新科普版八年級英語上冊《Topic3TheInternetmakestheworldsmallerSectionB》課教案4

1、直接引語和間接引語引述或轉(zhuǎn)述他人的話稱為“引語”。直接引用他人的原話，兩邊用引號“”標(biāo)出，叫做直接引語；用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述他人的話，不需要引號這叫做間接引語，實(shí)質(zhì)上間接引語多數(shù)是賓語從句，此中由祈使句變換的間接引語除外，其變換后是不定式。那么直接引語為陳說句、一般疑問句、特別疑問句和祈使句，變換為間接引語時(shí)，句子的構(gòu)造，人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)間狀語和地址狀語等都要有變化，怎樣變化呢?(一)人稱的轉(zhuǎn)變直接引語中的第一人稱，一般變換為第三人稱，如：Hesaid，“Iamverysorry.”-Hesaidthathewasverysorry.直接引語中的第二人稱，假如原話是針對轉(zhuǎn)述人說的，變換為第一人稱，如

2、：Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,myfathertoldme.MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.直接引語中的第二人稱，假如原話是針對第三人稱說的，變換成第三人稱。如：Shesaidtoherson,“Illcheckyourhomeworktonight.”Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.人稱的變換包含人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等，如：Heaskedme“Willyougotothestationwithmetome

3、etafriendofminethisafternoon?”HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.總之，人稱的變換不是固定的，詳細(xì)狀況，詳細(xì)對待，要切合邏輯。(二)時(shí)態(tài)的變換直接引語改為間接引語時(shí)，主句中的謂語動詞假如是過去時(shí)，從句(即間接引語部分)的謂語動詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化，變?yōu)檫^去時(shí)范圍的各樣時(shí)態(tài)(實(shí)質(zhì)也是賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)要求)，變化以下：一般此刻時(shí)-一般過去時(shí)此刻進(jìn)行時(shí)-過去進(jìn)行時(shí)此刻達(dá)成時(shí)過去達(dá)成時(shí)一般未來時(shí)-過去未來時(shí)一般過去時(shí)過去達(dá)成時(shí)過去達(dá)成時(shí)不變過去進(jìn)行時(shí)不變?nèi)?/p>

4、：“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”she,said.-Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.Tomsaid,“Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.”Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?”watchedTV.4)Heaskedtheconductor,“WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?”No.3bus.“Whyd

5、idsherefusetogothere?”theteacherasked.Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.Motheraskedme,“HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?”watchedTV.Tomsaid,“Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore.8)Hesaid，“Ihaventheardfrommyparentsth

6、esedays.”Hesaidthathehadntheardfromhisparentsthosedays.(三)時(shí)間狀語、地址狀語及某些對照性的指示代詞和動詞變化1now-thentoday-thatdayyesterday-thedaybeforelastweek(month)-theweek(month)beforetomorrow-thenext(following)daynextyear-theyearbeforetwodaysago-twodaysbeforethis-thatthese-those地址狀語：here-there動詞：come-bring-如：Shesaid,“I

7、wontgothereanymore.”-ntcomehereanymore.Hesaid,“Thiswillbefinishedtomorrow.-”befinishedthenextday.Paulsaid,“IvisitedChinalastyear.”-PaulsaidhehadvisitedChinatheyearbefore.(四)直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)不必改變當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是一般此刻時(shí)的時(shí)候，如：Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout.”tiredout.當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是未來時(shí)的時(shí)候，如：Hewillsay,“Illtrymybesttohelpyou.

8、”hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelp當(dāng)直接引語部分帶有詳細(xì)的過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，如：Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.”-thathewenttocollegein1994.當(dāng)直接引語中有以when,while指引的從句，表示過去的時(shí)間時(shí)，如：Hesaid，“WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.當(dāng)直接引語是客觀真諦或自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)，如：Ourteachersai

9、dtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansound.”O(jiān)urteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.當(dāng)引語是諺語、格言時(shí)，如：Hesaid，“Practicemakesperfect.”-Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.7.當(dāng)直接引語中有神態(tài)動詞should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need時(shí)，如：Thedoctorsaid,“Youdbetterdrinkplentyofwater.”thedocto

10、rsaidIdbetterdrinkplentyofwater.Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher.”-ateacher.Hesaid,“Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.”Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.Theteachersaid,“Youneednthandinyourcompositionstoday.”ourcompositions.Sheasked,“MustItakethemedicine?”-totakethemedicine.注：此處用hadto取代must更好

