【精編版】新概念英語第四冊筆記 講義

1、Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 發(fā)現(xiàn)化石人 = 1 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT I. First listen and then answer the following question.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are

2、 some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas - legends handed down from one generation of another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but

3、 none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves

4、 lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first modern men came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than ot

5、her kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. ROBIN PLACE Finding fossil man = 2 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT II. 參考譯文 我們從書籍中可讀到5,00

6、0 年前近東發(fā)生的事情，那里的人最早學(xué)會了寫字。但直到現(xiàn)在,世界上有些地方，人們還不會書寫。 他們保存歷史的唯一辦法是將歷史當作傳說講述，由講述人一代接一代地將史實描述為傳奇故事口傳下來。人類學(xué)家過去不清楚如今生活在太平洋諸島上的波利尼西亞人的祖先來自何方，當?shù)厝说膫髡f卻告訴人們：其中一部分是約在2,000年前從印度尼西亞遷來的。 但是，和我們相似的原始人生活的年代太久遠了，因此，有關(guān)他們的傳說既使有如今也失傳了。于是，考古學(xué)家們既缺乏歷史記載，又無口頭傳說來幫助他們弄清最早的“現(xiàn)代人”是從哪里來的。 然而， 幸運的是，遠古人用石頭制作了工具，特別是用燧石，因為燧石較之其他石頭更容易成形。他們

7、也可能用過木頭和獸皮，但這類東西早已腐爛殆盡。石頭是不會腐爛的。因此，盡管制造這些工具的人的骨頭早已蕩然無存，但遠古時代的石頭工具卻保存了下來。.Comprehension 理解Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible.Use one complete sentence for each answer.1,How can anthropologists learn about the history of ancient peoples who have not left written

8、 records? Anthropologists can learn something about the history of ancient peoples who have not left written records by studying the sagas that have been handed down from one generation of storytellers to another.2,Why did ancient men prefer to use flint for making tools? Ancient men preferred to us

9、e flint for making tools because it is easier to shape than other kinds of stone. New words and expressions 生詞和短語fossil man (title) adj. 化石人recount v. 敘述saga n. 英雄故事legend n. 傳說，傳奇migration n. 遷移，移居anthropologist n. 人類學(xué)家archaeologist n. 考古學(xué)家ancestor n. 祖先Polynesian adj.波利尼西亞（中太平洋之一群島）的Indonesia n. 印

10、度尼西亞flint n. 燧石rot n. 爛掉 . Useful expression 有用的表達1，read of 讀到談到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear ofI was very glad to read of your coming to China in the mornings paper.我從晨報上看到你來華的消息，非常高興。2，near east：近東 mediterranean, south europe,north afric far east3,oral(spoken) language is earlier than written l

11、anguage. precede :什么在什么之前，不用比較，直接跟名詞 counterpart: two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart.4,preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） In the summer, large crops of fruit may be preserved by freezing or bottling.夏天大量水果可以通過冷藏或瓶裝加以保存。5,如果句中有only，那后面的表語結(jié)構(gòu)就要用to

12、 do sth,而不是doing sth. 6,storyteller: 講故事的人fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生7，migration ：移民）migrant）immigrant v. migrate:遷移，遷徙migratory bird:候鳥 8,none: no body 9,peoples 民族 10,if they had any: 即便是有his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized.11,find out千方百計，費盡周折explore I

13、 would like you to find out about it.我希望你們能找出和它相關(guān)的東西。12,modern men :the men who were like ourselves 13,howeveranywhere you want ,加逗號but,yet不加標點，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore自由so自由14,tool:小工具 instrument:實驗器械 equipment:設(shè)備15,shape:成型；教育，改造 Your baby is shaping well.你的寶寶發(fā)育良好。16,may als

14、o have:表推測 They may also have attention deficit disorders.他們也可能有注意力缺陷障礙。17,peel:果皮leather:皮革hide:獸皮cowhide:牛皮18,without (any) trace:無影無蹤Without any trace in the sky, the bird has already flown by.天空不留下鳥的痕跡，但我已飛過。. Grammar 語法1，定語從句 根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系是否緊密，可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系松散，只是補充說明，書寫時常常使

15、用逗號隔開。關(guān)系代詞that不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。例:Mr Smith, who came to see us yesterday, is a relative of my wife史密斯是我妻子的一個親戚，昨天他來看望我們了They are coming back to us, which means that they have been refused elsewhere他們回來找我們了，那意味著他們在別的地方已被拒絕 定語從句分為1、限制性定語從句：即從句不能省略，省略句子意思不清晰。2、非限制性定語從句：即從句可以省略，省略了不影響原意（先行詞和關(guān)系詞之間加“，”（逗號）不用用th

