高三英語(yǔ)二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)題型二推理判斷題課件

1、題型二 | 推理判斷題題型二 | 推理判斷題一、題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式推理判斷題是高考閱讀理解試題中的重要題型之一，它屬于主觀題，是閱讀理解中層次較高的題目，因此也是考生失分率較高的題型。推理判斷題要求考生不僅要讀懂句子的字面含義，還要理解其深層含義，也就是理解作者的言外之意，并能根據(jù)論據(jù)或事實(shí)進(jìn)行推理和判斷，從而得到文章的隱含意思和深層意思，也就是通過(guò)文章中的文字信息、上下邏輯關(guān)系及事物的發(fā)展變化等已知的信息，推斷出作者沒(méi)有直接表達(dá)的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。一、題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式推理判斷題是高考閱讀理解試題中的重要題推理判斷題的題干中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的詞有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate，

2、conclude，learn from，probably，most，likely，can，could，may，might 等。常見(jiàn)的命題方式有：1.對(duì)文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論進(jìn)行推測(cè)(1)From the passage we can learn that _.(2)Which of the following can be inferred?(3)From the passage we can draw a conclusion that _.2.對(duì)作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度進(jìn)行推測(cè)(1)What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned

3、 in the passage?(2)Which of the following best describes Turins work?推理判斷題的題干中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的詞有：infer，imply，s3.對(duì)文章隱含的意義進(jìn)行推測(cè)(1)The author implies _.(2)What do you think would happen after _.(3)This event probably took place in _.4.對(duì)文章的出處進(jìn)行推測(cè)(1)This passage can be found in _.(2)This passage would be likely take

4、n from _.3.對(duì)文章隱含的意義進(jìn)行推測(cè)(1)The author im二、推理判斷題的選項(xiàng)特征推理判斷題不僅要推理，還要選擇判斷出正確選項(xiàng)，排除掉干擾選項(xiàng)。這是考查的重點(diǎn)，也是解推理判斷題的關(guān)鍵。1.此類題中正確選項(xiàng)設(shè)置一般有這幾個(gè)特征：(1)符合原文主旨，含義豐富，概括性強(qiáng)。(2)措辭不絕對(duì)化，相對(duì)留有余地。通常有修飾詞如often，usually，sometimes，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。(3)來(lái)源于原文又高于原文，注意“不是原文”。二、推理判斷題的選項(xiàng)特征(1)符合原文主旨，含義豐富，概括性(4)推理不是憑空猜測(cè)，而是立足已知推斷未

5、知，因此正確選項(xiàng)一定能在文中找到依據(jù)或理由，但如果選項(xiàng)中有文中原句則不選。(5)推理過(guò)程和結(jié)論符合作者意愿，而不是讀者的判斷或常識(shí)判斷。(6)推斷作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度時(shí)不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的想法，因此脫離原文的主觀臆斷都是錯(cuò)誤的。(4)推理不是憑空猜測(cè)，而是立足已知推斷未知，因此正確選項(xiàng)一2.干擾選項(xiàng)設(shè)置一般有如下幾個(gè)特征：(1)似是而非。通常有兩種情況：第一種情況是這類干擾項(xiàng)是對(duì)文章信息的簡(jiǎn)單陳述，而不是依據(jù)事實(shí)得出的結(jié)論。這類選項(xiàng)對(duì)考生的干擾性極大，表面上看起來(lái)很正確，符合原文的意思，極容易迷惑考生；第二種情況是推理部分正確，比如說(shuō)前半句推理正確，后半句卻錯(cuò)了。(2)夸大事實(shí)。對(duì)文章中的事實(shí)或

6、論據(jù)進(jìn)行夸大。2.干擾選項(xiàng)設(shè)置一般有如下幾個(gè)特征：(1)似是而非。通常有兩(3)推理過(guò)度。這類干擾選項(xiàng)往往過(guò)于絕對(duì)化，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)only，all，always等詞語(yǔ)，所做出的結(jié)論不符合邏輯。(4)滲入常識(shí)。按常識(shí)來(lái)講是正確的，但不是根據(jù)文章中的事實(shí)或論據(jù)推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論。綜上，同學(xué)們要對(duì)設(shè)題選項(xiàng)有個(gè)基本的了解，結(jié)合題目認(rèn)真解讀作者陳述的觀點(diǎn)和描述的事實(shí)，進(jìn)行正確合乎邏輯地推論和甄別，做到“有理有據(jù)有思路”，去偽存真，從而得出符合原文信息或提示的最佳答案。(3)推理過(guò)度。這類干擾選項(xiàng)往往過(guò)于絕對(duì)化，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)onl三、基本解題步驟及解題技巧做推理判斷題時(shí)，首先通過(guò)題干找到相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)，即推理的依據(jù)，

