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1、關(guān)于動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種第1頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四基本形式一般形式to do not to doto be done一般式表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的同時(shí)或之后否定形式被動(dòng)形式第2頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四完成形式 完成式表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前to have done進(jìn)行式表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生to be doing進(jìn)行形式第3頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四1、不定式做主語(yǔ)一般表示具體的某次動(dòng)作。e.g: To
2、finish the building in a month is difficult work. To do such things is foolish.注: 1 不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)2、當(dāng)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí),常用it做形式主語(yǔ),而將不定式放到謂語(yǔ)的后面。 一、不定式做主語(yǔ):第4頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四it做形式主語(yǔ),不定式放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中:(1) It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do注意:在此句型中,adj. 只能用可以修飾 人物的形容詞。例如: kind nice good brave clever wise
3、 stupid foolish honest careless cruel generous eg: It is brave of him to save the girl in the water.It was careless of her to make such a mistake. 第5頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四(2) It is +adj.+for sb.+to do注意:這里的adj. 不能表示人的性質(zhì),只能表示某事或 某物的性質(zhì)。例如:difficult, wonderful, meaningful, painful, usefulEg: It
4、is not difficult for us to learn English well. It is right for him to work here.第6頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四 (3) it is +a +名詞+ to doEg : What fun it is to jump into a lake in summer! How long did it take you to finish the work?例如: pleasure pity duty shame crime 等注: 在感嘆句和疑問(wèn)句中只能用it作形式主語(yǔ)Eg : It is a
5、 duty to plant trees every day .第7頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四不定式作表語(yǔ)常表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作一、不定式做表語(yǔ): eg : My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 1.主語(yǔ)是以aim duty hope idea intention mistake plan proposal job suggesti
6、on wish purpose task 等為中心詞的名詞詞組 或以 what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從 句表示,后面的不定式說(shuō)明其內(nèi)容第8頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四2主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式(其含義往往一是條件,一是結(jié)果) Eg : To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.第9頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四3 不定式常用在系動(dòng)詞 be, seem, appear, get, r
7、emain become , look , sound , taste , smell , feel , 等后作表語(yǔ)All you have to do is (to )press the button.The only thing I can do is (to) give you as much help as I can.Eg : The plan seems to have been changed . 4 在某些句型中,當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞do時(shí),作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略符號(hào) “to”,例如:第10頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四三 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)常用動(dòng)詞有
8、: like wish hope want try begin start mean agree refuse promise pretend ask choose decide forget hope learn want would like intend demand expect fail offer help hate attempt determine try manage remember prepare plan 等Eg : We hope to get there before dark. The girl decided to do it herself. 1、“動(dòng)詞 +
9、帶 to 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”第11頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四2 不定式即可作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞的賓語(yǔ).不定式作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞之后一般不直接接不定式,一般都是:疑問(wèn)詞+不定式作賓語(yǔ).Eg : Im worrying about what to do next. Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+不定式這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個(gè)名詞從句第12頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四疑問(wèn)詞(也稱連接代/副詞)有:what where who(m) when h
10、ow whether 這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有: tell advise show teach find out decide discuss learn forget inquire know explain remember see understand wonder 等。Eg : I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out what to do
11、next / where to put it.第13頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四 eg : I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注2 :不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語(yǔ), 只有在個(gè)別場(chǎng)合, 即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞 except 或 but (=except) 的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用. 注1 :如果作賓語(yǔ)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)后面還有自己的補(bǔ)語(yǔ),則應(yīng)使用
12、先行 it,把不定式后置Eg : He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. 第14頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四 注意不定式符號(hào)的省略問(wèn)題! do nothing but / except 后的不定式不帶to.需要注意的是,此句型中but/ except 前必須要有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí),but / except后的不定式to才能省略,否則to則不省.我們用一句話概括就是: 有do無(wú)to,有 to無(wú) doEg : She has no choice but to wait for the news. He could do
13、 nothing but wait. He will do anything for you except lend you money. . 第15頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四注3 有些動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式作賓語(yǔ),也可跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),但含義不同記住要做某事;記得曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事忘記要做某事 忘記曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事停下來(lái)去做某事 停止做某事繼續(xù)做另一件事 繼續(xù)做原來(lái)在做的事remember to doremember doing forget to do forget doingstop to dostop doinggo on to dogo on doing第16頁(yè),共44
14、頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四Eg : I remember seeing you somewhere before. Please remember to turn off the light when you leave. 離開(kāi)時(shí)請(qǐng)記得關(guān)好燈。 我記得以前在哪兒見(jiàn)過(guò)你。第17頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四Eg : We mustnt let this (to) happen again. His father put him to mind the sheep.四 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1、只能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 表示“希望”“愿望
15、”等心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如:wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。Eg : What do you desire me to do? The director preferred her to act the old lady.含有“讓”“允許”“促使”“致使”等祈使意義的動(dòng)詞,如:let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。第18頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四Eg : He begged me not to
16、 tell his father about it. She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris. 帶有“請(qǐng)求”“懇求”等感情色彩的動(dòng)詞,如:ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。含有“建議”“勸告”等意義的動(dòng)詞,如:advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。Eg : He urged us to accept the compromise. The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.
