商務英語翻譯教程市公開課金獎市賽課一等獎課件

1、商務英語翻譯教程College Business EnglishA Course for Translation第1頁從商務英語翻譯教程這門課名稱來看， 他有兩個關(guān)鍵詞，一個商務英語，一個翻譯。這門課就圍繞這兩方面來進行。說到翻譯呢，對于一個優(yōu)異翻譯人員話，理論是基礎，實踐是真理。也就是說，實踐對于學好翻譯來說是至關(guān)主要。假如只掌握了理論，而不去實踐，是不能成為好翻譯人員。相反，沒有理論系統(tǒng)學習，而有大量翻譯實踐，有可能是認為合格翻譯者。而商務英語翻譯除了關(guān)系著翻譯，還包括到很多商貿(mào)知識。第2頁翻譯理論在我國，文字翻譯最早開始于春秋時期越人歌，迄今大約有25歷史，對翻譯標準爭論也有1000多年

2、，但相關(guān)翻譯標準在翻譯界迄今還沒有達成“共識”，即還沒有一個大家都認同翻譯標準。翻譯是一門推敲，無唯一答案課程。國內(nèi)外翻譯標準百家爭鳴、白花齊放。 第3頁信、達、雅”。1898年，嚴復在天演論譯例言中說：“譯事之難：信、達、雅。求其信，已大難矣！顧信矣，不達，雖譯，猶不譯也，則達尚焉?！币院笃胀ň桶选靶?、達、雅”看成翻譯標準。用今天話來說，“信”就是忠實準確，“達”就是通順流暢，“雅”就是文字古雅。 第4頁“功效對等”?！肮πΦ取保‵unctional Equivalence）翻譯準則是由美國著名翻譯家尤金.奈達（Eugene A . Nida）博士提出。在眾多國外翻譯家中，奈達翻譯理論能夠

3、說對我國影響最大。他認為，翻譯預期目標主要是原文與譯文在信息內(nèi)容、說話方式、文體、格調(diào)、語言、文化、社會原因諸方面到達對等。 第5頁綜觀國內(nèi)外翻譯家們觀點，能夠得出結(jié)論：中外翻譯標準其實質(zhì)上有一致性，即：信息對等。說到底，不論什么樣翻譯標準，都離不開一個“真”字，換言之，譯文應該是原文信息真實反應，譯者最大程度地將原文作者所賦予原文語言文字“任務”轉(zhuǎn)譯到譯文里。 第6頁譯者應具備能力翻譯過程是一個語言轉(zhuǎn)化過程，包括跨語言，跨文化內(nèi)容。外語水平能力母語水平能力知識水平能力商務英語專業(yè)行話 術(shù)語應用水平能力只有經(jīng)過練習實踐，才能真正提升譯者翻譯水平第7頁Business negotiationsT

4、he conclusion of a favorable sale contract results largely from careful and meticulous(極仔細; 一絲不茍) business negotiation between the exporter and the importer. Trade negotiations in international business background consist of five steps: enquiry, offer, counter-offer, acceptance, and the formation of

5、 contract.第8頁EnquiriesAn enquiry is usually made by an importer to an exporter, asking for prices lists, catalogues, samples, and details about the goods or trade terms. However, the exporter, on receiving the enquiry, will make a reply to, thus getting the negotiation started. Business negotiations

6、 in foreign trade usually commence with an enquiry by an overseas buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the sale. 第9頁Offers DefinitionAn offer is a good proposal that is made to a specific individual or entity to enter into a contract. The proposal must contain definite terms and must indi

7、cate the offerors intent to be bound by an acceptance.The party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the another party that receives the offer is called the offeree. 第10頁Definition of an offerA proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offe

8、r if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. (CISG Art 14-1)CISG: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售協(xié)議條約第11頁Withdrawal of offerThe withdrawal of offer means that the offeror, for some

9、reason, withdraw his offer before it reaches the offeree or before it becomes effective.This may happen when the offeror finds that the offer he makes contains some mistake, or that the situation has changed which makes his offer unfavorable to him.第12頁Revocation of offerTo revoke an offer means tha

10、t when the offer has reached the offeree, it has become effective, the offeror acts to revoke the offer thus to kill its effectiveness.The Convention agrees in principle that an offer is revocable before the note of acceptance is dispatched but provides that on the following two occasions, an offer

11、is irrevocable.A. It indicates, whether by stating a fixed time or otherwise, that it is irrevocable.B. if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.第13頁Termination of offer“An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is t

