2023何凱文長難句突破講義完整版(含授課內(nèi)容)

1、2023文都考研英語長難句精講班講義第一局部 方法論講解 英文句子閱讀的實際過程是什么？英文 mind 中文英中文轉化過程中在句子層面的障礙 語義詞匯 語序句子可以是這樣的：There is something by reason of which man is man. = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT There is something. = 2 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT Man is man by reason of (因為)which this thing.世間存在一種東西，人之所以是人，就是這種東西。英語句子的分類：簡單句和非簡單句 簡單句的定義：只含有

2、一套主謂結構的句子簡單句的障礙來源簡單句沒有障礙的情況:主語+謂語 2.主語+謂語+賓語3. 主語+謂語+雙賓語4.主語+謂語+賓語+賓補5.主語+系+表語 表語為形容詞時候，表語又可以稱作主語補足語William ，do you take Jerry for your lawful wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do part you? 簡單句的障礙來源

3、：問題在于識別和處理 1. 定語 2.同位語 3. 插入語 4. 狀語簡單句的障礙識別及處理方法定語: 修飾和限定名詞的成分；根據(jù)位置分為：前置定語；后置定語。名字n.前后之分 作用和識別： 前置定語可以有多個定語+n Adj. 物主代詞；ving(單);；ved單； n 后置定語：形容詞短語a student unaware of my presence形容詞+介詞+名詞現(xiàn)在分詞短語Otoman fighting with xiaoguaisou 現(xiàn)在分詞ving+介+名；ving+名； ving+連詞+句子過去分詞短語a picture painted by Picasso ved+介+名

4、 n. +動詞不定式短語a way to solve this problem to+v原形介詞短語an apple on the table 介+名詞/介+代 代詞就是代替名詞的詞語表語形容詞作定語后置a cat alive 表語形容詞充當定語后置不定代詞定語后置something important不定代詞充當定語后置處理：前置翻譯成中文的時候，也可以拆分，特別是后置定語較長的時候。定語從句不屬于簡單句范疇定語從句的作用：1，修飾和限定名詞2，連接兩個具有共同名詞的句子3，表示因果關系今生：.I have three books of which the red is my favorit

5、e.of which 叫做關系代詞前世： = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT I have three books. = 2 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT The red of those three books is my favorite .定語從句的識別：根本結構 人稱代詞 who,whom,which.that,as名詞+連接詞+句子 關系代詞：物主代詞 whose 后加 非完整句定語從句的連接詞： 關系連詞：when,where,why,how 后加 完整句 介詞+關系代詞就是介詞短語：as,that和who 后加 完整句/非完整句定語從句的處理方法：1拆分；2

6、，找指代；3，復原Eg1.Apoem line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge /off which they both fall into the river.Eg2.Man is born as a blank sheet of paper/on which each culture writes its text.Eg3. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and A

7、sians whose economies the war had destroyed.whose 引導的定語從句 后面表示因果關系Eg 4. The sun rises that looks beautiful.練習：請將下面的兩個句子用定語從句寫成一個句子：The ambition must be highly regarded(認同) by people/who are themselves admired.The educated is not least among them.The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are

8、 themselves admired,(The ambition must be highly regarded by people；People are admired by people.)Among whom educated is not least.The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, (With) The educated not (being) least among them.獨立主格結構同位語：對一個名詞或句子進行解釋說明的另一個名字。作用：為了增加句子的多樣性和

9、正式性。識別：處理：跳讀 1 A，B，kevin,head ofintelligence service(情報機關),is quite NIU. 前三種都是對名詞進行說明 2 ABA,B都是名字 3 A or B 4 句子A 這個名字A可以修飾前面句子中的一個名詞，這個名字A也可以修飾前面的句子。 句子，A 5 A of BEg1. The Court supported the medical principle of double effect, a centuries-old moral principle名詞的修飾Eg2.Robots will have to operate with

