英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告文獻(xiàn)

1、英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告范文例文論文題目the Application and Innovation of Gothicism in Wuthering eights一、選題的意義和研究現(xiàn)狀1選題的目的、理論意義和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義長(zhǎng)時(shí)期以來(lái), 人們視艾米莉?勃朗特為英國(guó)文學(xué)中的“斯芬克斯 ”。 關(guān)于她本人和她的作品都有很多難解之謎, 許多評(píng)論家從不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的結(jié)論, 因而往往是舊謎剛解, 新謎又出 , 解謎熱潮似永無(wú)休止。本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)研究呼嘯山莊的創(chuàng)作源泉, 指出艾米莉?勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng),同時(shí)憑借其超乎尋常

2、的想象力, 將現(xiàn)實(shí)與超現(xiàn)實(shí)融為一體, 給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力, 達(dá)到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一, 使 呼嘯山莊 既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義” ,又超越了維多利亞時(shí)代的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 ” ,從而展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)具一格、經(jīng)久不衰的藝術(shù)魅力。2與選題相關(guān)的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究和發(fā)展概況各民族的文學(xué)中都有許多驚險(xiǎn)、恐怖的故事, 但似乎沒(méi)有哪一種文學(xué)像英美文學(xué)那樣不僅創(chuàng)作出數(shù)量眾多、質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)秀的恐怖文學(xué)作品, 而且還形成了一個(gè)持續(xù)發(fā)展、影響廣泛的哥特傳統(tǒng)（ Gothic tradition） 。哥特文學(xué)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為英美文學(xué)研究中的一個(gè)重要領(lǐng)域。對(duì)哥特文學(xué)的認(rèn)真研究開始于20 世紀(jì)二三十年代,

3、到70 年代以后, 由于新的學(xué)術(shù)思潮和文學(xué)批評(píng)觀念的影響, 該研究出現(xiàn)了前所未有而且日趨高漲的熱潮。根據(jù)在國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的搜索, 到 2000 年 9 月為止 , 英美等國(guó)的學(xué)者除發(fā)表了大量關(guān)于哥特文學(xué)的論文外, 還至少出版專著達(dá)184部 ,其中 1970 年以后為126 部 , 僅 90 年代就達(dá)59 部 , 幾乎占總數(shù)的三分之一。當(dāng)然 ,近年來(lái)哥特文學(xué)研究的狀況不僅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和廣度方面都大為拓展, 并且把哥特傳統(tǒng)同英美乃至歐洲的歷史、社會(huì)、文化和文學(xué)的總體發(fā)展結(jié)合起來(lái)。二、研究方案1研究的基本內(nèi)容及預(yù)期的結(jié)果（大綱）研究的基本內(nèi)容:本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳

4、統(tǒng)研究呼嘯山莊的創(chuàng)作源泉 , 指出艾米莉?勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng),同時(shí)憑借其超乎尋常的想象力, 將現(xiàn)實(shí)與超現(xiàn)實(shí)融為一體, 給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力, 達(dá)到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一, 使 呼嘯山莊 既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義” ,又超越了維多利亞時(shí)代的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 ” ,從而展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)具一格、經(jīng)久不衰的藝術(shù)魅力。預(yù)期的結(jié)果（大綱）: A Survey of GothicDefinition of Gothicthe Origin of Gothic NovelsHistorical ReasonsFolklore in

5、 Germantic NationalityDrama in the Renaissancethe Bible and Legends in ChristianityDevelopment of the Novel ItselfChallenge of Romanticism to RationalismSublime and Beautiful. Emily s Gothic HeritageThemeGood and EvilRevengeCharacters DescriptionVillain-heroDelicate Young GirlAtmosphere, Environment

6、 and PlotTerrorMysterySupernatural.Emily s Gothic InnovationCombination of romanticism and RealismChange of the BackgroundUse of SymbolismStream of ConsciousnessIllusion and Subconsciousness. Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2擬采用的研究方法主要有資料查找、理論探討研究、閱讀法3.研究所需條件和可能存在的問(wèn)題研究所需條件：紙張、