12、erminated when a rejection reaches the offeror” (CISG Art.17).第14頁OffersAccording to different criteria, offers can be classified into various kind:Selling offersoffers made by the sellerBuying offersoffers made by a buyerFirm offers or offers with engagementIndefinite offers or offers without engag

13、ement 第15頁Firm offersA firm offer or an irrevocable offer or an offer firm, is intended to make a contract with the offeree. The terms or conditions put forward in the offer can not be revoked or amended without consents from the other party. Once it is unconditionally accepted by the offeree within

14、 its validity, the transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately. Until this time, the offer has legally binding force on the both parties.Such offer usually has phrases like: “we offer firm, or we make a firm offer for the following goods”.第16頁Indefinite offersAn indefinite offer

15、 is not binding on the offeror, and is stated unclear, incomplete and with reservation. Some expressions can help the reader to identify this nature of the offer, such as, reference price, subject to our final confirmation, subject to being unsold.Actually, quotation sheets and price lists can serve

16、 as offers without engagement because they only include part of the terms, such as descriptions, specifications and unit prices. They do not include those terms about shipment, payment etc.第17頁Counter-offersDefinitionA counter-offer is a reply to an offer that materially alters the terms of the offe

17、r. The party who has received the offer is not in a position to fully accept the business terms offered. He may make a counter-offer, in which some alternations have been made about the business trade terms, such as, the price or other terms with the purpose of bargaining.There are also two kinds of

18、 counter-offer: one with engagement and the other is without engagement. 第18頁Acceptance (Accept) Definition An acceptance is an unconditional assent to an offer, or an assent conditioned on minor changes that do not affect material terms of the offer.The acceptance, in practice, serves to conclude t

19、he business transaction. It must be absolute and unconditional, otherwise, it is not an acceptance but a counter-offer.An acceptance may be tendered only by the person to whom the offer is directed.第19頁It is a regular practice in international trade that a written contract is usually signed to bind

20、both the seller and the buyer.A formal contract should be prepared in duplicate. Both parties should sign each copy, and each party should keep a sign of it.Some of the contracts commonly used in foreign trade are available in printed forms, so that only the date, price, name of commodities, names o

21、f parties, and similar particulars are needed to be filled in.Formation of contracts第20頁Definition of contractsA contract is simply an agreement that defines relationship between one or more parties. A commercial contract, in the simplest term, is merely an agreement made by two or more parties for

22、the purpose of transacting business.If the seller works out a contract, it is called a sales contract; or if the buyer works it out, it is called a purchase contract. 第21頁Business proceduresenquiry offer counter-offer acceptance formation of contract.Apply for opening a letter of credit through a ba

23、nk receive a complete set of shipping documents check or examine the documents in strict conformity with each other apply for the commodity inspection and quarantine apply for customs entry & customs formalities clearance collect the consignments from the forwarder at the port of entering fetch the

24、goods to the plant for production get the quality certificate from the CCIB (China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中國商品檢驗局) complain and claim.第22頁Methods and techniques翻譯形式直譯 (literal translation) 不等于對譯 意譯 (free translation)活譯 (dynamic equivalence translation)第23頁They dont know their right hand from th

25、eir left.I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.All roads lead to Rome.I want to hit the sack and get some Zs.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.第24頁Maybe he has cut off his own head and dest

26、royed himself.Cast pearls before swine.She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.I threw myself in a chair.He has to make a terrible decision.第25頁詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 (P.8, 106, 236)英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞 （與英語中名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞詞義不一樣）All I wanted was to go somewhere, all I wanted was a change. 我只不過是想到別地方去，我只想換換空氣。英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語形容詞，副詞He no

27、ticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the problem. 他注意到兩國在這問題上意見是非常一致。第26頁The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity.There is considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality.The board of directors will ho

28、ld a consultation about the matter.The firm has a large business connection.第27頁There is a large attendance at the Fair.Withdraw of offerRevocation of offerTermination of offerWithout his consent or confirmationShe is a real beauty.Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.第28頁We find d

29、ifficulty in solving this problem.It is our great pleasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously.The blockade was a success.第29頁人稱代詞省略英語冠詞省略The blood-red sun sank below the horizon. 火紅太陽沉入地平線。增減法增詞法An American officer slipped on a banana skin. 一個美國軍官踩在香蕉皮上滑到了。減詞法Could you help

30、me in any way?你能幫幫我嗎？翻譯中省略, 增減第30頁Dont put your hands in your pocket.I am afraid she will come.We had much rain last summer.We live and learn.They say he is a genius.Give him an inch and hell take an ell.Liquids are like solids in that they have definite volume.The average American changes his or he