10、 less human supervision and并列動詞做謂語will have tobe able to make at least a fewdecisions for themselvesgoals/ that(指代goals,修飾整個句子) pose a real challenge.(句子的修飾)A of B為同位語的條件：A為上義詞，B為下義詞 上下義詞又稱為種屬詞，如 fruit -apple ;city-beijing上下義詞的作用：增加語言表達的多樣性，增加語言表達的正式性如，the computer上義詞 the invention ;the technology 下

11、義詞 the PC除了定語從句中，其余句子中that 充當?shù)氖顷P系連詞，表示只表連接， 后面連接的都是完整句。同位語從句：(不屬于簡單句的范疇)作用：解釋和說明前面一個名詞結構識別：名詞+連接詞只能用關系連詞來充當，不能用關系代詞充當，when,how,that+句子完整句； 名詞+that+句子完整句處理：從連接詞處切分連接詞后例子：背。同位語從句I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed - we hold these truths to be

12、 self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day, even the state of Mississippi同位語, a state swelteri

13、ng with the heat of injustice后置定語, sweltering with the heat of oppression后置定語, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream省略了一個that my four little children will one day live in a nation/ (定語從句)where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of

14、 their character.I have a dream today! From I Have a Dream Martin Luther King 插入語：作用：增加語言的表達多樣性識別：被兩個逗號或者破折號隔開的成分。任何成分都可充當插入語處理：跳讀 P8 萬能插入語：Rather than:而不是肯前否后 I ,rather than anyone else,am rather than was,the best,rather than good,teacher,rather than police. =i am the best teacher.狀語：狀語在句子中的位置不固定。作

15、用：修飾和限定動詞或形容詞，有時也修飾整個句子某些副詞來充當?shù)?。例句：She is admittedly reliable. 她是可靠的，這是被成認的。It is painfully apparent that she is a liar.很明顯她是一個騙子，這點令人痛心He is obviously intelligent.她非常聰明，這點很明顯。The tomato is technically 從嚴格的意義上來說a fruit. 從嚴格的意義上來說，西紅柿是一個水果。Chinas long-term modernization program understandably and nec

16、essarily emphasizes economic growth. 中國長期現(xiàn)代化的羨慕強調(diào)經(jīng)濟的增長，這點是可被理解和必須的。識別：盡量不把狀語放在名詞后副詞adv. l y結尾的， 現(xiàn)在分詞短語 過去分詞短語 過去不定式短語處理：剝離從句子中提出來，用“這開頭介詞短語 獨立主格結構欠例1：現(xiàn)在分詞短語，充當狀語，跳讀Usingtechniques 方法developed for the offshore oil and gas industry過去分詞短語作定語修飾現(xiàn)在分詞短語的名字做定語, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger同位語

17、。跳讀, was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters水域狀語，跳讀,extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor狀語，跳讀. (From TOEFL authentic test) 例2：A few art collectors-James Bowden of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilt

18、on of Philadelphia-introduced European art traditions to those colonists/privileged過去分詞，有個特權 to visit their galleries翻譯前置, especially aspiring artists,and established( 這里是和introduced并列的)in their respective communities the idea “動詞+介詞+名1做狀語+名2of the value art and the need for institutions 制度/(省略了whic

19、h are) devoted to its encouragement.名詞翻譯成動詞致力于鼓勵價值藝術的制度 (From TOEFL authentic test) 對一種隔離結構的強調(diào)1.They maintain【with a certain fidelity忠誠剝離】the principle of this school學派.2. He elected as his primary duty and happinessin his life the thinking activity 思維行動about the moral problem. 動+介1+名1+介2+名2+名3他選出了關

20、于道德思維行動當做是他一生中最重要的責任和最大的幸福非簡單句定義：含有一套以上主謂結構的句子 連接詞關聯(lián)詞非簡單句的障礙來源：拆分找連接詞，組合區(qū)分嵌套or 并列。簡單句如何組裝為非簡單句。非簡單句的構成：簡1，簡2，簡3，.簡n 主句專一原那么非簡單句的障礙解決方案 關聯(lián)詞和主句專一原那么主句專一原那么:一個句子只能有一個主句，主句中沒有關聯(lián)詞。主句專一原那么:一個句子只能有一個主句，主句中沒有關聯(lián)詞。一個句子中有n個分句，那么只有n-1個關聯(lián)詞。關系代詞：,that,which,who,whom,as,what等關系連詞： that,when,where,why,how等 主從復合句，嵌套

