(陳琦)美國圖書館的管理與運營

1、 LIBRARY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL MECHANISMS美國圖書館的管理與運營Qi Chen12011 5-6Outline 提綱The basis of American public libraries圖書館的基礎American public libraries system 美國公共圖書館系統(tǒng)Library management and personnel圖書館管理和人員Library funding圖書館資金來源The role of library associations圖書館協(xié)會的作用American Library Association

2、美國圖書館State and regional library association洲和地區(qū)圖書館協(xié)會2 American Libraries美國圖書館Academic Libraries (higher educational institutions)高校圖書館Public Libraries 公共圖書館School Libraries (Kindergarten through grade 12) 學校圖書館（幼兒園至12年級）Special Libraries (Dept. libraries in higher educational institutions: medical,

3、theological, scientific, law) 專業(yè)圖書館（有一些在高等院校設立，如醫(yī)學，神學，科學，法律圖書館）3Organizational Basis of American Public Library美國圖書館的組織基礎Public library is based on the needs of the community 基于社區(qū)的需要More public libraries are available in large metropolitan areas 大都市有更多得圖書館 School districts 學區(qū)County or state regions,

4、 or cities 洲, 縣,市所在地4 Legal Basis of Public Library美國圖書館的法律基礎Library Law and legislation of US圖書館法和美國法律Constitutional from the people 憲法- 來源于人們Statutory enacted by legislative body congress法定的- 如制定立法機構 -國會等 Administrative legislatures, county commissions, city councils. 行政議會，縣委員會，市議會5Public Library

5、Management美國公共圖書館的管理State grant the right to city, village, or district to establish a library州政府通過各種法律所建立的一個公共圖書館為本社區(qū),城區(qū),或本地區(qū)的居民提供服務To levy taxes & determine the structure and powers of the library board州政府通過征稅和確定和圖書館委員會的結構和權力6圖書館在伊利諾宜州地產(chǎn)稅中(舉例）Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: Libraries (Example)圖書

6、館表明政府是如何使用房地產(chǎn)稅的，與每個方面直接掛鉤。居民據(jù)此可向當?shù)卣硎臼欠裢狻?一個芝加哥居民房地產(chǎn)稅2006年帳單中的一部分A Report in a Chicago Resident Property Tax Statement Purpose of a Public library Purpose建立公共圖書館The economic gap between “haves “ and “have nots” 縮小有無產(chǎn)者間的差距Increase diversity and growth of the populations 提高人口和人員多元化Quality of educati

7、on and literacy 人口文化程度Technology benefits and challenges 享受技術迎接挑戰(zhàn)Partnership and collaboration 與各界合作 Staying relevant providing services and programs responsive to the community and having the community aware of them緊跟形勢, 提供服務和方案回應社區(qū),使社區(qū)對他們有所了解Make sure the residents gain all kinds of necessary info

8、rmation they need. 確保居民獲得各種社區(qū)信息8Equity of Access 平等使用圖書館資源和享受圖書館服務的機會 Gateway to knowledge知識之門Lifelong learning提供終身學習的資源Intellectual freedom 提供追求知識的自由Community and information center，meeting the needs of local communities社區(qū)和信息中心Quality of life 提高個人及社區(qū)的生活質(zhì)量Establishing a Public Library公共圖書館Public Lib

9、rary Services公共圖書館服務公共圖書館八種功能:Community activities Ctr 社區(qū)活動中心、Community information Ctr.社區(qū)資訊中心、Formal education support Ctr 正規(guī)教育支持中心、Independent Learning Ctr 獨立自學中心、Popular materials library 通俗資料圖書館、Preschoolers door to learning 學齡前兒童學習入門、Reference Library 參考圖書館、Research Ctr. 研究中心10Public Library Sy

10、stem美國公共圖書館管理系統(tǒng)Hierarchy system等級管理系統(tǒng)There may be one public library in a community or there may be a public library system. A public library system administers 該系統(tǒng)一個圖書館，可以包括：central library, 中心圖書館 Branch library, 分館bookmobile, 流動圖書館books-by-mail service 圖書郵寄服務11Public Library 美國公共圖書館A public librar

