神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控課件

1、運動神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)the nerve regulation of motor鄧石可神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控運動神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)the nerve regulation ofcatalogue神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)功能電活動電位產(chǎn)生突觸傳遞神經(jīng)調(diào)控神經(jīng)通路脊髓反射神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控catalogue神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)功能電活動電位產(chǎn)生突觸傳遞神經(jīng)調(diào)Structure of neurons1 細胞膜 cytomembrane2 胞體 soma （細胞質(zhì)和細胞器）3 細胞骨架 cytoskeleton4 突觸 synapsis神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Structure of neurons1 細胞膜 cytocytomembrane神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控cytomembr

2、ane神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Soma線粒體 mitochondria內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng) endoplasmic reticulum高爾基體 Golgi apparatus 核糖體 ribosome 溶酶體 lysosome神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Soma線粒體 mitochondria神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控cytoskeleton神經(jīng)元纖維 neurofibril微管 microtubule神經(jīng)絲 neurofilament微絲 microfilament神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控cytoskeleton神經(jīng)元纖維 neurofibril神synapseSynapse：一個神經(jīng)元與另一個神經(jīng)元進行信息交流的接觸點，是神經(jīng)元信息交流的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。突觸傳遞

3、：The process of information transter at a synapse chemical synapseSynapse electrical synapse神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控synapseSynapse：一個神經(jīng)元與另一個神經(jīng)元進行信Neuronal activity1 代謝活動 Metabolic activity2 胞漿活動 Axoplasmic activities3 電活動 Electrical activity4 遞質(zhì)釋放 Neurotransmitter release神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Neuronal activity1 代謝活動 MetaboElectrical

4、 activity信息載體腦的重要功能活動形式神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Electrical activity信息載體神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Electrical activity神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Electrical activity神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Electrical activity神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Electrical activity神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Electrical activity五種電位1 電緊張電位 Electrotonic potential （線性關(guān)系）2 局部反應(yīng) Local potential （電刺激+膜電位改變）3 動作電位Action potential （介紹極化狀態(tài)的改變，發(fā)放的模式表示不同的信息）4

5、 突觸電位 Synaptic potential 膜電位神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Electrical activity五種電位膜電位神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Electrical activity神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Electrical activity神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Ion channels1 Non-gate ion channels2 gated ion channel voltage-gated ion channels Na K cl ligand gated channels Neurotransmitter神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Ion channels1 Non-gate ion chaResting potentialResti

6、ng potential 神經(jīng)元及其他可興奮細胞未受刺激時存在于細胞膜內(nèi)外兩側(cè)的電壓差非門控離子通道是靜息電位的形成基礎(chǔ)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Resting potentialResting potenAction potential動作電位是可興奮細胞興奮時原有膜電位基礎(chǔ)上出現(xiàn)的跨膜電位變化Na離子通道是動作電位的形成基礎(chǔ)Na離子內(nèi)流的再生循環(huán)Na離子通道的失活關(guān)閉神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Action potential動作電位是可興奮細胞興奮時原1 絕對不應(yīng)期 absolute refractory period2 相對不應(yīng)期 relativle refractory period3 超常期 supernorm

7、al region4 低常期 subnormal period特征：全或無、不衰減擴布、脈沖發(fā)放、興奮性變化神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控1 絕對不應(yīng)期 absolute refractorsynapsis神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控synapsis神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Synaptic transmission Electrical synapses structure functionSynaptic Chemical synapses structure classification神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Synaptic transmission Electrical synapsesGap junction神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Electrical

8、 synapsesGap junctioElectrical synapses介導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元同步活動通過相鄰細胞共享電信號和化學(xué)信號，參與調(diào)節(jié)和營養(yǎng)神經(jīng)元參與神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細胞功能調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Electrical synapses介導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元同步活動神經(jīng)chemical synapsemost synaptic transmission in the mature human nervous system is through chemical synapseelementary strcture of chemical synapse presynaptic elements postsynapti

9、c elements synaptic cleft神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控chemical synapsemost synaptic Presynaptic elementsSynaptic vesicle and mitochondria secretory vesicle Synaptic vesicle large densecore vesicle神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Presynaptic elementsSynaptic vsynaptic cleftextracellular matrix protein cell adhesion molecular細胞外基質(zhì)蛋白粘附分子神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控synaptic

