新編跨文化交際期末復習資料

1、新編跨文化交際期末復習資料 新編跨文化交際期末溫習資料 新編跨文化交際期末溫習資料 1.Iceberg:Edward. 7. Hall.-標志著“跨文化溝通學科的開場 Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water line). Likewise, nine-tenths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above t

2、he water is easy to be noticed. The out-of-awareness part is sometimes called “deep culture. This part of the cultural iceberg is hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dr

3、ess, how to keep healthy；Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emotion, attitude personalty 2.Stereotype:定型主義 a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversim

4、plified belief we use to categorize a group of people. 3.Ethnocentrism: 民族中心主義Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-gr

5、oup and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard. 4.Culture:Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about lifes concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior. 5.Cul

6、tural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, a

7、nd what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity. 6.Worldview: A worldview is a cultures orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being. 7.Social Organizations: The manne

8、r in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world. 8.Globalization: refers

9、to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market. :/ doczj /doc/01d16f0aa2162.html munication: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by othe

10、rs. So it can be verbal and nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purposeful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do. 10.Elements of communication process:溝通經(jīng)過的基本原理 1.context: The interrelated condit

11、ions of communication make up what is known as context. 新編跨文化交際期末溫習資料 新編跨文化交際期末溫習資料 2.The participants: in communication play the roles of sender and receiver, sometimesas in face-to-face communicationof the messages simultaneously. 3. messages: are far more complex. They include the elements of mea

12、nings, symbols, encoding and decoding. 4. A channels: is both the route traveled by the messages and the means of transportation. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these to carry a message. 5. noise: is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that in

13、terferes with the sharing of meaning. External noise: sight, soundInternal noise: thoughts, feelingSemantic noise: unintended meaning aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. 6.Feedback: As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give so

14、me kind of verbal or nonverbal response. This response, called feedback, tells the sender whether the massage has been heard, seen, or understood. 11.Abraham Mslow (亞伯拉罕?馬斯洛) five basic needs五個需求 1. physiological needsfood, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustain life 2. sa

15、fety needsphysically safe, psychologically secure 3. belongingness needsaccepted by other people and needs to belong to a group or groups. 4. esteem needsrecognition, respect, reputation 5. self-actualization needs-the highest need of a person 12.Culture Dimensions 文化維度 13.A High-context: 內向型communi

16、cation or message is one in which most of the information is either in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Eg. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African Am

17、erican, Native American. self-effacement隱匿自己 A Low-context:外向型communication is just the opposite, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code, and the context or situation plays a minimal role. Eg. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American, French, English self-enhancement凸顯自己 Low-

18、context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk. High-context interaction, in comparison, stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence. Eg: In Scene

19、1 and spell out everything that is on their minds with no restraints. Their interaction 新編跨文化交際期末溫習資料 新編跨文化交際期末溫習資料 exchange is direct,to the point, bluntly contentious, and full of face-threat verbal message. Scene 1 represents one possible low-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict. In

20、Scene 2, has not directly expressed her concern over the piano noise with because she wants to preserve face and her relationship with . Rather, only uses indirect hints and nonverbal signals to get her point across. However, correctly “reads between the lines of verbal message and apologizes approp

21、riately and effectively before a real conflict can bubble to surface. Scene 2 represents one possible high-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict. Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles self-enhancement and self-effacement凸顯自己，隱匿自己 In the direct verbal style, statements clearly rev

22、eal the speakers intentions and are enunciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the indi rect verbal style, verbal statements tend to camouflage the speakers actual intentions and are carried out with more nuanced tone of voice. 14.Colors: Black: death, evil, mourning, sexy; Blue-cold, sad, sky, ma

23、sculine; Green-envy, greed, money; Pink: feminine, shy, softness, sweet; Red: anger, hot, love, sex; White: good, innocent, peaceful, pure; Yellow: caution, happy, sunshine, warm 15.Functions of Nonverbal Communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating contradicting 16.Confucian te

24、aching key principles: 1.Social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people. 2. The family is the prototype for all social relationships. 3. Proper social behavior consist of not treating others as you would not like to be treated yourself. 4. People should be skilled , edu

25、cated, hardworking, thrifty, modest, patient, and persevering. Four books and five classical: The Analects of Confucian , Mencius ，Great Learning ，The Doctrines of Mean / Classic of poetry ，Book of documents , Book of kites , Classic of changes , Spring and Autumn Annals . 仁義禮智信：merciful, justified,

26、 polite, intelligent, honest 17.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: language becomes our shaper of ideas rather than simple our tool for reporting ideas, language influenced or even determined the ways in which people thought. The central idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language functions, not si

27、mply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speaker Influence: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has alerted people to the fact language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reve als a peoples view of its total environment. Lang

28、uage directs the perceptions of its speakers to certain things; it gives them ways to analyze and to categorize experience. Such perceptions are unconscious and outside the control of the speaker. The ultimate value of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that it offers hints to cultural differences and si

29、milarities among people. 新編跨文化交際期末溫習資料 新編跨文化交際期末溫習資料 18.The way people speak High involvement高度卷入: 1. talk more 2. interrupt more 3. expect to be interrupted 4. talk more loudly at times 5. talk more quickly. Eg. Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, African High considerateness高度諒

30、解: 1, speak one at a time 2. use polite listening sounds, 3. refrain from interrupting, 4. give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners. Eg. Mainstream American 19.文化維度OrientationKluckhohns and Strodtbeck Beliefs and Behaviors 20.Chinese VS English-Chinese: open, v

31、isual, old. English: close, changing, modern 21.Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication跨文化交際中的絆腳石 (1) Assumption of similarities假定類似(2) Language differences (3) Nonverbal misinterpretations不用言語表達的誤解(4) Preconception先入為主的概念的固定形式(5) Tendency to evaluate評價意圖(6) High anxiety焦慮(7) Conclusion 22.

32、Essentials of Human Communication (1) Communication is a dynamic process. (2) Communication is symbolic. (3) Communication is systemic. (4) Communication involves making inferences. (5) Communication has a consequence 23. How is language related to culture Culture and language are intertwined and sh

33、ape each other. In our own environment we aware of the implications of these choices. All languages have social questions and information questions. The point is that words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context the cultural usage. In addition to the environment

34、, language reflects cultural values. 24.More words/expressionimportant role in culture In Chinese we have many kinship terms, some of which seem to have no equivalents in English. Compared with Chinese, English has fewer kinship terms. The difference is not just linguistic; it is infundamentally cul

35、tural. 25.A cultures conception of time can be examined from three different perspectives: 1. informal time; 2. perceptions of past, present, and future; 3. monochromic and polychromic. 新編跨文化交際期末溫習資料 新編跨文化交際期末溫習資料 26.Monochronic(M-time) 單維時間and polychromic(P-time)多維時間 Monochronic people:美國人Do one thing at a time. Concentrate on the job. Take time commitments seriously. Are committed to the job. Adhere to plans. Are concerned about not distu