7、打印設(shè)備、圖書館、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上獲取國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)資料；可能存在的問(wèn)題：（1）文獻(xiàn)不足;（2） 由于個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)和能力，使對(duì)研究對(duì)象分析不夠全面和深入。1研究進(jìn)度安排1）論文指導(dǎo)第一周（學(xué)期第八周）：學(xué)生完成初稿。2）論文指導(dǎo)第二周（學(xué)期第九周）：指導(dǎo)教師審閱論文初稿后發(fā)回修改。3）論文指導(dǎo)第三周（學(xué)期第十周）：學(xué)生交論文第二稿。4）論文指導(dǎo)第四周（學(xué)期第十一周）：指導(dǎo)教師審閱第二稿并發(fā)回給學(xué)生進(jìn)5）論文指導(dǎo)第五周（學(xué)期第十二周）：定稿6）論文指導(dǎo)第六周（學(xué)期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和電子文本。7）論文指導(dǎo)第六周（學(xué)期第十三周）：本周星期五至論文指導(dǎo)第七周（學(xué)期第周）星期五，指導(dǎo)教師和評(píng)閱教師寫評(píng)語(yǔ)，學(xué)

8、生做好答辯準(zhǔn)備。（ 8）論文指導(dǎo)第七周（學(xué)期第十四周）：星期三至論文指導(dǎo)第八周（學(xué)期第十 五周）開展答辯工作。應(yīng)收集資料及主要參考文獻(xiàn)（不少于8 條）Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 20.Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte M. New York: Oxford University Press.Marie, Mulvey-Roberts.

9、ed. 1998.The handbook to gothic literature A. New York: New York University Press. p. 83.Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror M. London: Longman. p. 6.方平 . 1993 .希望在人間?論呼嘯山莊（呼嘯山莊譯序） M. 上海譯文出版社 . 第 24頁(yè) . TOC o 1-5 h z 蓋斯凱爾夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂?勃朗特傳M. 張淑榮等譯. 北京 : 團(tuán)結(jié)出版社.第 11?12頁(yè) .肖明翰 . 2001. 英美文學(xué)中的哥特傳

10、統(tǒng)J. 外國(guó)文學(xué)評(píng)論第3 期 .鮮于靜 . 2003. 神秘和怪誕的魅力??？思{小說(shuō)八月之光的哥特藝術(shù)研究MA. 中國(guó)學(xué)位論文全文庫(kù).Function and Application of Descriptive Translation StudiesIntroductionThe intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation ana

11、lysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools i

12、s Descriptive Translation Studies （DTS）.DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization

13、and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of tr

14、anslation tothe process of translator s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are

15、noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set

16、up to conduct DTS.“ Norm” is operative at everystage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis

17、is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation

18、 and explanation will done in light of DTS.OutlineDevelopment and major concepts of DTSIn this part I will describe Holms basic map of DTS and the relationshipbetween function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translat

19、ionese, norm etc.MethodolgyI will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.DTS in contrast to other theoriesA contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to f

20、ind the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.Case studyIn this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in

21、 light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.ConclusionBased on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.(Note: W

22、hile the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)0000附錄 2- 引文范例(僅供參考)“ It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a ment

23、al, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.” (Wilss, 1982: 217)“ 噢， 這就是恐水病吧?你們貴族圈子怎么流行起這種病來(lái)啦?真夠嗆的!費(fèi)芬斯小姐，您喝點(diǎn)茶大概沒(méi)關(guān)系吧! ”( 張南峰，1990： 59-60)附錄 3- 參考文獻(xiàn)范例(僅供參考)Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation Problems

24、 and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.張南峰(譯 ). 王爾德戲劇選. 福州：海峽文藝出版社，1990.戴煒棟 . 構(gòu)建具有中國(guó)特色的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)“一條龍 ”體系，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究，2001（

25、5）.附錄 4- 封面范例（僅供參考）（中文）對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文論品牌名稱翻譯的特殊性專 業(yè)：研究方向：作 者：導(dǎo) 師：寫作時(shí)間：對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)院（英文）School of International StudiesUniversity of International Business and EconomicsPragmatic Strategiesin Advertising: ImplicaturesWang YingA thesis submitted to School of International Studies ofUniversity of Intern