10、 cleftextracellular mapostsynaptic elements1 postsynaptic membrance2 receptors 3 postsynaptic density ( 致密帶）神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控postsynaptic elements1 postsynPSDThe postsynaptic density (PSD) is a protein dense specialization attached to the postsynaptic membrane. PSDs were originally identified by electron micro

11、scopy as an electron-dense region at the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. The PSD is in close apposition to the presynaptic active zone and ensures that receptors are in close proximity to presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites. PSDs vary in size and composition among brain regions and have be

12、en studied in great detail at glutamatergic synapses. Hundreds of proteins have been identified in the postsynaptic density including glutamate receptors, scaffold proteins, and many signaling molecules. 致密帶(PSD)是一種附著于突觸后膜的蛋白質(zhì)致密化。PSDs最初被電子顯微鏡鑒定為一個在突觸后神經(jīng)元膜上的電子致密區(qū)域。PSD與突觸前活躍區(qū)密切相關(guān)，并確保受體接近突觸前神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放位點。PS

13、Ds在大腦區(qū)域的大小和組成上各不相同，并在谷氨酸根神經(jīng)突觸上進行了大量的研究。在突觸后的密度中有數(shù)百種蛋白質(zhì)，包括谷氨酸受體、支架蛋白和許多信號分子神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控PSDThe postsynaptic density (PClassification of chemical synapseBased on the part of the neuron post to the axon terminal Based on the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane Gray 球形 后膜較前膜厚 興奮性突觸 Gray 橢圓形 對稱性 抑制性突觸Based on

14、 the neurotransmitter神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Classification of chemical synPrinciples of synaptic transmission合成遞質(zhì)所需的酶首先向軸突末梢轉(zhuǎn)運 在胞漿進行遞質(zhì)合成 遞質(zhì)進入突觸囊泡進行儲存轉(zhuǎn)運體 transporter 囊泡膜上的特殊鑲嵌蛋白經(jīng)典神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)按化學(xué)梯度和電梯度進行轉(zhuǎn)運神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Principles of synaptic transmiQuantal release 量子釋放神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Quantal release 量子釋放神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Neurotransmitters acting on synaps

15、esConformation changes of receptorsFunctional changes of receptors神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Neurotransmitters acting on syMain types of heurobransmitter receptors1 transmitter-gated ion channel 門控離子通道 contormabon change Ion channed open Ion flux postsynaptic potential Na cl 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Main types of heurobransmitterThe neuro

16、transmitter is released and cleared1 simple diffusion2 reuptake into the presynaptic axon terminaltransponer veloaded into synaptic vesiclesenzymatically destroyed3 uptake by glia cell 4 degradation in synaptic cleft神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控The neurotransmitter is releasneurotransmitterneurotransmitter: 作用于次一級神經(jīng)元或效應(yīng)器細

17、胞膜上相應(yīng)的受體而發(fā)生效應(yīng)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)neurotransmitter: Ach，NE，DA，Glu， GABA 神經(jīng)肽 neuropeptides NO，CO 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控neurotransmitterneurotransmittThe characteristic of neurotransmitter1 神經(jīng)元必須具有合成該N遞質(zhì)的合成酶系2 合成的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)必須能被突觸囊泡所儲存3 存儲的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)以胞裂外排的方式釋放，直接外加該遞質(zhì)可以產(chǎn)生相同的突觸后效應(yīng)4 釋放神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)迅速作用于突觸后膜產(chǎn)生生物效應(yīng)5 突觸間隙的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)將快速失活6 遞質(zhì)擬似劑和受體阻斷劑能加強或阻斷該遞質(zhì)的突觸傳遞效

18、應(yīng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控The characteristic of neurotraNeurotransmitters act on receptorsHigh efficaryReversibleStereospecificAgonist and antagonist神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Neurotransmitters act on recep運動的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)1 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對感覺信息的興奮與抑制 CNS can enhance or suppress sensory information2 運動與神經(jīng)活動 Motor and Nerve Activites（1 運動中神經(jīng)活動的整合 integration

19、 of neuronal activity in movement（2 運動控制中反射活動的作用 The role of reflex activity in motor control神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控運動的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)1 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對感覺信息的興奮與抑制神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)運動控制理論Theory of motion control反射理論reflection theory等級理論 Level of theory運動程序理論 Theory of motion programming系統(tǒng)理論動態(tài)動作理論神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控運動控制理論Theory of motion controlsensory system軀體感覺系