21、句 標點符號： 冒號：和 破折號 分號； 并列連詞：and,or,but 并列句例證：句子之間的關聯(lián)方式1.并列并列連詞的用法1.連接兩個句子句間的并列2.連接兩個句中成分可以是從句也可以是短語等句中并列，從連詞后往前尋找并列成分。3.并列連詞表示并列的終結4.并列常常引起省略可以是省略并列成分也可以省略連詞如and等例1 He drank beer, and it made him fat. 句間的并列 形式主語It is a little upsettingto readthat a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and

22、a Bulgarian officer and to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms. 句中并列解析：并列成分為to read and to findA and B ,C and D. A和B一起，并列C和D。 如果想A,B并列C,D ，中間得加連接詞，此時不能再用and,可以用如：Complied with;along with ;besids;

23、 inaddition to解析：并列連詞表示并列的終結就意味著：A and B 是一個并列成分和C 以及D構成并列；背TO see the world in a grain of sand 一沙一世界 ， 一花一天國And a heaven in a wild flower 君掌盛無邊， 剎那含永劫。Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour.例5. The love song of the sixth Dalai LamaTshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (1683- 1707 or 17

24、46 ), was the Sixth Dalai Lama of Tibet, he was also a well-acclaimed poet.That day,I closed my eyes in the incense fog of the Buddhas Hall, suddenly heard the mantra from your voice;That month,I turned all the prayer wheels,not for my salvation,but for the touch of your fingertips;That year,I prost

25、rated myself along the mountain paths,not for my pilgrimage,but for the warmth of being close to you;That life,I turned around mountains and rivers，I turned around all the Pagodas, not for earning my afterlife,but to meet with you in the way.那一天，閉目在經(jīng)殿香霧中，驀然聽見你頌經(jīng)中的真言。 那一月，我搖動所有的轉經(jīng)筒，不為超度，只為觸摸你的指尖。 那一年

26、，磕長頭匍匐在山路，不為覲見，只為貼著你的溫暖。 那一世，轉山轉水轉佛塔啊，不為修來生，只為途中與你相見賓語從句 賓語從句 只能用that引導動詞介詞+連接詞+句子完整句動詞+it+形容詞+句子完整句 it為形式賓語 處理：從連接詞處切分連接詞后)，保證切開的句子是完整句2.主從復合嵌套 主從復合句的分類：三大從句：名詞性從句： 主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句形容詞性從句：定語從句副詞性從句： 狀語從句常見的關聯(lián)詞：名詞性從句：關系代詞：what，who，whom，which,表語從句系動詞+連接詞+句子完整句或非完整句表語從句系動詞+連接詞+句子完整句或非完整句處理：從連接詞處切分

27、連接詞前后，由是完整句還是非完整句判定。 完整句和非完整句由連接詞是代詞還是連詞形容詞性從句：見定語從句副詞性從句：書P23主語從句：連接詞+句子完整句或者非完整句+動詞It +be+形容詞+連接詞+句子完/非 狀語從句連接詞+句子完整句，句子狀語從句連接詞+句子完整句，句子總體來說是游離于句子之外的。處理：從連接詞處切分或前或后層次化句子閱讀法:層次化結構的表示形式區(qū)分分句間的關系是并列還是嵌套，一層一層的往下讀。例1：However, for many years, physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much m

28、ore likely to emit light V. +that 賓語從句 spontaneously andthat stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. 先翻譯這一層：但是，很多年以來，物理學家思考了兩件事情。 that that 第一件事情是原子和分子通常更容易自行發(fā)光，第二件受到刺激的發(fā)射通常都更弱例2：It appeared thatCanada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families/that occurred t

