力拓西芒杜鐵礦保護(hù)生物多樣性項(xiàng)目

1、力拓西芒杜鐵礦保護(hù)生物多樣性項(xiàng)目項(xiàng)目背景： 能否取得土地的使用權(quán)對(duì)于力拓集團(tuán)至關(guān)重要。如果無(wú)法獲得土地的使用權(quán)，力拓任何采礦作業(yè)都將無(wú)法進(jìn)行。為了獲得土地使用許可，公司需有效應(yīng)對(duì)采礦作業(yè)對(duì)生物多樣性的影響，管控對(duì)瀕危動(dòng)植物的威脅。公司為指導(dǎo)并管理生物多樣性問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)了“層級(jí)緩解”（mitigation hierarchy）策略。這一策略為公司提供了生物多樣性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別和對(duì)策研發(fā)的重要框架，致力于使公司創(chuàng)造生物多樣性凈值正面效益，彌補(bǔ)其在采礦與處理過(guò)程中對(duì)環(huán)境造成的負(fù)面影響。行動(dòng)方案： “層級(jí)緩解”策略的第一步是“規(guī)避”：如果經(jīng)過(guò)評(píng)估認(rèn)為項(xiàng)目會(huì)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厣锒鄻有援a(chǎn)生重大影響，則公司須于啟動(dòng)前做出調(diào)整甚

2、至中止項(xiàng)目?！耙?guī)避”的最佳時(shí)機(jī)是在項(xiàng)目開發(fā)階段。西芒杜（Simandou）鐵礦項(xiàng)目為保護(hù)幾內(nèi)亞?wèn)|南部Pic de Fon林區(qū)（Pic de Fon Classified Forest)大猩猩所做的工作即是應(yīng)用“規(guī)避”手段的一個(gè)案例。 西非大猩猩是瀕危物種。在過(guò)去的三十年里因?yàn)椴东C、棲息地環(huán)境惡化、叢林大火、放牧、疾病等，西非大猩猩的數(shù)量減少了75%。力拓在2006年獲得西芒杜地區(qū)采礦權(quán)時(shí)，只有極少有關(guān)當(dāng)?shù)卮笮尚蓴?shù)量的數(shù)據(jù)。在接下來(lái)的四年里，公司對(duì)大猩猩進(jìn)行了全面的調(diào)查，詳細(xì)地記錄了與大猩猩生存相關(guān)的各個(gè)方面，包括棲息地惡化問(wèn)題和大猩猩的生存威脅等。力拓用收集到的信息指導(dǎo)制定了礦區(qū)和鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

3、建設(shè)計(jì)劃，防止對(duì)大猩猩造成不利影響。盡管從技術(shù)和財(cái)務(wù)角度來(lái)講，在西芒杜西部一帶建設(shè)鐵路線和礦區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是有利的，但研究表明這里是大猩猩最佳的棲息地且已有不少大猩猩聚集在此，所以力拓決定在西芒杜東部建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。而相比于西部，東部還有著獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)。礦區(qū)未來(lái)的發(fā)展必定會(huì)導(dǎo)致大量人口和供應(yīng)商遷移至礦區(qū)附近，造成巨大的人口壓力。而東部地區(qū)已經(jīng)由當(dāng)?shù)鼐用襁M(jìn)行了一些開發(fā)，具備了一些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。公司未來(lái)可以利用當(dāng)?shù)匾延械脑O(shè)施，更順利地解決未來(lái)礦區(qū)發(fā)展所帶來(lái)的人口遷移問(wèn)題。 為了保護(hù)大猩猩，礦區(qū)修改了采礦計(jì)劃，改變了采礦次序，將大猩猩核心棲息地保留至最后再開采。這使大猩猩的核心棲息地能夠在盡量長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)不被破壞

4、。因此，大猩猩不再會(huì)因?yàn)橹苓叚h(huán)境的驟然改變而倉(cāng)促地遷徙，而是有足夠的時(shí)間應(yīng)對(duì)采礦帶來(lái)的破壞，轉(zhuǎn)移到林區(qū)中的另一處。盡管這個(gè)地區(qū)對(duì)于全球生物多樣性十分重要，且受到越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重的威脅，但直到力拓獲得采礦權(quán)之時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)夭](méi)有對(duì)Pic de Fon林區(qū)的正式管理方案。為解決沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一管理方案的問(wèn)題，2010年，力拓西芒杜、幾內(nèi)亞環(huán)境部與當(dāng)?shù)胤钦M織恩澤雷科雷森林保護(hù)中心（Centre Forestier de NZrkor）合作制定了Pic de Fon林區(qū)管理計(jì)劃。該計(jì)劃設(shè)立了保護(hù)區(qū)、生產(chǎn)區(qū)和采礦區(qū)，各區(qū)之間不得互相越界，在保護(hù)環(huán)境的前提下保證經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。 為了保證礦區(qū)與Pic de Fon大猩猩們能夠長(zhǎng)期