31、r job nine or ten times during his or her working life.第31頁In most cases, bona fide party to an international sales contract will do his best to perform his duties either as a seller or a buyer.It is not rare that either party to a contract may fail to perform his duties, or his performance is incon

32、sistent with the terms provided on the contract.The atom is the smallest particle of an element.Go into the garden and give an eye to the children.He has an eye for beauty.Please give me the letter you received yesterday.第32頁She is quite a beauty.He is the man I want to see.Take the medicine.The dea

33、n had a lot of work to do before the meeting.Science demands of men great efforts and complete devotion.In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.I could knit when I was seven.第33頁Steel and iron products a

34、re often coated lest they should rust.Air is a mixture of gases.Things in the universe are changing all the time.The design is considered practical.Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.This is the first step toward the solution of air pollution.第34頁Our railway system is being imp

35、roved.The lion is the king of the animals.Reports of new successes keep pouring in.Studies serve for delight, for ornament or for ability.At the meeting he made a speech, eloquent and energetic.These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.He is queer.第35頁Arrangements have been made to give th

36、e foreign guests a warm welcome.Where was his smile and hearty hand grasp.Once you are in, you wouldnt be allowed to get out.He entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.There are still many difficulties ahead which we must not overlook.第36頁It seems incredible that he h

37、as finished the work so soon.He believes it necessary to learn some rules before doing it.The day when he was born remains unknown.Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy.The year of 1949 saw the founding of the Peoples Republic of China. 第37頁You dont look very well today.He shrugged his

38、shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.第38頁被動句翻譯英語中被動句既能夠譯成主動句， 又能夠譯成被動句，還能夠依據(jù)漢語表示形式譯成無主句，判斷句等。It was founded in 1993它創(chuàng)建于1993年 （主動句）They are ratified by members parliaments.它們經(jīng)組員國議會同意。（主動句）If the scheme is approved, work on

39、 the project will start immediately.假如方案被同意了，這項工程將馬上開工。（被動句）第39頁Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.給了他們兩天時間來做準備。（無主句）Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷術(shù)是從中國傳入歐洲。（判斷句）Our price has already been closely calculated.我方價格是經(jīng)過精密核實。（判斷句）第40頁 有些英語被動語態(tài)譯成漢字時，能夠按漢字習慣

40、加上 受，被，給， 讓給，遭到，把，使，由，為所，用，靠，給予等。Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.植物油自古以來就為人們所熟悉。She was blamed for everything her sister did.The lights have been turned on by him.第41頁The crops were washed away by the flood.The finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery.He was elected

41、chairman of the Students Union.Boats are moved by oars or by the wind. 第42頁合并法：將兩個或兩個以上詞義相同或相近詞組翻譯成一個詞。單詞合并Toms father is dead and gone.湯姆父親死了。He suffered aches and pains all over.She was frightened into shaking and trembling.null and void 無效 terms and conditions 條款few and far between 稀少 free and cl

42、ear 無 第43頁句子合并she waited, but in vain.她白等了。He was born poor and poor he remained all his life.The train had left before he got to the station.Study hard before it is too late.第44頁定語從句翻譯五大步驟區(qū)分主從緊縮主干辨析詞義調(diào)整搭配潤飾詞語。定語從句?？勺g為：定語結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，獨立句，簡單句，狀語結(jié)構(gòu)等。第45頁譯為定語結(jié)構(gòu)較短定語從句比較輕易了解與其它成份之間關(guān)系，翻譯時，可將從句譯為定語結(jié)構(gòu)，“”字結(jié)構(gòu)

43、，直接放在被修飾詞前面。只要句子較短，不論是限定性定語從句，還是非限定性定語從句，都能夠采取這種方法。第46頁A crane can be defined as a machine which lifts heavy pads and displaces them horizontally.Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that received U. S. aid.The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor

44、.If one object is charged with the same kind of electricity as appears on another near by, the two objects will repel each other.第47頁譯為并列結(jié)構(gòu)有些定語從句與主句關(guān)聯(lián)不大緊密，或意思比較獨立，在邏輯上有追述，描寫，轉(zhuǎn)折等作用。這是普通把定語從句譯為前置或后置并列結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯非限定定語從句，這種方法愈加常見。第48頁Archimedes principle applies to liquids, by which we mean all liquids and ga

45、ses.At dinner I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradley and a shy drab girl, who seemed even younger than the others.Isabel was a tall girl with the oval face, straight nose, fine eyes and full mouth that appeared to be characteristic of the family.You compare her with your English women who wolf d