20、統(tǒng)視覺系統(tǒng)聽覺系統(tǒng)前庭系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控sensory system軀體感覺系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控感覺系統(tǒng) sensory system淺感覺 superficial sensibility 痛覺 ，溫度覺，觸壓覺深感覺 deep sensibility 本體感覺，位置覺，震動覺神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控感覺系統(tǒng) sensory system淺感覺 superfi興奮與抑制1傳入纖維的側(cè)支可刺激抑制性中間神經(jīng)元The most strongly stimulated receptors may，through collaterals from the afferent fibers， stimulate inhib

21、itory interneurons2許多激活的神經(jīng)被不活潑或沉默神經(jīng)元抑制區(qū)包圍The most activated neurons will be surrounded by an inhibitory zone of less active or silent neurons3觸覺刺激就會被大腦皮層更精確地定位和評估神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控興奮與抑制1傳入纖維的側(cè)支可刺激抑制性中間神經(jīng)元The mo外周感受器1 muscle spindle2 GTOs3 joint receptor4 skin receptorsomatosensory system神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控外周感受器somatosensory

22、 system神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)肌梭muscle spindlea型纖維 型纖維單突觸脊髓反射 經(jīng)皮質(zhì)反射神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控肌梭muscle spindlea型纖維 型纖脊髓反射 reflect牽張反射 myotatic reflex1 腱反射、肌緊張2 屈反射 和 交互抑制反射 Reciprocal inhibition reflex神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控脊髓反射 reflect牽張反射 myotatic re牽張反射環(huán)路神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元增強a及型纖維的能力肌梭對脊髓反射通路和長環(huán)反射同路形成起重要作用神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控牽張反射環(huán)路神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控高爾基腱器 GTOs抑制性去突觸反射神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控高爾基腱器 GTOs抑制性去突

23、觸反射神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控joint receptorRuffini 型末梢Pacinian corpuscle帕西尼體形式末梢Ligament receptor韌帶感受器 Teleneuron 神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控joint receptorRuffini 型末梢神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)skin receptor神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控skin receptor神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控The body sensation at the spinal cord levelGrillner and Wallen （1985）CONTROL OF MOTONEURONE OSCILLATIONS DURING RHYTHMICITY 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)

24、調(diào)控The body sensation at the spinSensory pathway背側(cè)束-內(nèi)側(cè)丘系傳導(dǎo)通路 DC-ML前外側(cè)系傳道通路神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Sensory pathway背側(cè)束-內(nèi)側(cè)丘系傳導(dǎo)通路 DCthalamus神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控thalamus神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Thalamus神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Thalamus神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Thalamus and somatosensory cortexThe thalamus, an undeveloped animal in the cortex, is the highest level of sensation. Animals in the c

25、erebral cortex are the most important sensory transduction stationsDamage in this area can cause serious sensory problems神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控Thalamus and somatosensory cor丘腦及軀體感覺皮層神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控丘腦及軀體感覺皮層神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控integration of neuronal activitysensory integrationmultisensory integration神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控integration of neuronal activi興奮

26、與抑制1傳入纖維的側(cè)支可刺激抑制性中間神經(jīng)元The most strongly stimulated receptors may，through collaterals from the afferent fibers， stimulate inhibitory interneurons2許多激活的神經(jīng)被不活潑或沉默神經(jīng)元抑制區(qū)包圍The most activated neurons will be surrounded by an inhibitory zone of less active or silent neurons3觸覺刺激就會被大腦皮層更精確地定位和評估神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控興奮與抑制1

27、傳入纖維的側(cè)支可刺激抑制性中間神經(jīng)元The mo聯(lián)合皮層 association cortical神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控聯(lián)合皮層 association cortical神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)motorcortex運動區(qū)域的輸入信號來自基底節(jié)，小腦和感覺區(qū)域（丘腦，s1以及頂葉感覺聯(lián)合區(qū)）神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控motorcortex運動區(qū)域的輸入信號來自基底節(jié)，小腦和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控錐體束（皮質(zhì)脊髓束） corticospinal tract神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控錐體束（皮質(zhì)脊髓束） corticospinal trac錐體束（皮質(zhì)脊髓束） corticospinal tractEvarts （1968） Georgopoul

28、os（1982）The discharge of cortical spinal neurons in the wrist of a monkeyrelated the firing rates of individual neurons to various movement parameters such as position, velocity, and force (Evarts, 1968, Georgopoulos et al., 1982)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控錐體束（皮質(zhì)脊髓束） corticospinal traCP神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控CP神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控SMA，Cingulate，PMv，PMdFour pre