26、ational Business and EconomicsIn partial fulfillment of the requirementFor the degree of Master of ArtsApril 2002Beijing, China系別：外語(yǔ)系專業(yè)：英語(yǔ)學(xué)生姓名陳婷婷學(xué)號(hào)02091502畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目：English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)及其銜接功能畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）內(nèi)容：習(xí)語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)中非常重要的組成部分，對(duì)英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行研究具有重要的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義，它可以幫助我們更好的學(xué)習(xí)和應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)。傳統(tǒng)的英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)研究主要關(guān)注

27、習(xí)語(yǔ)的分類、用法、 句法特征和語(yǔ)義等層面，對(duì)其功能尤其是銜接功能的探討為數(shù)不多。文章可以依據(jù)韓禮德（1976， 1985）提出的語(yǔ)言三大功能理論，著力探討英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的銜接功能，包括語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的銜接功能、語(yǔ)義銜接功能和語(yǔ)用銜接功能等。畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）要求及應(yīng)完成的工作：1、廣泛查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，了解本領(lǐng)域研究現(xiàn)狀；2、要有鮮明的觀點(diǎn)，立論有據(jù)，并運(yùn)用一定的邏輯方法分析論證；3、在老師指導(dǎo)下按時(shí)獨(dú)立開題和撰寫初稿，不斷修改完善直至定稿，嚴(yán)禁抄襲 剽竊；4、論文必須用英文書寫，字?jǐn)?shù)不少于5000 英語(yǔ)單詞；5、行文必須符合學(xué)術(shù)論文規(guī)范，定稿須按院系統(tǒng)一要求打印和裝訂；6、按照規(guī)定完成論文答辯。進(jìn)度安排畢業(yè)論

28、文（設(shè)計(jì)）各階段名稱起止日期指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)選題向?qū)W生下達(dá)任務(wù)書；學(xué)生根據(jù)任務(wù)書查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，收集資料并擬定寫作提綱1 月 22 日 -3 月 10 日進(jìn)一步分析整理資料，完成開題報(bào)告,開始論文寫作3月 11 日 -3月 25日寫作并完成初稿，接受中期檢查3月 26日 -4月 30日根據(jù)導(dǎo)師的修改和建議，進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充和潤(rùn)色，直至定稿；論文評(píng)閱5月 1 日 -6月 10日完成答辯后規(guī)范打印并裝訂成冊(cè)；綜合評(píng)定成績(jī)6月 11 日 -6月 22日應(yīng)收集的資料、主要參考文獻(xiàn)及實(shí)習(xí)地點(diǎn)：Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Languag

29、e Education Press, 2000Halliday, M.A.K.& R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972 TOC o 1-5 h z 林承璋 . 英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)引論M. 武漢大學(xué)出版社，1987陸國(guó)強(qiáng) . 現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)M. 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1999指導(dǎo)教師簽字:年月日系主任簽字：年月日系別：外語(yǔ)系專業(yè)：英語(yǔ)系別：外語(yǔ)系學(xué)生姓名 陳婷婷 學(xué)號(hào) 02091502指導(dǎo)教師 高瑞闊 職稱 講師所選題目名稱

30、：English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)及其銜接功能課題研究現(xiàn)狀：English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideatio

31、nal function, interpersonal function and textual function). Another scholar, Fernando C. (1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects. Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng

32、 (1995, 1996, 1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.課題研究目的：This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the

33、 concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.課題研究?jī)?nèi)容：As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertatio

34、n includes the following five aspects:IntroductionA General Study of English IdiomsThe Definition of English IdiomsFeatures of English IdiomsCohesive Function of English IdiomsCohesionFunctional CategoriesCohesive Function of Relational IdiomsCohesive Function of Other IdiomsThe Cohesive Function in

35、 Terms of Syntax And PragmaticsSyntactic CohesionPragmatic FunctionConclusion課題研究計(jì)劃：January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materialsMarch 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outlineMarch 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking super

36、visor s adviceMay 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher s suggestionJune 11?June 22: f inalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence 主要參考文獻(xiàn)：Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason

37、. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972林承璋 . 英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)引論M. 武漢大學(xué)出版社，1987陸國(guó)強(qiáng) . 現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)M. 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1999汪榕培 , 盧曉娟 . 英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)教程M. 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1999指導(dǎo)教師意見：簽字：年月日領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組意見：簽