11、8,別的轉(zhuǎn)述中的變化要因?qū)嵸|(zhì)狀況而定，不可以機(jī)械照搬，假如當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不用改為there,動詞come不用改為go，假如當(dāng)日轉(zhuǎn)述yesterday,tomorrow,thisafternoon等均不用改變。如：Teacher:Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon.StudentA:Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor?Monitor;Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.(五)直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語，句子構(gòu)造的變化陳說句。用連詞that指引，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動詞可直用接引語中

12、的said,也可用told來取代，注意，能夠說saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that，不行直接說toldthat,如：Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”-2hehadbeentotheGreatWall.Hesaid,“IllgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.”-dusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.(不行說toldthat)別的主句中的謂語還常有：repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declar

13、e,think等，又如：Hesaid，“Imlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.”Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.假如間接引語是由that指引的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列從句，第一個(gè)連詞能夠省略，此后的連詞一般不省略，免得雜亂。Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.直接引語為一般疑問句，間接引語用連詞wh

14、ether或if指引，原主句中謂語動詞said要改為asked(me/him/us等)，語序是陳說句的語序，這一點(diǎn)特別重要。Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?”Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,arentyou?”3.直接引語為選擇疑問句，間接引語用whetheror表達(dá)，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror如.：Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?

15、”Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?”直接引語為特別疑問句，改成間接引語時(shí)，本來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動詞用ask(sb.)來表達(dá)，語序改為陳說句語序。如：Heasked，“Whatsyourname?”-Heasked(me)whatmynamewas.Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?”Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.5.直接引語為祈使句時(shí)，改為間接引語，用帶to的不定式表達(dá)，謂語動詞常是

16、ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。如asksb.todo，(由一定祈使句變?yōu)?asksb.nottodo(由否認(rèn)祈使句轉(zhuǎn)變)，而且在不定式短語中的時(shí)間狀語、地址狀語、人稱實(shí)時(shí)態(tài)都作相應(yīng)的變化。如：Hesaid，“Beseated,please.”-Heaskedustobeseated.“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.He”said.-Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting.“Nevercomehereagain!”saidtheofficernearby.-Theofficerordere

17、dthevillagersnevertogothereagain.“Donttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,”teachersaid.Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission.有些含有“建議”、“勸說”的祈使句，可用suggest,insist,offer等動詞轉(zhuǎn)述，如：1)Hesaid,“Letshavearest.”-Hesuggestedourhavingarest.2)Hesaid,“Letmehelpyou.”-當(dāng)直接引語形式上是疑問句，有

18、表示懇求，建議意義時(shí)，可用asksbtodosth./suggestdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。如：“Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?”heasked.-metoopenthedoor.2“Whynotgoingoutforawalk?”heaskedus.-ustogooutforawalk.或outforawalk.38.直接引語是嘆息句時(shí)，變間接引語可用what或how指引，也可用that指引，如：Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!”-Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或小結(jié)：直接引語變間接引語

19、是口語社交中常常使用的語言變化形式，可依據(jù)詳細(xì)的語言環(huán)境，作詳細(xì)的使用，要靈巧運(yùn)用。掌握好直接引語變間接引語也能促使對賓語從句的學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用。直接引語變間接引語時(shí)態(tài)不變的幾種狀況一般地，直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)要發(fā)生變化；但是，時(shí)態(tài)不變的狀況主要有：1若直接引語表述的是客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真諦和格言時(shí)。如：Theteachersaid,“Theearthmovesroundthesun.”Theteachersaidthattheearthmovesroundthesun.Theoldmansaid,“Therearetwelvemonthsayear.”Theoldmansaidthatthere

20、aretwelvemonthsayear.2若直接引語所表述的事在當(dāng)前和說話時(shí)相同有效時(shí)。如：Hesaid,“Iamaman,notawoman.”Hesaidthatheisaman,notawoman.Shesaid,“Ilikeplayingfootball.”Shesaidthatshelikesplayingfootball.3若直接引語為一般此刻時(shí)，且表示頻頻出現(xiàn)或常常性、習(xí)慣性的動作時(shí)。如：Tomsaid,“Ihavelunchatschooleveryday.”Tomsaidthathehaslunchatschooleveryday.4若主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般此刻時(shí)、此刻進(jìn)行時(shí)或一般未來不時(shí)。如：Heoftensays,“Iwillneverforgetyou.”Heoftensayshewillneverforgetme