7、然后細(xì)讀理解其字面意義，最后結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，在字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推斷，從而理解作者的言外之意。對(duì)于觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類的題目，要全面理解文章的內(nèi)容及感情基調(diào)，注意能夠表達(dá)作者思想傾向和感情色彩的形容詞、副詞等，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。下面結(jié)合高考試題，對(duì)推理判斷題的解題技巧加以解讀。三、基本解題步驟及解題技巧做推理判斷題時(shí)，首先通過(guò)題干找到相技巧1 根據(jù)特定信息進(jìn)行推理有些簡(jiǎn)單的推理判斷題，可根據(jù)題干提供的信息，到原文中去抓關(guān)鍵信息，然后進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維或正面推理，從而推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。典例(2018全國(guó)卷C篇)Languages have been

8、 coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers，small，tightly knit (聯(lián)系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10，00

9、0 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.技巧1 根據(jù)特定信息進(jìn)行推理28.What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?A.They developed very fast.B.They were large in number.C.They had similar patterns.D.They were closely connected

10、.分析根據(jù)題干中的特定信息languages和huntergatherer times我們可以定位到文章第一段。再根據(jù)第一段的最后一句“Some language experts believe that.between them”可知，在狩獵時(shí)代，人口少，語(yǔ)言卻很豐富，故選B項(xiàng)。28.What can we infer about lan技巧2 整合全文（段）信息進(jìn)行推斷有些推理判斷題，很難從某一句話或某幾句話推斷出其含義，這時(shí)就需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息，綜合起來(lái)去推理判斷，從而確定最佳結(jié)論。典例(2018全國(guó)卷D篇)We may think were a cul

11、ture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new，but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(裝置) well after they go out of style.Thats bad news for the environmentand our walletsas these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones

12、 that do the same things.技巧2 整合全文（段）信息進(jìn)行推斷32.What does the author think of new devices?A.They are environment-friendly.B.They are no better than the old.C.They cost more to use at home.D.They go out of style quickly.分析根據(jù)對(duì)第一段的整體理解可知，與新的電子設(shè)備相比，過(guò)時(shí)電子設(shè)備不僅耗能高，而且危害環(huán)境，所以可推斷出，新的電子設(shè)備是環(huán)保的，故選A項(xiàng)。32.What does the

13、 author think 技巧3 利用語(yǔ)境的褒貶性進(jìn)行信息推斷文章是作者抒發(fā)感情、表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的一種方式。因此，很多文章，尤其是記敘文和議論文，其語(yǔ)境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)，以及作者的寫作意圖。利用好文章的語(yǔ)境褒貶性就能在把握主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的邏輯判斷。找出反映語(yǔ)境褒貶性及變化的標(biāo)志性詞匯或句子，對(duì)我們掌握文章主旨文意，了解主人公的心理特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展變化，從而正確地進(jìn)行邏輯推斷很有用處。技巧3 利用語(yǔ)境的褒貶性進(jìn)行信息推斷文章是作者抒發(fā)感情、表感情色彩常用詞歸納(1)表示貶義的常用詞：disgust，dislike，critical，negative，

14、intolerant，disappointment 等。(2)表示褒義的常用詞：positive，support，useful，wonderful，interesting，enthusiasm，admiring等。(3)表示中立的常用詞：indifferent，impassive，neutral等。感情色彩常用詞歸納典例(2017天津卷A篇)Suppose youre in a rush，feeling tired，not paying attention to your screen，and you send an email that could get you in trouble.Re

15、alisation will probably set in seconds after youve clicked “send”.You freeze in horror and burn with shame.What to do？Here are four common email accidents，and how to recover.典例(2017天津卷A篇)Suppose you36.After realising an email accident，you are likely to feel _.A.curiousB.tiredC.awfulD.funny 分析觀察四個(gè)選項(xiàng)可

