities& social sciences and natural sciences. 必修課：人文社會(huì)科學(xué)公共基礎(chǔ)課、外語課、軍體課、信息科學(xué)、中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)課、中醫(yī)臨床基礎(chǔ)、西醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)、中醫(yī)臨床課、西醫(yī)臨床。Compulsory course Basic Course in Humanities and Social Sciences, For

10、eign Languages, Military PE, Information Sciences, Basic Course of TCM, Basic Course of Clinical TCM, Basic Course of WM, Clinical Course of TCM, Clinical Course of WM 選修課：限選課中公共基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)（包括人文社會(huì)科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)）；學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)（包括中西醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)、科學(xué)方法學(xué)）；專業(yè)知識(shí)（包括中醫(yī)臨床、西醫(yī)臨床、預(yù)防康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)）。任意選修課要求30學(xué)分以上。Optional courses: (1) Limited optional co

11、urses (including the humanities and social sciences, natural sciences); Basic courses (including the basis of TCM and WM, scientific methodology); Professional courses (including clinical TCM, clinical WM, prevention and rehabilitation medicine).(2) Above 30 credits for Optional courses.黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)黑龍江中

12、醫(yī)藥大學(xué) 在國家教育部組織實(shí)施的“高等教育面向21世紀(jì)教學(xué)內(nèi)容和課程體系改革計(jì)劃”中，中醫(yī)藥類占15個(gè)。本著“堅(jiān)持特色，探索改革，不斷創(chuàng)新，提高水平”的原則進(jìn)行了一系列中醫(yī)藥類的課程體系和教學(xué)內(nèi)容改革，開設(shè)綜合課程，建設(shè)國家級(jí)精品課程，教材建設(shè)有了較快進(jìn)展,先后編寫了7 版高等中醫(yī)藥院校教材，形成了穩(wěn)定的基礎(chǔ)教學(xué)與臨床實(shí)踐兩大板塊，使中醫(yī)藥教育形成了較為完整的學(xué)科教育體系，優(yōu)化了教育資源。The Ministry of Education has claimed a regulation of Reforms in Teaching Content and Curriculum System

13、of Higher Education in the 21st Century, in which TCM subjects account for 15. According to the principle of adhering to the characteristics, exploring the way of reforming, insisting innovation and development , a series of reforms in curriculum system and teaching content in TCM have taken place,

14、integrated curriculums have been set up, national excellent courses have been built up. At the same time, construction of teaching textbooks has been accelerated, 7 versions of TCM textbooks used in Higher Universities have been accomplished so far. All of the measures not only formed a steady struc

15、ture of basic teaching and clinical practices, but also shaped a complete educational system and resources in TCM teaching. 黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)三、中醫(yī)藥高等教育推動(dòng)了中醫(yī)藥事業(yè)和學(xué)術(shù)的發(fā)展Higher Education Promotes TCM Industry and Academic Development 中醫(yī)藥院校的畢業(yè)生遍布中醫(yī)藥的醫(yī)療、教學(xué)、科研、生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營、管理等各種崗位，成為發(fā)展中醫(yī)藥事業(yè)的中堅(jiān)力量，不少人已經(jīng)成為本學(xué)科的學(xué)術(shù)和技術(shù)帶頭人。建立了一批有相當(dāng)

16、水平的國家、省市、院校級(jí)重點(diǎn)學(xué)科，促進(jìn)了學(xué)術(shù)帶頭人的脫穎而出和人才梯隊(duì)的形成，并涌現(xiàn)出一批高水平的科研和教學(xué)成果。Graduates from TCM academies works in various positions, related to medical treatment, education, scientific research, manufacture, operation, management and so on. They have become hard core in the development of TCM, and many of them have be

17、come the academic or technological foregoers in their subject. Some state, province or academy key disciplinary fields are established with a considerably degree of quality. Academic foregoers are showing themselves , and the talent team is formed. Besides, there are a number of high-level scientifi