46、own from three to five meat meals a day; naturally you find her a sylph.第49頁譯為謂語結(jié)構(gòu)將原主句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)壓縮成漢語詞組作譯文主語，把定語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語，合并成一個句子。We are a nation that must beg to stay alive.She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere.第50頁譯為獨立句因為非限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系比較渙散，所以很多情況下能夠轉(zhuǎn)譯為獨立句子，關(guān)系代詞只作為普通代詞

47、，從句也變?yōu)榫渥又黧w。Once was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.He had talked to the vice-president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.第51頁譯為簡單句限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系比較親密，所以能夠把主句和從句合并在一起，變成簡單句。這類句子常含有there be等結(jié)構(gòu)。Is it history you are reading?Th

48、e oil tanker carries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed.There were men in the crowd who had stood there every day for a month.第52頁譯成狀語從句有些從句形式上是定語從句，但在語法功效及深層含以上卻起著狀語從句作用，表示時間，地點，原因，結(jié)果，目標，讓步，條件，假設等。To make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available

49、 for fission.第53頁We recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to tame the unbridled exercise of power.He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.第54頁Formality has always characterized their relationship.Most U.S. spy satellite

50、s are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.He is not very familiar with the biological terms.They returned game and glee.The new contract would be good for ten years.Her voice rings through the whole house.第55頁否定句翻譯雙重否定句：必定譯法(正譯法）和否定譯法。No children will be admi

51、tted unless accompanied by an adult.無大人陪同，小孩不得入內(nèi)。Dont come unless I telephone.There is no rule that has no exceptions.第56頁There is no steel not containing carbon.Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.We shouldnt be careless of consequences.Unusual occurrences in exporting are not uncommon.An elab

52、orate banquet consisting of 8 to 12 courses in business entertainment is not uncommon in many Asian countries.第57頁雙重否定主 + never + V.+but + 從句主 + nerve + V. + without + V-ing每必There is no + 名詞 + but + V沒有一個不few + 名詞 + but + V幾乎每個都第58頁He never goes to a bookstore but he buys some books.He never goes t

53、o a bookstore without buying some books.There is no mother but loves her children.I know few people but are concerned about the air pollution.第59頁部分否定All, both, every not并非 全部，二者，每一not always, not necessarily 未必是All men are not honest.Both his parents are not living.This train doesnt stop at every s

54、top.The rich are not always happy.Leaves are not necessarily green.第60頁表示“也不”倒裝句型否定句 +and + 主語 + 助V.（aus.) + not, either (也不）否定句 + and + nor, neither +助V. (aus.)+ 主語You do not smoke, nor do I.You do not smoke, and I dont either. 第61頁否定句型The last + 名詞 + to +V. ,that (clause)再怎么說也不會， 最不可能He is the las

55、t man for me to invite.This was the last thing I would do.第62頁Fail to + V. = be unable to + V.未能， 沒有Not, never, fail to + V. = V. + without fail一定，務必He failed to follow my advice.I never fail to keep my word.I keep my word without fail.第63頁Sb. + be above + V-ing, N.恥于， 不屑He is above such conduct.He

56、is not above asking questions.Far from = anything but = by no means = not at all = not in the least 絕不He is far from honest.His explanation is far from satisfactory.第64頁Nothing but = only 只是 僅僅All but = almost 幾乎Cannot but 不得不 禁不住He was nothing but a child.He was all but drowned.He cannot but laugh.

57、第65頁It goes without saying thatNeedless to say不用說It goes without saying that education is important.Needless to say, education is important.Cannottoo愈愈好, 再也不為過A student cannot be too diligent.第66頁Not so much (A) as (B)與其說A不如說BHe is not so much diligent as clever.There is no + V-ingIt is impossible t

58、o + V.不可能There is no knowing what may happen in the future.Leave nothing to be desired = be perfect毫無缺點Your work leaves nothing to be desired.第67頁長句翻譯I was on my way home.I was on my way home from tramping about the street.I was on my way home from tramping on the street, my drawings under my arm.I

59、was on my way home from tramping on the street, my drawings under my arm, when I found myself in front of the gallery.劃清主干化整為零（分層次）分而譯之化零為整第68頁斷句譯法， 即將長句斷開后化整為零， 分而譯之。斷句主要是把各種后置修飾語與其被修飾成份拆開，然后單獨敘述。He felt that books and the knowledge in them were part of a world that was against him, a world to whic

60、h he did not belong and which he did not want to enter, the world of which the teachers were representatives and symbols. 第69頁逆序法：再重新組合語言過程中，經(jīng)原文一些語句次序打亂，或前置，或后置。They remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship.第70頁次序法：按時間先后次序，邏輯先后安