16、以看出，A、D兩項(xiàng)是褒義詞，B、C兩項(xiàng)是貶義詞。因此要注意文章里面所表現(xiàn)的褒貶色彩。文章第二段說(shuō)，在你點(diǎn)擊“發(fā)送”數(shù)秒鐘后你就意識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)誤，結(jié)合下文的“freeze in horror and burn with shame”可知，人們意識(shí)到“郵件事故”后，可能會(huì)感覺(jué)糟糕，因此選C項(xiàng)。36.After realising an email ac技巧4 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯得出結(jié)論邏輯推論是指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料進(jìn)行推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。解答這類題的前提是獲得短文的主題思想或列舉的具體事實(shí)，然后按題目的要求進(jìn)行推斷。技巧4 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯得出結(jié)論邏輯推

17、論是指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章中典例(2018全國(guó)卷C篇)Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun，according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.According to the reports key findings，“the proportion (比例 )who say they hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year

18、-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”典例(2018全國(guó)卷C篇)Teens and y29.Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”？A.In paragraph 2.B.In paragraph 3.C.In paragraph 4.D.In paragraph 5.分析文章第一段提出“兒童更少地為了樂(lè)趣而閱讀”，文章第三段利用了一些數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支持這一論點(diǎn)。由此可推知應(yīng)該選B

19、項(xiàng)。29.Where can you find the data技巧5 根據(jù)文章中的描述推斷下段內(nèi)容有些內(nèi)容文章中沒(méi)有明確說(shuō)明，要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇預(yù)測(cè)事件可能的結(jié)局或下段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等。做這類題時(shí)應(yīng)把握作者的寫作思路(如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過(guò)描寫，也可能按因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)敘述)，從而作出合情合理的預(yù)測(cè)。技巧5 根據(jù)文章中的描述推斷下段內(nèi)容有些內(nèi)容文章中沒(méi)有明確說(shuō)典例(2015湖北卷E篇)On the whole，Brookss story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect，his writing is mostly clea

20、r and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed，for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly in

21、volve Brookss attempt to translate his tale into science.典例(2015湖北卷E篇)On the whole70.What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?A.Problems with the book.B.Brookss life experiences.C.Death of the characters.D.Brookss translation skills.分析根據(jù)該段倒數(shù)第二句中的the more serious problems和最后一

22、句中的These problems可知，作者對(duì)存在的問(wèn)題提出了自己的疑問(wèn)，可以推斷文章的下一段應(yīng)該圍繞著problems展開(kāi)，故選A項(xiàng)。70.What is the author likely t技巧6 根據(jù)文章體裁和內(nèi)容推斷文章出處判斷文章出處的題目應(yīng)從文章的體裁和內(nèi)容來(lái)著手。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，報(bào)紙上的新聞前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱等；廣告類文章因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)；產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明類文章如器皿、設(shè)備的使用說(shuō)明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說(shuō)明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等；來(lái)自網(wǎng)絡(luò)的文章一般比較新穎，時(shí)效性強(qiáng)。技巧6 根據(jù)文章體裁和內(nèi)容推斷文章出處典例(2018全國(guó)卷B篇)Many of us

23、 love July because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abundance.These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the common berries，strawberries are highest in vitamin C，although，because of their seeds，raspberr

24、ies contain a little more protein (蛋白質(zhì))，iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein).Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)).The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries (櫻桃)，th

25、ey are so delicious who cares? However，they are rich in vitamin C.典例(2018全國(guó)卷B篇)Many of us When combined with berries or slices of other fruits，frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick，cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”.For this purpose，select ripe bananas for freezing as they are mu

26、ch sweeter.Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze.If you like，a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.Frozen bananas will last several weeks，depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.If you have a_juicer，you

27、can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries of sliced fruit.Out comes a “softserve”creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a childrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.When c

28、ombined with berries or 27.From which is the text probably taken?A.A biology textbook.B.A health magazine.C.A research paper.D.A travel brochure.分析全文主要介紹了一些七月成熟的果實(shí)以及這些果實(shí)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分等，而這自然與健康飲食有關(guān)，介紹這類內(nèi)容的文章應(yīng)該是刊載在健康雜志上的。故選B項(xiàng)。27.From which is the text prob技巧7 根據(jù)作者的思想傾向和感情色彩判斷, 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度所謂作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，就是表達(dá)作者對(duì)某個(gè)話題、行為、事件的看法、感覺(jué)或判斷。作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度一般分為三大類：支持、贊同、樂(lè)觀；客觀、中立；反對(duì)、批評(píng)、懷疑、悲觀。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間。因此