38、字：年月日 備注： 選題的目的和意義歐 ?亨利( O. Henry, 1862-1910) , 原名威廉?西德尼?波特( William Sydney Porter) ，是美國(guó)最著名的短篇小說(shuō)家之一，曾被評(píng)論界譽(yù)為曼哈頓桂冠散文作家和美國(guó)現(xiàn)代短篇小說(shuō)之父。他出身于美國(guó)北卡羅來(lái)納州格林斯波羅鎮(zhèn)一個(gè)醫(yī)師家庭。他的一生富于傳奇性，當(dāng)過(guò)藥房學(xué)徒、牧牛人、會(huì)計(jì)員、土地局辦事員、新聞?dòng)浾?、銀行出納員。當(dāng)銀行出納員時(shí)，因銀行短缺了一筆現(xiàn)金，為避免審訊，離家流亡中美的洪都拉斯。后因回家探視病危的妻子被捕入獄，并在監(jiān)獄醫(yī)務(wù)室任藥劑師。他在銀行工作時(shí)，曾有過(guò)寫作的經(jīng)歷，擔(dān)任監(jiān)獄醫(yī)務(wù)室的藥劑師后開始認(rèn)真寫作。190

39、1 年提前獲釋后，遷居紐約，專門從事寫作。歐?亨利善于描寫美國(guó)社會(huì)尤其是紐約百姓的生活。他的作品構(gòu)思新穎，語(yǔ)言詼諧，結(jié)局常常出人意外；又因描寫了眾多的人物，富于生活情趣，被譽(yù)為“美國(guó)生活的幽默百科全書”。代表作有小說(shuō)集白菜與國(guó)王、四百萬(wàn)、命運(yùn)之路等。其中一些名篇如愛的犧牲、警察與贊美詩(shī)、帶家具出租的房間、麥琪的禮物、最后一片藤葉等使他獲得了世界聲譽(yù)。這些小說(shuō)誕生于同一時(shí)期，且所描寫的主人公遭受的悲劇又極其的相似，那么這些作品是想向我們表達(dá)什么呢？它表達(dá)了什么樣的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)呢？通過(guò)文章的分析，我們可以了解到這些主人公的悲劇是由那個(gè)時(shí)代造成的，也就是資本主義生產(chǎn)關(guān)系造成的。在資本主義興盛發(fā)展時(shí)期，最

40、得利還是資本家，人民大眾還是受苦者。國(guó)內(nèi)外研究的現(xiàn)狀Many scholars have studied O.Henry s works fromt pdeifrfsepreenctives, such as the theme, the characteristics and also the personal background. By analyzing the theme of O.Henry s fiction, i.e.,“ smile with tears ” and “ tears with smile ” , Zhaogave us a unique impression

41、of O.Henry s works. W hRautan Wse nmlionreth,inks highly of the humanity after commenting on O.Henry s works. As for The Gift of theMagi, Liu Wencui carefully analyzed the characters of this short story. Wei Rongcheng studied the numbers, the allusion of the Holy Bible and also the theme of his work

42、s. What s more, many- soevae rscholars have also done some research on O.Henry s works. For example, in 1986, Trueman E.O Quinn and Jenny Linder Porter published an article on the Eakin Magazine Press, entitled“ How William SydneyPorter Became O.Henry ”.要解決的問(wèn)題通過(guò)對(duì)作者寫作的藝術(shù)手法的研究進(jìn)一步掌握作者的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義概念研究思路主人公悲劇是由

43、那個(gè)時(shí)代造成的，同時(shí)他們的悲劇命運(yùn)也反映了那個(gè)時(shí)代特征。通過(guò)研究反諷，包括字面反諷，結(jié)構(gòu)反諷和命運(yùn)反諷在他作品中的具體體現(xiàn)來(lái)揭示反諷這一修辭手法的功用及其產(chǎn)生的種種根源。這對(duì)我們研究歐 ?亨利現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)他的創(chuàng)作成就和文學(xué)地位，學(xué)習(xí)與借鑒他的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)和創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格有著積極的作用。參考文獻(xiàn)目錄BIBLYOGRAPHYE.Hudson, Long. O.Henry, The Man and His Work,Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949.Donald F.A, Peel. Critical Stories of O.H