5、共存，除采取“規(guī)避”措施之外，公司還采取了其他措施，包括保護(hù)現(xiàn)有棲息地、控制捕獵以及保護(hù)適合大猩猩生存的潛在棲息地。力拓正在與當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)合作，增強(qiáng)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駥?duì)保護(hù)大猩猩重要性的理解并為其探索捕獵之外的謀生方法。一個(gè)“狩獵人聯(lián)盟”已經(jīng)建立并在保護(hù)大猩猩中扮演關(guān)鍵角色。聯(lián)盟成員會(huì)在森林里巡邏，發(fā)現(xiàn)并記錄任何違規(guī)行為?？?jī)效收益： 力拓為保護(hù)生物多樣性做出的努力減少了采礦作業(yè)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境造成的破壞，為保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)卮笮尚勺龀隽朔e極正面的貢獻(xiàn)同時(shí)，通過(guò)該行動(dòng)，力拓贏得了當(dāng)?shù)亟M織和居民的尊重和支持，使得當(dāng)?shù)氐牟傻V作業(yè)得以順利進(jìn)行。借鑒意義：為有效應(yīng)對(duì)采礦作業(yè)對(duì)生物多樣性的影響，管控對(duì)瀕危動(dòng)植物的威脅，力拓設(shè)計(jì)了“層級(jí)

6、緩解”策略。該策略為公司提供了生物多樣性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別和對(duì)策研發(fā)的重要框架，致力于使公司創(chuàng)造生物多樣性凈值正面效益，彌補(bǔ)其在采礦與處理過(guò)程中對(duì)環(huán)境造成的負(fù)面影響。由此可見(jiàn)，企業(yè)發(fā)起的生物多樣性保護(hù)項(xiàng)目不僅減少了采礦作業(yè)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境造成的破壞，還能贏得當(dāng)?shù)亟M織和居民的尊重和支持，使得當(dāng)?shù)氐牟傻V作業(yè)得以順利進(jìn)行。Rio Tinto Simandou Biodiversity Protection ProgramBackground:Access to land is essential to all of Rio Tintos operations. Without permission of using

7、 the land, all of Rio Tintos mining activities will stop. As one element of gaining approvals and permit, the company must be able to demonstrate that it can address biodiversity impacts and manage the risk associated with threatened species of animals and plants. The companys goal is to appropriate

8、ly manage biodiversity using a “ HYPERLINK /sustainabledevelopment2013/environment/biodiversity.html mitigation hierarchy” to guide the approach: this provides an important framework for identifying the risks and developing appropriate responses. The company aims to achieve a net positive impact on

9、biodiversity, outweighing the inevitable disturbances caused by mining and mineral processing. Actions:The first step in the mitigation hierarchy is “avoidance”: changing or stopping actions before they take place, to prevent their expected impacts on biodiversity. The biggest opportunity for avoida

10、nce is during project development, as seen through the work of the Simandou iron ore project with local chimpanzee populations, in the Pic de Fon Classified Forest of south-east Guinea.The West African chimpanzee is an endangered species, whose total numbers have dropped by 75 per cent over the last

11、 30 years due to hunting, habitat degradation, bushfire, cattle grazing and disease. Little data was available on the local chimpanzee population when Rio Tinto was granted mining rights in 2006, and so over the next four years, the company undertook comprehensive surveys to build up a detailed pict

12、ure of the chimpanzees, their habitat, and the threats to their survival. The information Rio Tinto gathered was used to guide the mine and rail infrastructure plans, so that impacts on the chimpanzees could be avoided. Although from a technical and financial point of view there were benefits to sit

13、ing the rail line and mine infrastructure to the west of the Simandou range, the studies demonstrated that this was also the best chimpanzee habitat and the area where they were concentrated.So Rio Tinto took the decision to develop the infrastructure on the eastern side of the orebody. The developm

14、ent that already exists will be more able to handle the migration of people and businesses seeking to benefit from economic opportunities presented by the mine. The mine plan has also been modified in order to protect the chimpanzees. By changing the sequence in which the orebody will be worked, cor

15、e habitat will be left untouched for as long as possible. This gives resident chimpanzees the time to adjust to disruption and move on to other areas within the classified forest, rather than being displaced suddenly.Despite its global biodiversity significance, and increasing threats, no formal man

16、agement plan was in place for the Pic de Fon Forest when Rio Tinto gained its mining rights. In 2010, Rio Tinto Simandou, the Guinean Ministry of Environment and the Centre Forestier de NZrkor (a local ecological NGO) came together to develop the Pic de Fon Classified Forest Management Plan. A stric

17、t protection zone, a production zone and a mining zone now co-exist within the forest to striving for the goal of ensuring economic development and protecting the environment.To secure the co-existence of mining with the long-term survival of the Pic de Fon chimpanzee population, other mitigation me

18、asures are being implemented in addition to the avoidance efforts. These include ensuring habitat is protected, hunting is controlled, and that further suitable habitat is secured. Rio Tinto is working with the local community to increase understanding about the chimpanzees conservation significance

19、, and to explore alternative options to hunting as a livelihood for local people. A hunters federation has been formed, which is now playing a key role in conservation efforts. Members patrol the forest and record any irregularities they find.Benefits:Together, Rio Tintos measures are designed to ensure that its presence does not contribute to further decline, but instead that it contributes to the overall benefit of the chimpanzees. Meanwhile, Rio Tintos efforts in protecting chimpanzees have earned respects and supports from local organisations and people, ensuring that its