18、c research and teaching outcomes. 黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)四、中醫(yī)藥國際教育 International Education of TCM 高等教育國際化問題，正在成為21世紀(jì)我國高等教育改革與發(fā)展重要的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)之一。而我國的高等中醫(yī)藥教育，已經(jīng)率先開始了國際化的實(shí)踐過程，已成為全球性高等教育事業(yè)的一個(gè)部分。我國每年接收來自世界各地學(xué)習(xí)中醫(yī)藥的留學(xué)生3000余人，居我國自然科學(xué)界招收留學(xué)生人數(shù)前列。以我校為例介紹一下中醫(yī)藥教育培養(yǎng)模式：Internationalization of higher education is becoming one of the mos

19、t important strategic goals in the reform and development of higher education in the 21st century. Besides, higher education of TCM has already launched the practice process of internationalization and has become an important section of internationalization of higher education. The number of oversea

20、s students is about 3,000 who come to China to learn TCM, ranking the front of nature scientific community enrollment. There is the introduction of training mode of TCM education of our university:黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)1、來華留學(xué) International Students （1）實(shí)施“趨同”管理，開設(shè)“中醫(yī)漢語”特色課程； 新HSK達(dá)到5級(jí)以上的留學(xué)生實(shí)施“趨同管理”，與中國學(xué)生混合編班，使用相同教材

21、、同堂上課，漢語教學(xué)，共同學(xué)習(xí)除政治理論課之外的其他課程，同中國學(xué)生一起參加考試。同時(shí)，學(xué)校還開設(shè)“中醫(yī)漢語”課程，將中醫(yī)藥知識(shí)與漢語有機(jī)結(jié)合，以漢語學(xué)習(xí)為主，中醫(yī)知識(shí)為輔，強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí)。 (1) Implement of convergence management, and the establishment of distinctive courses“TCM Chinese Language ”;Implement of convergence management is for the overseas students whose Chinese can reach HSK Level

22、 5. They can be grouped with Chinese students, using the same textbooks, taking the same courses except the course of political theory, and taking the same tests together with Chinese students. Meanwhile, the course “TCM Chinese Language” is established to combine the knowledge of TCM and Chinese, t

23、aking the learning of Chinese as the main and the knowledge of TCM as subsidiary role to strengthen the learning effectiveness. （2）因材施教，開展中英雙語教學(xué)；沒有漢語基礎(chǔ)的留學(xué)生，則采用中醫(yī)英語教材，單獨(dú)編班，由各專業(yè)雙語教師或配備翻譯進(jìn)行授課，此類學(xué)生大多是針灸推拿專業(yè)。 (2)Teach students in accordance of their aptitude, and launch bilingual education. For those stu

24、dents who have not studied Chinese before, the English version of textbooks will be adopted. They will be grouped into a separate class to be taught by professional bilingual teachers or equipped with interpreters. Most of the students are majored in acupuncture and massage.黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)1、來華留學(xué) Internatio

25、nal Students 黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué) 2、中外合作辦學(xué)Chinese-Foreign Cooperation Programs （1）與國外中醫(yī)院校合作（TCM cooperation with foreign universities） 2008年，我校與美國西南針灸學(xué)院建立合作關(guān)系，成為該校學(xué)生的海外畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)基地。學(xué)生在我校附屬醫(yī)院進(jìn)行畢業(yè)臨床實(shí)習(xí)，內(nèi)容包括：針灸、推拿、康復(fù)、中醫(yī)內(nèi)科及4次中醫(yī)講座，英文授課。完成全部實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容，學(xué)生將獲得我校頒發(fā)的臨床實(shí)習(xí)結(jié)業(yè)證書。In 2008, our university set up partnership with Southwest Ac

26、upuncture College(U.S.), we became the oversea base for their students clinical practice. Students can observe and practice in our affiliated hospital, including: acupuncture, massage, rehabilitation, Chinese internal medicine and four lectures about Chinese medicine in English. The students will re

27、ceive certificate of completion of clinical practice issued by our university when complete all the internship. 1999年，我校與馬來西亞吉隆坡中醫(yī)學(xué)院合作，以“3+2”模式開展中醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)本科學(xué)歷教育，學(xué)制五年。兩校共同制定培養(yǎng)方案和教學(xué)計(jì)劃，學(xué)生前3年在吉隆坡中醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)中醫(yī)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課程及部分專業(yè)課程，后2年在我校學(xué)習(xí)部分專業(yè)課程并進(jìn)行為期1年的臨床實(shí)習(xí)。學(xué)生完成全部學(xué)位課程，考試合格，將獲得黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)頒發(fā)的畢業(yè)證書及學(xué)位證書。 Since 1999, our univers

