什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)

1、什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué).什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué).4/4什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué).什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)？好多同學(xué)選擇了這門(mén)課，卻不清楚語(yǔ)言學(xué)或應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)終歸講些什么。別憂(yōu)慮，不是你一人有問(wèn)號(hào)？以下的幾個(gè)答案也不圓滿(mǎn)。僅供參照。WhatisLinguistics?(I)Linguisticsisthegeneralstudyoflanguage.Itaddressesthosefeatureswhichall5,000languageshaveincommon,andthewaysinwhichlanguagesmaydifferfromoneanother,andthewaysinwhi

2、chlanguageschangeovertime.InLinguistics,youwilllearnhowlanguageisprocessedinthebrain(cognitivescience),soundsandtheirpatterns(phonetics),wordstructure(morphology),sentencestructure(syntax),meaning(semantics),howlanguagesevolveovertime(comparativeandhistoricallinguistics),andhowlanguageisusedinsociet

3、y(sociolinguistics).ThestudyofLinguisticsteachesstudentstothinkanalyticallyandtosolveproblemsenablingthemtosuccessfullypursuediversecareertracks.WhatisLinguistics?(II)Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itdealswithallthosequestionsandmanymore.Linguisticscanbedividedintotwobroadareas.Oneisthean

4、alyticalandsystematicstudyofspeechsounds,words,sentencesandmeaning.Theotheristhestudyofthepsychological,socialandculturalaspectsoflanguage.Peopletendtotalklanguageforgranted.Thoughitsafundamentalpartofallourlives,fewofusknowmuchaboutit.Howdolanguagesdiffer?Whatdotheyhaveincommon?Howdochildrenlearnsu

5、chacomplexskillasspeaking?Howdoesapersonslanguageinfluencetheirthinking?Howdoeslanguagesfitinwithsocietyandculture?Howandwhydolanguageschange?WhatisappliedLinguistics?TodaythegoverningboardofAILAdescribesappliedlinguisticsasameanstohelpsolvespecificproblemsinsocietyappliedlinguisticsfocusesonthenume

6、rousandcomplexareasinsocietyinwhichlanguageplaysarole.*Thereappearstobeconsensusthatthegoalistoapplythefindingsandthetechniquesfromresearchinlinguisticsandrelateddisciplinestosolvepracticalproblems.Toanobserver,themostnotablechangeinappliedlinguisticshasbeenitsrapidgrowthasaninterdisciplinaryfield.I

7、nadditiontoforeignlanguageteachingandmachinetranslation,apartialsamplingofissuesconsideredcentraltothefieldofappliedlinguisticstodayincludestopicssuchaslanguageforspecialpurposes(e.g.languageandcommunicationproblemsrelatedtoaviation,languagedisorders,law,medicine,science),languagepolicyandplanning,a

8、ndlanguageandliteracyissues.Forexample,followingtheadoptionofEnglishastheworkinglanguageforallinternationalflightcommunicationbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO),someappliedlinguistsconcernedthemselveswithunderstandingthekindsoflinguisticproblemsthatoccurwhenpilotsorflightengineersfrom

9、varyingbackgroundscommunicateusinganonnativelanguageandhowtobettertrainthemtocommunicateinEnglishmoreeffectively.Someappliedlinguistsareconcernedwithhelpingplannersandlegislatorsincountriesdevelopandimplementalanguagepolicy(e.g.plannersareworkinginSouthAfricatospecifyandtofurtherdeveloprolesineducat

10、ionandgovernmentnotonlyforEnglishandAfrikaansbutalsofortheothernineindigenouslanguages)orinhelpinggroupsdevelopscripts,materials,andliteracyprogramsforpreviouslyunwrittenlanguages(e.g.formanyofthe850+indigenouslanguagesofPapuaNewGuinea).Otherappliedlinguistshavebeenconcernedwithdevelopingthemosteffe