17、第19頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四 含有“命令”“強(qiáng)迫”“禁止”等意義的動(dòng)詞,如:order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。Eg : He required us to keep it a secret. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days. I warn you not to do that again.其他還有:help, teach, show, assist, rep
18、ort, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。Eg : He promised to teach me to swim. We should train them to make use of reference books. We are waiting for the train to stop.第20頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四Eg : Did you see anyone enter the house? Dont imagine yourself to be always correct. We find him to
19、be dishonest. 2、既能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)又能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的 動(dòng)詞: see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set第21頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四注 :有些動(dòng)詞用不定式與用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),所表達(dá)的意義是有差別的。不定式表示一次性動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的完成(即全過(guò)程)現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,即:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的
20、 動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行Eg : Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.第22頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四“看”: see, look at, observe, watch, notice“聽(tīng)”:hear, listen to“感覺(jué)”:feel使役動(dòng)詞:have, make
21、, let不定式在下列動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),要省略to但當(dāng)以上的動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)式,to要還原:They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.注:使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),在有些動(dòng)詞后面,不定式符號(hào)to 應(yīng)當(dāng)省略第23頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四Eg : I wont have him cheat me.I have a lot of work to do.His story made us laugh. Father made
22、a kite for his son to fly.have表示“有”,make表示“制造”,“做”等意義,且后面的不定式作目的狀語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)等時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to不能省需要注意have, make的用法:have, make表“讓,使,允許”等意,其后的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),才可省to用作一般實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用做使役動(dòng)詞“允許”“有”“使”“做”第24頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四feel 在使用 to do 型不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)不帶 to; 在使用 to be 型不定式時(shí),要帶 to,Eg : He felt them to be right. Did you feel the
23、earth shake? help 一詞在使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),可以帶 to,也可以不帶 toEg : Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?第25頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四五.作定語(yǔ):(常常表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作)(不定式作定語(yǔ)須放在被修飾的名詞 或代詞的后面)1.不定式與被修飾的詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系e.g: Have you got anything to do this evening I have some fiends to invite.第26頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星
24、期四Eg : He is the only person to know the truth. She is always the first to come and the last to leave.當(dāng)名詞被 the first , the last, the only 等序數(shù)詞 以及形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),常用不定式 作定 語(yǔ),而不管動(dòng)作是否已完成第27頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四2.不定式用于說(shuō)明被修飾的名詞或代詞的內(nèi)容,相當(dāng)于同位語(yǔ),可轉(zhuǎn)換成同位語(yǔ)從句。e.g: I have no chance to go abroad. = I have no chanc
25、e that I will go abroad.第28頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四Eg : Alice is always the first student to come to school. The teacher gave me some English books to read. The meeting to take place here tomorrow is going to discuss the problem of pollution.Mr. Brown has a large family tosupport3作定語(yǔ)的不定式與被修飾的名詞
26、或代詞存在著兩種 邏輯關(guān)系,即被修飾的名詞和代詞是不定式的 邏輯主語(yǔ) 或邏輯賓語(yǔ)第29頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四當(dāng)被修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式邏輯上的賓語(yǔ),而該不定式動(dòng)詞又是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),應(yīng)在該動(dòng)詞后加上一個(gè)介詞以形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系Eg : Please pass me some paper to write on. Theres nothing for us to worry about. She has a nice pen to write with. He bought a flat for the family to live in.An office
27、 to work in /A child to look after A river to swim in第30頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四六、不定式做狀語(yǔ)1、表目的e.g:To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best.修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、 條件等。He came here to attend an important meeting.第31頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四 eg : He opened the door for the chil
28、dren to come in. They sent a man to mend the window.Eg : He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother.注:不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時(shí),通常句子的主語(yǔ)就是 它的邏輯主語(yǔ)例外的情況第32頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四注:為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu),特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞 not 時(shí),通??梢栽诓欢ㄊ椒?hào) to 之前加上 in order 或 so as Eg : He came here in ord
29、er to see Charlie. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. He went early in order not to miss the train. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him第33頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四注:表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,這也是區(qū)別于 其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。 但是,置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上 in order,但卻不可以加上so as ,Eg : To draw maps properly, you n
30、eed a special pen. (In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.) To get the best results, use clean water. 第34頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四 so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy
31、is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 2、表結(jié)果不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見(jiàn)于下列句型:第35頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四注意:下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果,也無(wú)否定含義: Im only too glad to go. = Im very glad to go. I shall be only too pleased to get home.= I shall be very pleased to get home. only t
32、oo (adv.) 極; 非常; 太;很 第36頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個(gè)隨后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列限定動(dòng)詞詞組,這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示結(jié)果 eg : She woke early to find it was raining. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):1 不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是隨后發(fā)生的,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組,如: He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arr
33、ived late and found the others had gone home.第37頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四2 不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味,其中以“使人不愉快的結(jié)果”較為常見(jiàn)。(有時(shí)也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果)Eg : He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.3 不定式之前有時(shí)可以加上only或but only,以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣 Eg : He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
34、 They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.第38頁(yè),共44頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,12點(diǎn)44分,星期四注:不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的,往往形式相似, 這時(shí),須根據(jù)詞匯意義認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別,試比較: He arrived late to find the others had gone home.( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.) He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.) He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. He went to the station t
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