28、ity cooperated with TCM school in Kuala Lumpur(Malaysia), to carry out the 3 + 2 mode (5 years) medical undergraduate academic education. Two universities jointly develop training and teaching programs, students spend first three years to learn professional courses of Chinese medicine and some basic

29、 professional courses in TCM school in Kuala Lumpur, and the later two years of study some courses and one year of clinical practice in our university. Students will receive a diploma and degree certificates issued by Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine on the completion of full degree progr

30、am and passing the examination.黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué) 2、中外合作辦學(xué)Chinese-Foreign Cooperation Programs 黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué) （2）與國外醫(yī)科大學(xué)合作 2010年，我校與匈牙利塞梅爾魏斯醫(yī)科大學(xué)合作，采取“4+1”模式，即前4年在匈牙利學(xué)習(xí)以理論課為主，最后1年在我校學(xué)習(xí)以臨床實(shí)習(xí)為主，培養(yǎng)針灸推拿專業(yè)本科學(xué)生，學(xué)制五年，英文授課。 (2) Cooperate with Medical Universities in the worldWe set up cooperation with Semmelweis University

31、in 2010, started to run a 5-year course in acupuncture in 4 + 1 mode, namely the first 4 years study in Hungary with mainly theoretical courses, the last year practice in our university. This course is in English. 2、中外合作辦學(xué)Chinese-Foreign Cooperation Programs （3）與國外機(jī)構(gòu)合作 2014年，我校與美國中藥聯(lián)商會(huì)合作，在美國舊金山建立分校，

32、以“2+2”模式開辦中藥學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位課程，學(xué)制四年。該項(xiàng)目結(jié)合美國的教育特點(diǎn)和學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況單獨(dú)制定教學(xué)計(jì)劃，學(xué)生前2年在美國學(xué)習(xí)中藥學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課程，后2年在我校完成專業(yè)課、實(shí)驗(yàn)課、畢業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)及專題研究。我校聘請(qǐng)當(dāng)?shù)鼐哂袑I(yè)授課資質(zhì)的教師承擔(dān)教學(xué)任務(wù)，同時(shí)選派我校優(yōu)秀教師赴美承擔(dān)部分課程的教學(xué)工作。學(xué)生完成全部學(xué)位課程，考試合格，并通過畢業(yè)答辯，將獲得黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)頒發(fā)的畢業(yè)證書及學(xué)位證書。2014, our university set up cooperation with Merchants Association of Chinese Herbs in the United Stat

33、es to establish campuses in San Francisco, launched a 4-yeaar degree course in pharmacy with 2 + 2 model. The project considers the actual situation and the characteristics of American education to make teaching plan for students. In the first two years, students study pharmacy professional foundati

34、on courses in the United States, the later two years, to complete professional courses, laboratory classes, internships and case studies in our university to graduate. We hire local teachers with professional teaching qualification to undertake teaching tasks, at the same time, send outstanding teac

35、hers from our university to the United States to undertake part of teaching. Students will receive a diploma and degree certificates issued by the Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine when they complete a full degree program and pass the examination. 2、中外合作辦學(xué)Chinese-Foreign Cooperation Programs 黑龍江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué) 五、小結(jié) Summary 我們正面臨著這樣一個(gè)令人欣喜的局面:：中醫(yī)藥走向世界的步伐越來越強(qiáng)勁；中醫(yī)藥崇尚自然、整體的醫(yī)療理念,，其臨床優(yōu)勢得到了更多的認(rèn)同；中醫(yī)藥從業(yè)人員和教育機(jī)構(gòu)遍布世界各個(gè)角落，并不斷增多；國際主流醫(yī)學(xué)的有識(shí)之士已將合作研究的觸角伸向了中醫(yī)藥，中醫(yī)藥已不僅被認(rèn)為是補(bǔ)充