11、y should have: 一個公共圖書館應有:an organized collection 組織有序的館藏;paid staff;有正式工作人員an established schedule in which services of the staff are available to the public;有正常的業(yè)務時間,并有工作人員接待讀者the facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule,有支持館藏,工作人員, 以及開館時間所需要的各種設施is supported in whole

12、or in part with public funds.有部分或全部來自公共資金的支持 (IMLS data, 2008)12Public Library美國公共圖書館There are a total of 9,208 public libraries共有9,208 個公共圖書館, There are 819 mobile libraries serving 97% of the population有819個流動圖書館, 為各州的 97 % 的人口提供圖書館服務12 % of the libraries locate in a population of more than 50,000

13、 up to 73% of the total population 12% 的公共圖書館為73 %的人口服務,人口都在 50,000 以上53% of the library reside in city or school districts53%以上的公共圖書館直屬市區(qū)管轄51% of the libraries open more than 40 hours 51% 的圖書館每周開館時間在 40 小時以上140,000 Library staff 有圖書館工作人員 140,00013Public Library美國公共圖書館Average total staff per 25,000

14、population 12.18 每25,000人, 有圖書館工作人員Highest 最高21.66 Ohio, lowest 最低:Arkansas 7.55, Average librarians per 25,000 population 4.06 圖書館員highest最高8.39 New Hampshire, lowest 最低2.00 N. CarolinaAverage ALA MLS librarians per 25,000 population 2.75 專業(yè)館員Highest 最高5.25 Connecticut, lowest最低.84 ArkansasAverage

15、other staff per 25,000 population 8.13 一般工作人員, Highest 最高15.59 Ohio, lowest 最低4.29 Montana14Public Library Management美國公共圖書館的管理結構Library management system 圖書館管理結構Library Board of trustees董事會Library Director 館長librarians and staff 館員及一般工作人員 Mission圖書館使命 Policy 政策15Administration - Library Board of tr

16、ustees行政管理-公共圖書館董事會Library board-A board of citizens (supported by national and state level assn ) 圖書館董事會Responsibilities 責任Analysis of community needs 分析社區(qū)需要Hiring recommending the director 挑選推薦館長Acting in an advocacy role to develop community support for bond issues and taxation 作為地區(qū)為圖書館呼吁支持人Budge

17、t review and approval 審批預算Policy review and approval審批政策Commitment to freedom of inquiry and expression 確保自由知尋和表達Formulation of long-range planning 制做長期計劃16Library Director 圖書館館長Works closely with the library board 圖書館館長與董事會緊密合作 realize the public library mission 實現(xiàn)公共圖書館的使命develop long range plans 發(fā)

18、展長期規(guī)劃implement policies for the librarys operations 并執(zhí)行圖書館的業(yè)務的各項政策strengthen the relationship between the community and the library and its staff加強社區(qū)和工作人員之間的聯(lián)系。*McCook (2004). Introduction to Public Librarianship, p. 141Library Director Responsibilities 圖書館館長責任, 知識技能From leading to organizing 主導規(guī)劃組織

19、Liaison and representative 代言人Managing and planning etc. 規(guī)劃，設計Technical, Customer service, Problem-solving ability skills Self-renewal, Risk-takingable to recommend policies, ie, use new technology, evaluate new info. 技術, 客戶服務解決問題, 承擔風險, 自我更新Peoples skills, vision, marketing, communication and colla

20、boration人事技巧, 營銷能力, 溝通交流能力, 協(xié)作技能18Public Library Staff and Services公共圖書館員工和服務Librarians with MLIS from ALA accredited schools 由美圖書協(xié)會認可的研究院畢業(yè)Other supporting staff 一般人員Library services: 服務Public service: 公共服務References 參考咨詢Interlibrary loan 館際互借Youth services 青少年讀者服務Adult services 成人讀者服務19Youth Servi

21、ce at a Public Library公共圖書館青少年讀者服務Develop and encourage childrens reading habit從小培養(yǎng)和加強兒童的閱讀習慣;Support independent and formal teaching個人自學以及各級正規(guī)教育;Provide opportunities for creativities 為個人發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力提供機會;Stimulate youths imagination 激發(fā)兒童和青年的想象力Improve awareness and appreciation of cultural differences, ar