44、enry, Northwest Missouri State College Studies 25:4,1961.E.O Quinn, Trueman, and Porter, Jenny Lind. How William Sydney Porter Became O.Henry, Austin, Eakin Press, 1986.Arthur, Voss. The American Short Story: A Critical Survey, Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 1973.陳華，何曉曦.四百萬(wàn)M. 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，1988.6.郭

45、燕華.從警察與贊美詩(shī)看“歐 ?亨利筆法” J武漢教育學(xué)院外語(yǔ)系高等函授學(xué) .報(bào) (哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版), 2000.10 13( 5) .胡曉梅 , 郭雪華 .紐約的鏡子?談歐?亨利的四百萬(wàn)J.浙江工商職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào) , 2003.3 2(1).金文麗.繞梁余音三日不絕?最后一片葉子的結(jié)構(gòu)特色及其必然性J.麗水師范專科學(xué)校學(xué)報(bào), 1999.8 21(4).康明強(qiáng).歐 ?亨利短篇小說(shuō)選M. 譯林出版社, 1998.5(1).劉文翠.從麥琪的禮物看歐?亨利的寫作手法J.東疆學(xué)刊，2001.3 18( 1) .任誠(chéng)剛 , 王玉敏 .杰作里的真正杰作?歐 ?亨利短篇小說(shuō)最后一片葉子賞析J .山東師范大學(xué)

46、外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2001(2).阮溫林.高揚(yáng)人性美的主旋律?歐 ?亨利愛情小說(shuō)藝術(shù)論J.皖西學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2004.418( 2) .韋榮臣.麥琪的禮物新探-數(shù)字，圣經(jīng)典故和作品主題J. 四川大學(xué)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)刊，2001.5 17（ 3） .趙莉，黃春妮.歐 ?亨利作品導(dǎo)讀M. 武漢：武漢大學(xué)出版社，2003.8.趙書穎 . “含淚的笑 ”與 “含笑的淚 ”? 淺析歐?亨利小說(shuō)的主題J.黑龍江教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)， 2004.3 23（ 2） .IntroductionIrony and Its Classification in O.Henrys FictionDefinition1.2 Classif

47、ication2.1 Verbal Irony2.2 Structural Irony2.3 Cosmic IronyFunction of Irony2. 1 Critical Exposure of The Theme2 Distinctive Portrait of The Characters3 Perfect Construction of The Plot2.4 Adequate Impression of The TemperamentThe Underlying Causes of the Recurrence of Irony in O.Henrys Fiction3. 1

48、Life of O.Henry2 The Democratic Mind of O.Henry3The Influence of OthersConclusionBibliography作品如下：The Gift of the Magi and A Service of LoveThe Cop and the Anthem The Cop and the AnthemThe Last LeafThe Romance of a Busy BrokerAn Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between

49、English and Chinese 試析顏色詞的中英文化內(nèi)涵差異 課題來(lái)源Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、課題背景及意義（課題的立題依據(jù)及研究意義）Research Background:A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people s attitudes, beliefs, and worldoutlooks

50、etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in thecustoms and behaviors and other aspects of the cultu

51、res in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture.When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our

52、daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people s daily life.Research Significance:As the differences between Eastern and Western cultu

53、res led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance o

54、f this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.二、課題研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)（課題研究領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及可能的發(fā)展方向）Research Status:Study of color words has long attracted linguists attention. The bright lights of theobjective world and for humank

55、ind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and expre

56、ss the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how

57、 the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applie

58、d linguistics has an important significance.Research Tendency:21st century s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough,

59、upgrading the research quality.三、研究?jī)?nèi)容及研究目標(biāo)（對(duì)研究的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，并闡明要達(dá)到的目標(biāo)）Research Contents:Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in IdiomsPositive Connotations and Their Reflections in IdiomsBlack Is Associated With the Solemn and the DignifiedBlack Is Associated With ProfitBlack Is Associated With

60、the Black PeopleNegative Connotations and Their Reflections in IdiomsBlack Is Associated With the DeathBlack Is Associated With the Evil and UnfortunateBlack Is Associated With the Shame and DisgracefulBlack Is Associated With AngerCultural Connotations of White and Reflections in IdiomsPositive Con