北京版高考英語高中總復(fù)習(xí)專題四《主旨大意（試題練）》教與學(xué)

1、高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)PAGE PAGE 37學(xué)好一門外語很重要。專題四主旨大意探考情 悟真題【考情探究】考點內(nèi)容五年考頻統(tǒng)計2015北京卷2016北京卷2017北京卷2018北京卷2019北京卷主旨大意主旨大意題要求考生在理解全文后歸納文章主旨、概括中心思想34232分析解讀主旨大意題考查的是考生對段落主旨、篇章主旨的提取以及在掌握主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對文章整體架構(gòu)和文章或作者的寫作目的的理解。主旨大意題的主要類型為:考查文章的主要內(nèi)容、主要目的或標(biāo)題;考查文章中某段的主要內(nèi)容、某段的寫作目的或作用;考查整篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。雖然考查主旨的題型多樣,但一篇文章的主旨只有一個,這也就決定了此類題的數(shù)量不會過多。雖然

2、題目不多,但抓住文章主旨是閱讀的關(guān)鍵,即便沒有出現(xiàn)明顯的主旨大意題,也建議考生在閱讀時秉持“主旨意識”,對全文主旨進(jìn)行把控?！疚迥旮呖肌緼組自主命題北京卷題組Passage 1(2019北京,C) 詞數(shù):466The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they dont know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺詐). We are finally w

3、aking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, its too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解決方案)become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer me

4、ans. In the near future, its not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice youre hearing is actually real.Thats because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation(處理) and automation technologies that are about to be

5、come widely available for anyone to use. At this years I/O Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.These developments are likely to make our current

6、 problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches(數(shù)據(jù)侵入) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mothers name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, theyre a

7、ble to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank tellers, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mothers name, and ca

8、rd number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom network

9、s. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based comm

10、unicationsusing apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out.1.How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?A.Panicked. B.Confused.C.Embarrasse

11、d.D.Disappointed.2.Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammers can.A.aim at victims preciselyB.damage databases easilyC.start campaigns rapidlyD.spread information widely3.What does the passage imply?A.Honesty is the best policy.B.Technologies can be double-edged.C.There are more solutions th

12、an problems.D.Credibility holds the key to development.4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A.Where the Problem of Robocalls Is RootedB.Who Is to Blame for the Problem of RobocallsC.Why Robocalls Are About to Get More DangerousD.How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Te

13、chnology答案1.D2.A3.B4.CPassage 2(2018北京,A)詞數(shù):319My First Marathon(馬拉松)A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.

14、E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didnt do either well. He later informed me that I was“not athletic”.The idea that I was “not athletic”stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competit

15、ion or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldnt even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start lin

16、e, my shoe laces(鞋帶) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign:“GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!”By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was

17、starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one t

18、hat the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗標(biāo)簽), I can now call myself a “marathon winner”.1.A month before the marathon, the author .A.was well trained B.felt scaredC.made up his mind to runD.lost hope2.Why did the author mention

19、 the P.E. class in his 7th year?A.To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B.To amuse the readers with a funny story.C.To show he was not talented in sports.D.To share a precious memory.3.How was the authors first marathon?A.He made it.B.He quit halfway. C.He got the first prize. D.He walked to the

20、 end.4.What does the story mainly tell us?A.A man owes his success to his family support.B.A winner is one with a great effort of will.C.Failure is the mother of success.D.One is never too old to learn.答案1.C2.C3.A4.BPassage 3(2017北京,C) 詞數(shù):358Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and

21、disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reporte

22、d in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people w

23、ho get hurt easily, including those who cant be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesnt work.But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and

24、everyone is in even bigger danger.Thats exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-old caused an outbreak last year.The resistance to vaccine has continued for

25、 decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(決定不參加)of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states al

26、low parents to get an exemption(豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited m

27、edical or religious reasons. But personal opinions?Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but theyll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.1.The first two paragraphs suggest that.A.a small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trendB.the outb

28、reak of measles attracts the public attentionC.anti-vaccine movement has its medical reasonsD.information about measles spreads quickly2.Herd immunity works well when.A.exemptions are allowedB.several vaccines are used togetherC.the whole neighborhood is involved inD.new regulations are added to the

29、 state laws3.What is the main reason for the comeback of measles?A.The overuse of vaccine.B.The lack of medical care.C.The features of measles itself.D.The vaccine opt-outs of some people.4.What is the purpose of the passage?A.To introduce the idea of exemption.B.To discuss methods to cure measles.C