29、hrough It+不及物動詞+that 主語從句 that 充當主語成分 that +v.all the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. 一件事情出現(xiàn)了 that 加拿大再一次朝更小家庭開展的趨勢 that 這種趨勢從工業(yè)革命以來就席卷了整個西方世界。翻譯：since后的提前例3：The history of clinical nutritionor the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and = 1

30、* GB3 * MERGEFORMAT A or B形式 同位語，跳讀 utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century andextended into = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 冒號，主從復合 = 2 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 兩個動詞的并列，簡單句范疇the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first timet

31、hat = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT food contained constituents that = 2 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT were essential N.+when 定語從句 = 3 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 連詞 形式主語從句 = 4 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 代詞 定語從句that+befor human functionandthat = 3 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT different foods provided different amounts of these essential age

32、nts. That+n.連詞 = 5 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 臨床營養(yǎng)學的歷史能夠被分成四個不同的階段冒號 = 2 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 第一個階段開始于19世紀并且延伸到20世紀早期 When = 3 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 在那個時候有兩件事情第一次被認識到了， that = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT that = 3 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT = 5 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 第二件事情不同的食物必須提供必須成分的不同的量that = 2 * G

33、B3 * MERGEFORMAT 翻譯時候往前倒 = 4 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 第一件事情是食物中包含有人體功能必須的成分 同位語：臨床營養(yǎng)學是研究健康和身體如何去吸收和利用植物物質(zhì)的的學科。這句話翻譯放在最前面 同位語跳讀 插入語跳讀 狀語從句剝離3.完整信息鏈法完整主干法 緣起： 主謂隔離：主語和謂語之間常參加修飾成份； 謂賓隔離：謂語和賓語之間也常參加修飾成份； 解決之道：句子開頭的第一個獨立名詞前面沒有出現(xiàn)介詞和關聯(lián)詞就是句子的主語，應該尋找和其相對應的動 詞。In the classroom, Kevin is standing on the stage. 為獨立名

34、詞。That Kevin is a good man is the truth。 That形式主語 2、動詞和賓語之間的成份應該跳讀。 系 和 表語動詞+介詞1+名詞1+名詞2剝離系 + 介+名+adjThe factthat/artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century,are 主語單數(shù)名詞frequently considered artists todayisdirectly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movemen

35、t of the nineteenth Century. 謂語單數(shù)形式與主語相匹配 a1 b1 c b2 a2讀a1 a2 b1 b2 c翻譯順序 C B A匠人在18世紀被當成技工或熟練工，但是在19世紀的時候被認為藝術家，這樣的事實歸因于當時的工藝運動。Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, 主語 謂語the most obvious difference being that it is often much hea

36、vier.任何處理過化石骨頭的人都知道，化石骨頭和現(xiàn)在骨頭不一樣，最明顯的就是這種骨頭就是重一些。例3 The notionthat learning should have in it an element of inspired play wouldseem【to the greater part of the academic establishment】 merely silly. V+介+代+名 這里括號為狀語，拿出來Learning should have an element of inspired in it. Seem to + v.才搭 這里to+n. 為 V,+介1+名1

37、形式 【】跳讀 學習應該把具有激發(fā)性的元素包含在其中，這樣的理念對于大多數(shù)的學術來講是很傻的。非謂語動詞和獨立主格：非謂語動詞不做謂語的成分。 = 1 * Arabic * MERGEFORMAT 1充當主、賓語、表、同位語時，一定是動名詞ving形式.。 = 2 * Arabic * MERGEFORMAT 2作定語。本質(zhì)是定語從句的省略修飾限定名詞的從句才可以省略，即其句子都可以恢復成定語從句的形式。3充當狀語。兩個句子主語相同，去掉一個主語，動詞做相應的變化。主動語態(tài)：am/is/are-being; was/were-having been; do/does-doing; did-ha