22、t, science, invention and creation 提高對文化，對藝術的鑒賞力以及對科學成就和創(chuàng)造發(fā)明的了解Provide path to understand cultural difference, art, science, invention and creation 提供了解各種表演藝術, 文化的途徑;20Youth Services - Professional Associations 青少年讀者服務專業(yè)協(xié)會National Organizations Serving Children and Youth 為兒童和青少年提供服務的全國性機構 American A

23、ssociation of School Librarians (AASL) 學校圖書館員協(xié)會 Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) 教育交流與技術協(xié)會 Association for Library Services to Children (ALSC) 兒童圖書館服務協(xié)會改進和擴大針對兒童（學齡前兒童到八年級）的圖書館服務Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA) 青年圖書館服務協(xié)會- 宣傳，促進，和加強針對青年人的服務并支助為這一群組提供服務的

24、工作人員21Youth Services 青少年讀者服務Youth education services- 兒童和青少年服務 教育Parents education- good relationship among the family and between children 家長教育，發(fā)展與兒童和家庭的良好關系，Satisfy the literature needs of the community 滿足社區(qū)成員的閱讀需求Basic Literacy services 基礎掃盲服務Information literacy 信息教育Formal Learning Support 輔助正規(guī)教

25、育22Youth Services 青少年讀者服務Librarians competencies 圖書館員資格The Competencies of Childrens Librarian兒童圖書館員的資格-證書Knowledge of the readers 了解服務對象Administrative & managerial skills行政和管理技能Communication skills 交流技能 Advocacy, public relations & networking宣傳，公關和建立合作網(wǎng)絡的能力Professionalism & professional development

26、專業(yè)精神和專業(yè)發(fā)展能力Adult Services 成人讀者服務Scope: 服務范圍Finding materials 選擇圖書館的藏書Library resources access 提供使用資源的途徑Teaching, reading and consulting 教學,讀者咨詢顧問和指導Reference and information 參考和信息服務Marketing & community reader services 鼓勵個人和社區(qū)團體使用圖書館資源24Adult Services 成人讀者服務General public every individual 為所有普通人服務Pe

27、ople from different cultures and ethnic groups, 出身于不同文化或不同種族的人People with disabilities 身體有殘障的人(盲人,只具部分視力的人,有聽力障礙的人)Homebound/housebound people 不能離開住房的人, Institutionally confined people-被隔離的人(醫(yī)院, 或監(jiān)獄等)Adult Services 成人讀者服務Service for institutions 服務于所有團體Educational institutions 教育團體Cultural groups 文化

28、團體Public services公益團體Business organizations 商業(yè)團體And all types of regional or local government entities 各類團體的上一級機關,如地方政府等Sources of Library Funding 圖書館資金來源Local tax dollars (primary) taxation 地方稅元（主要）稅收State grants, per capita support material grants lump sum grants 洲政府-人均補助助或一次性補助金Federal library ag

29、encies- information access through technology and provision of information access through empowerment聯(lián)邦政府- 通過圖書館組織項目-通過提供技術信息和信息接入服務來提高能力Foundation public and private the Gates program, community foundations 基金會 公共私人Individuals 個人捐款27Source of Library Fund 美國公共圖書館資金來源Operating revenue運營資金 (藍色表示地方來源，

30、紅色表示州來源，紫色表示聯(lián)邦來源，綠色表示其它）28Seeking and Advocating with local officials尋求當?shù)毓俜降闹С諴resenting benefits to local government向當?shù)卣愂鲋С謭D書館的利益Supporting the work of local government支持當?shù)卣墓ぷ鱑nderstanding local priorities了解當?shù)卣┱闹攸cEstablishing a relationship與當?shù)卣⒘己藐P系Being clear and to the point Not using li

31、brary terms要清晰，明確， 扼要 避免使用圖書館術語29/Seeking funds - Fund Raising 向個人和商界籌措資金Identify those who have interests in libraries asking them to donate確認對圖書館有興趣的個人和商界團體, 對他們施以開導，懇請捐款和溝通Develop long time strategies有長期發(fā)展策略Use mail, email, phone or in-person communication 利用信件郵遞，電話溝通，或訪談來懇請捐款Develop collective e