30、.To stress the importance of vaccination.D.To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.答案1.A2.C3.D4.CPassage 4(2016北京,B) 詞數(shù):368Surviving Hurricane Sandy(颶風(fēng)桑迪)Natalie Doan,14,has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York.Living just a few blocks from the beach, Natalie can see the ocean and

31、 hear the waves from her house.“Its the ocean that makes Rockaway so special,”she says.On October 29, 2012, that ocean turned fierce. That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalies family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the citys b

32、ridges closed.When they returned to Rockaway the next day,they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many of Natalies friends had lost their homes and were living far away. All around her, people were suffering, especially the elderly. Natalies school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a

33、 school in Brooklyn.In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie. Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and foo

34、d to elderly people trapped in powerless high-rise buildings.“My mom tells me that I cant control what happens to me,”Natalie says, “but I can always choose how I deal with it.”Natalies choice was to help.She created a website page, matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help. Natalie

35、posted information about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down. Within days, Patricks collection was replaced.In the coming months, her website page helped lots of kids:Christopher, who received a new basketball;Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie

36、 also worked with other organizations to bring much-needed supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.Today, the scars(創(chuàng)痕) of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the

37、 air. The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. “I cant imagine living anywhere but Rockaway,”Natalie declares.“My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before.”1.When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane, she found.A.some friends had lost their livesB.her neighbor

38、hood was destroyedC.her school had moved to BrooklynD.the elderly were free from suffering2.According to Paragraph 4, who inspired Natalie most?A.The people helping Rockaway rebuild.B.The people trapped in high-rise buildings.C.The volunteers donating money to survivors.D.Local teenagers bringing cl

39、othing to elderly people.3.How did Natalie help the survivors?A.She gave her toys to other kids.B.She took care of younger children.C.She called on the White House to help.D.She built an information sharing platform.4.What does the story intend to tell us?A.Little people can make a big difference.B.

40、A friend in need is a friend indeed.C.East or west, home is best.D.Technology is power.答案1.B2.A3.D4.APassage 5(2015北京,D)詞數(shù):368Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life,mostly for the better.However,social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken f

41、or a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college.Surveys(調(diào)查)on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be“very”or“somewhat”overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories.The same su

42、rveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.However,greater parental involvement does not

43、 necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their“adult”children.In the context(背景)of this discussion,it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children.If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with

44、their college-age children frequently,would this have been possible?Probably not.On the other hand,does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago?Many studies show that older parentstodays grandparentswould have called their children m

45、ore often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore,studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children.The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new;nor are request

46、s for more money to be sent from home.This phenomenon is neither good nor bad;it is a fact of college life,today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology,we live in an age of bettered communication.This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of the

47、ir children who have left for college.But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.1.The surveys inform us of.A.the development of technologyB.the changes of adult childrens behaviorC.

48、the parents over-protection of their college childrenD.the means and expenses of students communication2.The writer believes that.A.parents today are more protective than those in the pastB.the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantagesC.technology explains greater parental involvement

49、with their childrenD.parents changed attitudes lead to college childrens delayed independence3.What is the best title for the passage?A.Technology or AttitudeB.Dependence or IndependenceC.Family Influences or Social ChangesD.College Management or Communication Advancement4.Which of the following sho

50、ws the development of ideas in this passage?I:IntroductionP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要點)C:Conclusion答案1.C2.C3.A4.BB組統(tǒng)一命題、省(區(qū)、市)卷題組Passage 1(2019課標(biāo)全國,D) 詞數(shù):370During the rosy years of elementary school(小學(xué)), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the quee

51、n of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prins

52、tein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:the likable and the status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then t

53、heres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary sch

54、ool, are “most likely to engage(從事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(調(diào)查研究).“We found that the least well-liked teens had beco

55、me more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on

56、a play datesharing, kindness, opennesscarry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion:Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outc

57、omes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage,”he said.1.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.2.What is the second paragraph mainly about?A.

58、The classification of the popular.B.The characteristics of adolescents.C.The importance of interpersonal skills.D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.3.What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?A.They appeared to be aggressive.B.They tended to be more adaptable.C.They enjoyed the

59、highest status.D.They performed well academically.4.What is the best title for the text?A.Be NiceYou Wont Finish LastB.The Higher the Status, the BetterC.Be the BestYou Can Make ItD.More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness答案1.C2.A3.B4.APassage 2(2019課標(biāo)全國,C) 詞數(shù):348Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach

60、s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading?None of your business!Lunch is Bechtels “me” time. And like more Americans, shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have brea