38、ving done被動語態(tài)：be done-done否認式 not 提前 ； 注意：being 可以省略獨立主格結構，兩個句子主語不同，保存主語，動詞做相應的變化，being可以省，也可以加上with。It is hot today。I stay at home。 - It being hot today，I stay at home。I enter the house。 A book is in my hand。 - I enter the house，with a book (being省) in my hand。例：President Bush campaigned to move So

39、cial Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. with N.+ving. = trade布什總統(tǒng)大力的將社會保險變?yōu)閮π钅Ｊ?，退休人員將大量和甚至是全部的有保障的收入換成依靠有投入的收入。句型：trade A for B . 把A換成B。 How can you not being A know B of A? 你不是A，怎知道A的B。非正常語

40、序之倒裝句：倒裝句的分析方法倒裝句的定義：動詞在句子中的位置和相對位置發(fā)生改變。倒裝的作用是保持句子的平衡。倒裝句的分類：1局部倒裝 2 完全倒裝倒裝句的處理流程：識別 復原 局部倒裝： 1. 局部倒裝的定義/識別：助動詞，系動詞，情態(tài)動詞被置于主語前。 2. 局部倒裝的復原：將助動詞，系動詞，情態(tài)動詞復原到主語后。 完全倒裝： 1.完全倒裝定義：動詞前后成分的位置完全倒置。 表語 adj. 表語 adj. Adj短語 形容詞性的結構 ving短語 ved短語 介詞短語/方位副詞(here,there) n/代詞pron/ to do“主+系+表倒裝為“表+系+主3.能夠在句子中充當主語和表語

41、的成份主語n/代詞pron/ to do/ + 系 + ving (單數(shù)、復數(shù))常見的系動詞Be, come, go, run, walk ,lie, crouch ,stand, descend ,ascend, become, 4.完全倒裝的判斷流程Step 1 形容詞性的結構和介詞短語/方位副詞置于句首，后緊跟系動詞，可判定為倒裝。Step 2 ving置于句首后緊跟復數(shù)系動詞，可判定為倒裝。Step 3ving置于句首后緊跟單數(shù)系動詞，后接名詞性結構，可判定為倒裝。例1：Herein lay the beginning of turn from ignorance to denial

42、of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.例2：Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted Ving+系動詞復數(shù) three sepals and three petals are surrounding the column,into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3：Young people

43、 in Canada ,today, married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.例4：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive Adj + 介+n. ：形容詞短語=定語從句的省略 形容詞短語+系動詞is 倒裝pop

44、ulation growth.Canada s impressive population growth is Basic to any understanding(了解，理解) of the country in the 20 years after the Second World War句型：Basic to any understanding B is A. A是(了解)B的根底。Status quo 現(xiàn)代例5：Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity

45、 known to geologists as hot spots.例6Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased “opportunities for stress.例7：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are commonmurres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, an

46、d northern gannets.例8：Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained (with a certain fidelity )the technique and composition That was most important, adj +系 v+介+n1+n2 方法和構圖原那么consistent with those of Americas first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Cat

47、skill Adj +介+n, 形容詞短語 現(xiàn)在分詞短語修飾careerMountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.例10：Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.局部倒裝，if被省略， had/were提前例11: All would be well ，were reason the only judge in the creationism and

48、evolution debate. If被省略Snowflakes - by Henry Wadsworth LongfellowOut of the bosom of the Air,Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,Over the woodlands brown and bare,Over the harvest-fields forsaken,Silent, and soft, and slowDescends the snow.Even as our cloudy fancies takeSuddenly shape in s

49、ome divine expression,Even as the troubled heart doth make in the white countenance confession,The troubled sky reveals the grief it feels.This is the poem of the air,Slowly in silent syllables recorded;this is the secret of despair,Long in its cloudy bosom hoarded,now whispered and revealedto wood and field.強調(diào)句的分析方法 1.強調(diào)句的構成It is (was) + 被強調(diào)對象 + that(who) + 其他成份 時態(tài) 除動詞外 人：that /who 正常語序 的成份 物：that 2.強調(diào)句的處理方法將被強調(diào)局部復原；去掉強調(diào)結構Ii is clear that he is smart. 形式主語 It is clear