16、at）例：1、The blue team isnt play well today. The blue team is at the top pf the league.將其兩個句子合并， 即：The blue team,which is at the top of the league,isnt playing well.2,speak，talk，tell，say，call的用法及區(qū)別say:之后要有說的內(nèi)容，如He said nothing.Speak：后一般加語言名稱，如He can speak Chinese.talk:交談，如：He often talks with me durin

17、g lunchtime.此時talk也可改為chat（閑談）call：一般用于打電話中，如：He will call me later.tell:告訴，如：He is talling me an interesting story.3,be from 和 come from的異同點？be from 由什么地方來, 是什么地方人的意思 (有祖籍那里的意思) I am from China. 我是中國人。 come from 從什么地方來 (只是簡單說從那里來) I came from China. 我從中國來。（但不一定是中國人)1. 兩者均可表示”來自哪里”指明說話者的家鄉(xiāng)不過come fro

18、m 屬于短暫動詞，不和延續(xù)時間連用， be from 可以 eg: I come from China.= I am from China. 2. Come from 還可表示從某個地方來，而be from 則不行 eg: I came here from my uncles .我從叔叔家來這的。 Lesson 2 Spare that spider 不要傷害蜘蛛 = 1 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT I. First listen and then answer the following question.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。How much of each year

19、do spiders spend killing insects? Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our f

20、locks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm

21、 to us or our belongings. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six. How many spiders are engaged in this work no our behalf? One authority on spide

22、rs made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible

23、to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in th

24、e country. T. H. GILLESPLE Spare that spider from The Listener = 2 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT II. 參考譯文 你可能會覺得奇怪， 蜘蛛怎么會是我們的朋友呢？因為它們能消滅那么多的昆蟲，其中包括一些人類的大敵，要不是人類受一些食蟲動物的保護，昆蟲就會使我們無法在地球上生活下去，昆蟲會吞食我們的全部莊稼，殺死我們的成群的牛羊。我們要十分感謝那些吃昆蟲的鳥和獸，然而把它們所殺死的昆蟲全部加在一起也只相當于蜘蛛所消滅的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食蟲動物，它們絲毫不危害我們和我們的財物。 許多人認為蜘蛛是昆蟲，但它

25、們不是昆蟲，甚至與昆蟲毫無關(guān)系。人們幾乎一眼就能看出二者的差異，因為蜘蛛都是8條腿，而昆蟲的腿從不超過6條。 有多少蜘蛛在為我們效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的權(quán)威對英國南部一塊草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次調(diào)查。他估計每英畝草坪里有225萬多只蜘蛛。這就是說，在一個足球場上約有600萬只不同種類的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆蟲。它們一年中消滅了多少昆蟲，我們簡直無法猜測，它們是吃不飽的動物，不滿意一日三餐。據(jù)估計，在英國蜘蛛一年里所消滅昆蟲的重量超過這個國家人口的總重量。.Comprehension 理解Give short answers to these questions in your own wor

26、ds as far as possible.Use one complete sentence for each answer.1,Why have we reason to be grateful to insect-eating animals?We have reason to be grateful to insect-eating animals because insets includes some of the greatest enemies of the human race.2,How can we tell the difference between a spider

27、 and an insect?We can tell the difference between a spider and an insect because a spider has eight legs,and an insect never has more than six.3,What do you understand by the statement One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field .?(11.9-10) One authority on spiders made a

28、census in a grass field. means that an expert on spiders formally counted how many spiders there were on a piece of ground covered with grass. . New words and expressions 生詞和短語beast n. 野獸census n. 統(tǒng)計數(shù)字acre n. 英畝content adj. 滿足的 . Useful expression 有用的表達1,why, you may wonderyou may wonder why插入語先不管插入

29、語，弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu)you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入語位置不固定why以疑問句 開頭why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings. why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.2,destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消滅光tear into pieces 3,greatest enemies:天敵 dying enemy crying enemy dear enem

30、y human race:人的種族，一般不加復(fù)數(shù)，表示一個總稱詞4,impossible 和possible 永遠不要以人開頭It is impossible for somebody to do something. likely可以以人做主語。i am likely to go. probable 也不以人做主語5,they would表示假設(shè)devour狼吞虎咽devour the food make a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the book6,it虛擬語氣前面是主句，下面是條件句 前面一般的加動詞devour,后面用一般

31、過去時If it were not for:如果這不是因為I would not survive if it were not for his timely help. but for 一定是虛擬語氣 if it were not for7,owe感激，欠 i owe you.引出主題 all of them put together:把他們堆到一起 謂語動詞是kill destroyed 后置定語，重心轉(zhuǎn)到 spider. Grammar 語法1，Wonder用法n.驚奇；驚嘆to look at sth. in wonder驚奇地看著某物They were filled with wond