32、fforts through the library and library staff 由圖書館基金會或單位領導全圖書館共同努力30Budget and Operating Expenditures美國公共圖書館運營支出Operating expenditures 運營支出(藍色部分表示職工薪水，紅色表示館藏，綠色表示其它)31Libraries and political process圖書館與政治結構Exist within a nested and overlapping structure 存在于各階層的政治重疊的結構中Local, regional, state and natio

33、nal political entities 當?shù)?地區(qū),洲 及全國政治組織Each level, must work hard to educate policymakers about the fiscal and legal needs of libraries 圖書館人員必須讓每個政界知道圖書館的財經(jīng)與政治需要.ALA public awareness advisory committee -advocacy, workshop and programs 美國圖書館提供為圖書館呼吁的各類活動.National legislative day in May to talk with re

34、presentatives and senators library issues每年5月的全國立法日是大家與參眾議員淡圖書館的事宜.32The building was designed by the architectural firm of Hammond, Beeby and Babka, now known as Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge, Inc., winners of a design competition held in 1987 to replace the old central library, It is approximately 75

35、6,640square feet (70,294 m2).133Population-服務人口: 2,896,016Library Branches - 圖書館 79Collection - 藏書量5,521,854 冊Visits - 訪問圖書館人次2,860,862Circulation - 圖書借閱次數(shù)1,506,293PC usage - 計算機使用次數(shù)2,600,000 Children programs: 兒童活動參加人次262,208 Where in US is Chicago?34芝加哥公共圖書館中國城分館Fate of most public libraries in U.

36、S. is entirely a local matter 大部分公共圖書館的命運掌握當政府和居民Chicago Public Library Mayor Richard M. Daley joined Chicago Public Library officials for the 17th Annual Bookamania event36圖書館挑戰(zhàn) Two major challengesStaff management encouraging them so that they are able to do their best.人員管理，激發(fā)工作積極性Budget managemen

37、t so to use financial resources to the best advantage of the library.財政管理，使財政資源發(fā)揮最大優(yōu)勢用于圖書館37A good organization has puts at its heart qualified staff & it is paid competitive salaries with good benefits 以稱職的員工為中心，并支付合理的工資Three processes for managing people 人員管理的三個核心程序Recruitment, hiring, retention 招

38、聘，雇傭，留住人才Evaluation of employees 工作績效評估Disciplining of employees 工作紀律38Personnel Management 人員管理Personnel Management人員管理Hiring招聘 人事處Job announcement advertised 發(fā)布招聘廣告Applications reviewed by search committee 招聘委員會對工作申請人的評審Select applicants for interviews 選擇人進行面試Successful candidate chosen 錄取最合適人選Job

39、 description 崗位職責描述job analysis and needs of library基于這個工作崗位的分析和圖書館本身的需要Qualifications 應具備的條件Other information：benefits, salary， description of the library信息包括福利，工資或者浮動, 范圍；對圖書館的介紹等39招聘廣告二參考咨詢圖書館員 Reference and Instruction Librarian招聘廣告一哥倫比亞大學東亞圖書館館長Professional 專業(yè)能力Librarians and staff should work

40、together to achieve the goals and objectives of the library.圖書館長需館員共同努力達成圖書館的制定的方向的目標。 Effective library services are decided by librarians competencies有效的圖書館服務是取決于館員的職業(yè)能力These competencies can be achieved by providing them continuous professional training and development programs通過繼續(xù)教育和在職訓練以達成任務。專業(yè)

41、發(fā)展Professional Development 計劃和預算Planning and budgeting 年度計劃 Annually planning 專業(yè)發(fā)展內(nèi)容, 形式, 次數(shù)專業(yè)會議和工作坊 Professional conferences and workshops在職館內(nèi)培訓 Professional in house training行政培訓Administrative training校部或更高級 University or higher院內(nèi)各類培訓 In house or general trainingLibrary Management問題與解答 Dr. 士伊利陳琦博士

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