11、ctiveprogramspossibletohelpadultnewcomerstotheUnitedStatesorothercountries,manyofwhomhavelimitedifanyprioreducation,developliteracyinthelanguageswhichtheywillneedforsurvivalandforoccupationalpurposes.Othertopicscurrentlyofconcerntoappliedlinguistsarethebroadissueoftheoptimalroleofthemothertongueinth

12、eeducationofculturallyandlinguisticallydiversestudents,thelanguageofpersuasionandpolitics,developingeffectivetoolsandprogramsforinterpretationandtranslation,andlanguagetestingandevaluation.AppliedLinguisticsTodayOvertheinterveningyears,thefociofattentionhavecontinuedtobroaden.Todaythegoverningboardo

13、fAILAdescribesappliedlinguisticsasameanstohelpsolvespecificproblemsinsocietyappliedlinguisticsfocusesonthenumerousandcomplexareasinsocietyinwhichlanguageplaysarole.*Thereappearstobeconsensusthatthegoalistoapplythefindingsandthetechniquesfromresearchinlinguisticsandrelateddisciplinestosolvepracticalp

14、roblems.Toanobserver,themostnotablechangeinappliedlinguisticshasbeenitsrapidgrowthasaninterdisciplinaryfield.Inadditiontoforeignlanguageteachingandmachinetranslation,apartialsamplingofissuesconsideredcentraltothefieldofappliedlinguisticstodayincludestopicssuchaslanguageforspecialpurposes(e.g.languag

15、eandcommunicationproblemsrelatedtoaviation,languagedisorders,law,medicine,science),languagepolicyandplanning,andlanguageandliteracyissues.Forexample,followingtheadoptionofEnglishastheworkinglanguageforallinternationalflightcommunicationbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO),someappliedlin

16、guistsconcernedthemselveswithunderstandingthekindsoflinguisticproblemsthatoccurwhenpilotsorflightengineersfromvaryingbackgroundscommunicateusinganonnativelanguageandhowtobettertrainthemtocommunicateinEnglishmoreeffectively.Someappliedlinguistsareconcernedwithhelpingplannersandlegislatorsincountriesd

17、evelopandimplementalanguagepolicy(e.g.plannersareworkinginSouthAfricatospecifyandtofurtherdeveloprolesineducationandgovernmentnotonlyforEnglishandAfrikaansbutalsofortheothernineindigenouslanguages)orinhelpinggroupsdevelopscripts,materials,andliteracyprogramsforpreviouslyunwrittenlanguages(e.g.forman

18、yofthe850+indigenouslanguagesofPapuaNewGuinea).OtherappliedlinguistshavebeenconcernedwithdevelopingthemosteffectiveprogramspossibletohelpadultnewcomerstotheUnitedStatesorothercountries,manyofwhomhavelimitedifanyprioreducation,developliteracyinthelanguageswhichtheywillneedforsurvivalandforoccupationa

19、lpurposes.Othertopicscurrentlyofconcerntoappliedlinguistsarethebroadissueoftheoptimalroleofthemothertongueintheeducationofculturallyandlinguisticallydiversestudents,thelanguageofpersuasionandpolitics,developingeffectivetoolsandprogramsforinterpretationandtranslation,andlanguagetestingandevaluation.I

20、ntheUnitedKingdom,thefirstschoolofappliedlinguisticsisthoughttohaveopenedin1957attheUniversityofEdinburghwithIanCatfordasHead.IntheUnitedStates,anonprofiteducationalorganization,theCenterforAppliedLinguistics(CAL),wasfoundedin1959withCharlesFergusonasitsfirstDirector.CALsmissionremainstopromotethest

21、udyoflanguageandtoassistpeopleinachievingtheireducational,occupational,andsocialgoalsthroughmoreeffectivecommunication.Theorganizationcarriesoutitsmissionbycollectinganddisseminatinginformationthroughvariousclearinghousesthatitoperates,byconductingpracticalresearch,bydevelopingpracticalmaterialsandt