32、er when they saw the spaceship.當他們看到宇宙飛船時，他們非常驚奇。奇觀；壯舉；奇才the seven wonders of the world世界七大奇觀Hes a wonder.他是個奇才。Its a wonder難得；奇怪的是Its a wonder you recognized me.難得你還認得我。(Its) no wonder 難怪；并不奇怪；當然No wonder he is not hungry; he has been eating sweets all day.難怪他不餓，他整天在吃糖果。vi., vt.（常與at, that連用）覺得奇怪；驚

33、奇I wonder. In England, each man speaks a different language.我感到十分驚奇,在英國每個人都說著一種語言。I wonder at his rudeness.我對他的粗魯感到奇怪。納悶；想知道He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.他很奇怪為什么人們本可以造出漂亮的房屋,而偏偏建造出丑陋的房子來。wondering how to do it想知道怎么做這個Ted wondered why he was wanted by th

34、e police, but he went to the station yesterday.特德不知道為什么警察局要他去,但昨天他去了。I wonder why James is always late for school.我想知道為什么詹姆斯上學(xué)總是遲到。Lesson 3 Matterhorn man 馬特霍恩山區(qū)人 = 1 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT I. First listen and then answer the following question.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。What was the main objective of early mounta

35、in climbers? Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the su

36、mmit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of t

37、heir way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal - the top! It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine village tended to be impoverished sett

38、lements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever the

39、y could - sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen shee

40、ts at home, the change to the Alps must have very hard indeed. WALTER UNSWORTH Matterhorn Man = 2 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT II. 參考譯文 現(xiàn)代登山運動員總想找一條能夠給他們帶來運動樂趣的路線來攀登山峰。他們認為， 道路愈艱險愈帶勁兒。然而，在登山運動的初期，全然不是這種情況。早期登山者所尋找的是通往山頂?shù)淖罘奖愕耐緩剑驗轫敺逄貏e是前人未曾到過的頂峰 - 才是他們尋求的目標。確實，在探險中他們經(jīng)常遇到驚心動魄的困難和危險，而他們裝備之簡陋足以使現(xiàn)代登山者一想起來就膽戰(zhàn)心驚。但

41、是，他們并非故意尋求這種刺激，他們只有一個目標，唯一的目標 - 頂峰！ 我們今天很難想像昔日的登山先驅(qū)們是多么艱苦。除了澤曼特和夏蒙尼等一兩個很快出了名的地方外，阿爾卑斯山山區(qū)的小村幾乎全是高山環(huán)抱、與世隔絕的窮鄉(xiāng)僻壤。那里的小客棧一般都很骯臟，而且跳蚤猖獗。 食物是當?shù)氐母衫液屯ǔ４娣帕艘荒曛玫拿姘?，人們就著劣酒吞下這種食物。山谷里常常沒有小客棧，登山者只好隨遇而安。有時同當?shù)啬翈?（他通常和他的教民一樣窮）住在一起，有時同牧羊人或制乳酪的人住在一起。無論住在哪兒，情況都一樣：骯臟、貧窮，極其不舒適。對于過慣了一頓飯吃7道菜、睡亞麻細布床單的人來說，變換一下生活環(huán)境來到阿爾卑斯山山區(qū)，那一

42、定是很艱難的。.Comprehension 理解Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible.Use one complete sentence for each answer.1,In what way does the modern climbers attitude towards mountains differ from that of the pioneer? The modern climbers attitude differs from that of the pionee

43、r, in that the modern climber wants a route that will give him good sport, whereas the pioneer was only interested in getting to the top by the easiest route.2,Name three factors which made most Alipine villages inhospitable places. The three factors that made most Alpine villages inhospitable place

44、s were poverty, dirt and discomfort. . New words and expressions 生詞和短語Matterhorn n. 馬特霍恩峰（阿爾卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士邊境）alpinist n. 登山運動員 pioneer v. 開辟，倡導(dǎo)； n. 先鋒，開辟者summit n. 頂峰attain v. 到達perilous adj. 危險的shudder v. 不寒而栗court v. 追求solitary adj. 唯一的impoverish v. 使貧困Alpine adj. 阿爾卑斯山的flea-ridden adj. 布滿跳蚤的coarse

45、 adj. 粗劣的boast v. 自恃有parishioner n. 教區(qū)居民shepherd n. 牧羊人linen n. 亞麻布床單the Alps n. 阿爾卑斯山脈. Useful expression 有用的表達1、Route路線 Road道路2、good sports :stimulus 刺激 thrilling 震撼、興奮3、regardregard sb with sth(感情詞 love hatredhorrorrespect) Dad, I regard you with horror.爸爸，我很害怕你。4、pineering days, ancient (先人時期)5、

46、not at all 根本不 case 這回事6、be doing 表達當時的行動（狀態(tài)）7、top:頂點 summit 山頂 peak 山頂The scenery is at the peak ofthe mountain.無限風(fēng)光在險峰。I am at the top of the world.我在世界之巔。 Summit meeting 峰會8、 attain到達 conquer 征服9、be of the most perilous nature nature特點、特性the most perilous difficulties and dangers學(xué)會 be of the + ad

47、j+noun 結(jié)構(gòu)He is the kindest man. =He is the man of the kindest man.10、equipped 表示當時的一種伴隨。11、in a manner 以這樣的方式12、make sb do sth(省 to 結(jié)構(gòu))at the thought 一想到 ，mention 一提到,idea 一想到 這個結(jié)構(gòu)后面加介詞 of原文即 at the thought of their poor equipment14、go out of ones way 刻意 intentionally eye catching 引人注目的15、the real l

48、iving conditions 真實生存狀況16、nowadays 插入語，現(xiàn)在回想起來，可在句首、句末17、except for 把其中的一部分扣除18、tend to be 傾向于19、settlement 生存地、駐扎地20、cut off=which are cut off21、flea ridden 跳蚤22、as they were 可以這么說，插入語 還有 as it wereThis book is , as it were, his life portrait.這本書，可是說，是他的人生寫照。23、local 當?shù)氐?4、wine 低度酒 alcohol 酒精 alcoho

49、lic 酒鬼25、boast 擁有 priest 牧師 shepherd 牧羊人 invariably=all the same26、dirt and poverty， and very uncomfortable （結(jié)構(gòu)不符合習(xí)慣，不可學(xué)）27、course 一道菜28、must have been 表推測29、be accustomed to ,be used to + 名詞、動名詞I am used to the life in Bejing. I am used to living in Bejing.30、早餐：scratch a meal 中午餐：snack 快餐 晚餐：dinne

50、r31、the change toEducation brings great change to his outlook/view on life.教育使他的面貌（對生活的看法）產(chǎn)生了很大變化。. Grammar 語法1，“the+比較級，the+比較級”用法“the+比較級，the+比較級”意為“越越”，表示一方的程度隨著另一方的變化而變化，其中的兩個the都是副詞，而不是冠詞。本文擬從以下幾個方面對此句式作一淺析，希望能幫助同學(xué)們加深理解。 一、對主、從句的理解 1.在通常情況下，前一個“the +比較級”相當于比較狀語從句，后一個“the + 比較級”為主句。例如： The more

51、I read the book，the more I liked it 這本書我越看越喜歡。 The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is able to answer them. 問題越難，他回答出來的可能性就越小。 2.有時前一個“the +比較級”相當于條件狀語從句，后一個“the + 比較級”為主句，從句不可用將來時。例如： The earlier you start,the sooner youll be back. 你出發(fā)得越早,回來得就越早。 The more you practise, the bette

52、r you can understand. 你練習(xí)得越多，理解得就越透。 3.除上述情況外，還存在著主句在前，從句在后的特殊情況。此時，主句中的“the+比較級”多放在主句之末。此時，要按漢語習(xí)慣先譯從句，再譯主句。例如： He is the busier, the happier he feels. 他越忙越高興。 You climb the higher, the farther you will see. 你爬得越高,就看得越遠。 二、語序 一般說來，從句中的主語與謂語必須是正常語序，不能是倒裝語序。主句可根據(jù)需要調(diào)整，既可采用正常語序，也可采用倒裝語序。例如： The noisier

53、they were, the happier was their mother. 孩子越吵鬧，他們的母親就越高興。 The harder you work, the more progress you will get. 你越努力，進步就越快。 三、省略 1.在通常情況下，如果主、從句中的謂語動詞是聯(lián)系動詞be，而且主語非代詞時，此時be常常省略。例如： The better the food (is), the more popular a restaurant gets. 食物越可口，飯店的生意就越紅火。 The higher the tree (is), the stronger the

54、 wind (is). 樹大招風(fēng)。 The more exercise you take, the stronger you are. 鍛煉得越多，身體越強壯。(注意：此句中的聯(lián)系動詞are不能省略。) 2.對于主句在前，從句在后的特殊情況，主句中形容詞或副詞前的the常常省略。例如： You practise (the) more, the better you can understand. 你練習(xí)得越多，你理解得就越透。 I knew him (the) more, the more I liked him. 我越了解他就越喜歡他。 3.主、從句的主語和謂語動詞在敘述的場合有默契，可酌情

55、省略。例如： The sooner (you finish it), the better (it will be). 你完成得越快越好。 The more (you know), the more dangerous (it will be). 你知道得越多，處境就越危險。 Lesson 4 Seeing hands 能看見東西的手 = 1 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT I. First listen and then answer the following question.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。How did Vera discover she had this gi

56、ft of second sight? Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid and walls. One case concerns and eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different par

57、ts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were

58、 done up in bundles. Veras curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests sh

59、e was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a childs game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of

60、 a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. It was also found that although she could perceive