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文檔來源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理 .word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持 .Module1BritishandAmericanEnglishWords,words,wordsBritishandAmericanEnglisharedifferentinmanyways.Thefirstandmostobviouswayisinthevocabulary.TherearehundredsofdifferentwordswhicharenotusedontheothersideoftheAtlantic,orwhichareusedwithadifferentmeaning.Someofthesewordsarewellknown—Americansdriveautomobilesdownfreewaysandfillupwithgas;theBritishdrivecarsalongmotorwaysandfillupwithpetrol.Asatourist,youwillneedtousetheundergroundinLondonorthesubwayinNewYork,ormaybeyouwillprefertogetaroundthetownbytaxi(British)orcab(American).ChipsorFrenchfries?Butotherwordsandexpressionsarenotsowellknown.Americansusea flashlight,whilefortheBritish,it'satorch.TheBritishqueueup;Americansstandinline.Sometimesthesamewordhasaslightlydifferentmeaning,whichcanbeconfusing.Chips,forexample,arepiecesofhotfriedpotatoinBritain;intheStateschipsareverythinandaresoldinpackets.TheBritishcallthesecrisps.ThechipstheBritishknowandloveareFrenchfriesontheothersideoftheAtlantic.Haveorhavegot?Thereareafewdifferencesingrammar,too.TheBritishsayHaveyougot...?whileAmericanspreferDoyouhave...?AnAmericanmightsayMyfriendjustarrived,butaBritishpersonwouldsayMyfriendhasjustarrived.Prepositions,too,canbedifferent:compareontheteam,ontheweekend(American)withintheteam,attheweekend(British).TheBritishuseprepositionswhereAmericanssometimesomitthem(I'llseeyouMonday;Writemesoon!).Colourorcolor?Theothertwoareasinwhichthetwovarietiesdifferarespellingandpronunciation.Americanspellingseemssimpler:center,colorandprograminsteadofcentre,colourandprogramme.ManyfactorshaveinfluencedAmericanpronunciationsincethefirstsettlersarrivedfourhundredyearsago.Theaccent,whichismostsimilartoBritishEnglish,canbeheardontheEastCoastoftheUS.WhentheIrishwriterGeorgeBernardShawmadethefamousremarkthattheBritishandtheAmericansaretwonationsdividedbyacommonlanguage,hewasobviouslythinkingaboutthedifferences.Butaretheyreallysoimportant?Afterall,thereisprobablyasmuchvariationofpronunciationwithinthetwocountriesasbetweenthem.ALondonerhasmoredifficultyunderstandingaScotsmanfromGlasgowthanunderstandingaNewYorker.TurnontheTVSomeexpertsbelievethatthetwovarietiesaremovingclosertogether.FormorethanacenturycommunicationsacrosstheAtlantichavedevelopedsteadily.Sincethe1980s,withsatelliteTVandtheInternet,ithasbeenpossibletolistentoBritishandAmericanEnglishattheflickofaswitch.Thisnon-stopcommunication,theexpertsthink,hasmadeiteasierforBritishpeopleandAmericanstounderstandeachother.ButithasalsoledtolotsofAmericanwordsandstructurespassingintoBritishEnglish,sothatsomepeoplenowbelievethatBritishEnglishwilldisappear.However,ifyouturnonCNN,theAmericanTVnetwork,youfindnewsreadersandweatherforecastersallspeakingwithdifferentaccents—American,British,Australian,andevenSpanish.Oneofthebest-knownfaces,MonitaRajpal,wasborninHongKong,China,andgrewupspeakingChineseandPunjabi,aswellasEnglish.Thisinternationaldimensionsuggeststhatinthefuture,therearegoingtobemany"Englishes",notjusttwomainvarieties.Butthemessageis"Don'tworry."UsersofEnglishwillallbeabletounderstandeachother—wherevertheyare.1文檔來源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理 .word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持 .Module2TheHumanTrafficSignalTheroadAt3,500metres,LaPaz,inBolivia,isthehighestcapitalintheworld.Lifeishardathighaltitude,andthemountainsmakecommunicationsdifficult.Manyroadsareinbadconditionandaccidentsarefrequent.Oneroadinparticular,whichgoesnorthfromLaPaz,isconsideredthemostdangerousroadintheworld.Ononesidethemountainsrisesteeply;ontheothersidethereisasheerdrop,whichinplacesishundredsofmetresdeep.Althoughthereisnotalotoftraffic,onaverage,onevehiclecomesofftheroadeverytwoweeks.Thedropissogreatthatanyoneinsidethevehicleisluckytosurvive.Intheory,theroadcanonlybeusedbytrafficgoinguphillfrom8inthemorning,andbytrafficcomingdownhillfrom3intheafternoon.Butinpractice,fewdriversrespecttherules.ThemanButthankstooneman,thedeathtollhasfallen.TimoteoApazaisagentle46-year-oldmanwholivesinavillagenearthemostdangerouspartoftheroad,knownlocallyaslacurvadeldiablo(theDevil'sBend).Timoteohasanunusualjob—heisahumantrafficsignal.Everymorningheclimbsuptothebendwithalargecircularboardinhishand.Theboardisredononesideandgreenontheother.Timoteostandsonthebendanddirectsthetraffic.Whentwovehiclesapproachfromoppositedirectionstheycan'tseeeachother,buttheycanseeTimoteo.Timoteoisavolunteer.Nooneaskedhimtodothejob,andnoonepayshimforit.Sometimesdriversgivehimatip,sothathehasjustenoughmoneytoliveon.Butoftentheyjustpassby,takingthehumantrafficsignalforgranted.ThereasonwhyhedoesitSowhydoeshedoit?Beforehevolunteeredtodirectthetraffic,Timoteohadhadlotsofjobs.Hehadbeenaminerandasoldier.Thenonedaywhilehewasworkingasalorrydriverhehadacloseencounterwithdeath.Hewasdrivingalorryloadofbananaswhenhecameofftheroadatabendandfellthreehundredmetresdownthemountain.Somehowhesurvived.Hewasinhospitalformonths.Then,afewyearslater,hewascalledoutinthenighttohelppullpeopleoutofabuswhichhadcrashedatlacurvadeldiablo.ThislastexperiencehadaprofoundeffectonTimoteo.Herealisedthathewasluckytobealivehimself,andfeltthatitwashismissioninlifetohelpothers.Andsoeverymorning,weekin,weekout,fromdawntodusk,Timoteotakesuphisplaceonthebendanddirectsthetraffic.Module3TheSteamboatTherewasabigstormaftermidnightandtherainpoureddown.Westayedinsidetheshelterwehadbuiltandlettheraftsaildowntheriver.Suddenly,bythelightofthelightning,wesawsomethinginthemiddleoftheriver.Itlookedlikeahouseatfirst,butthenwerealizeditwasasteamboat.Ithadhitarockandwashalfinandhalfoutofthewater.Weweresailingstraighttowardsit."Itlooksasifit'llgoundersoon,"Jimsaid,afteracoupleofminutes."Let'sgoandtakealook,"Isaid."Idon'twanttoboardasinkingship,"saidJim,butwhenIsuggestedthatwemightfindsomethingusefulontheboat,heagreedtogo.Sowepaddledoverandclimbedontothesteamboat,keepingasquietasmice.Toourastonishment,therewasalightinoneofthecabins.Thenweheardsomeoneshout,"Ohpleaseboys,don'tkillme!Iwon'ttellanybody!"Aman'sangryvoiceanswered,"You'relying.Yousaidthatlasttime.We'regoingtokillyou."Whenheheardthesewords,Jimpanickedandrantotheraft.ButalthoughIwasfrightened,Ialsofeltverycurious,soIputmyheadroundthedoor.Itwasquitedark,butIcouldseeamanlyingonthefloor,tiedupwith2文檔來源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理 .word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持 .rope.Thereweretwomenstandingoverhim.Onewasshort,withabeard.Theotherwastallandhadsomethinginhishandthatlookedlikeagun."I'vehadenoughofyou.I'mgoingtoshootyounow,"thismansaid.Hewasobviouslytheonewhohadthreatenedthemanonthefloor.Anditwasagunhehadinhishand."No,don'tdothat,"saidtheshortman."Let'sleavehimhere.Thesteamboatwillsinkinacoupleofhoursandhe'llgodownwithit."Whenheheardthat,thefrightenedmanonthefloorstartedcrying."Hesoundsasifhe'sgoingtodieoffright!"Ithought."Ihavetofindawaytosavehim!"Icrawledalongthedeck,foundJim,andtoldhimwhatIhadheard."Wemustfindtheirboatandtakeitaway,thenthey'llhavetostayhere,"Isaid.Jimlookedterrified."I'mnotstayinghere,"hesaid.ButIpersuadedhimtohelpme,andwefoundthemen'sboattiedtotheothersideofthesteamboat.Weclimbedquietlyinandaswepaddledawayweheardthetwomenshouting.Bythenwewereasafedistanceaway.ButnowIbegantofeelbadaboutwhatwehaddone.Ididn'twantallthreementodie.Module4TheMagicoftheMaskThinkofcarnival,andyouthinkofcrowds,costumes,andconfusion.Thesoundsandsightschangefromonecountrytoanotherbuttheexcitementisthesameeverywhere."Carnival"comesfromtwoLatinwords,meaning"nomoremeat".InEurope,whereitbegan,carnivalwasfollowedbyfortydayswithoutmeat,aspeoplepreparedfortheChristianfestivalofEaster.PeoplesawCarnivalasalastchancetohavefunattheendofthewinterseason.Havingfunmeanteating,drinking,anddressingup.ThemostfamouscarnivalinEuropewasinVenice.Atthebeginning,itlastedforjustoneday.Peopleate,drank,andworemasks.Astimepassed,however,thecarnivalperiodwasextended,sothatitbeganjustafterChristmas.Forweeksonendpeoplewalkedroundthestreetswearingmasks,doingwhattheywantedwithoutbeingrecognised.Ordinarypeoplecould pretendtoberichandimportant,whilefamouspeoplecouldhaveromanticadventuresinsecret.Manycrimeswentunpunished.Thegovernmentrealisedthatwearingmaskshadbecomeaproblem.Theirusewaslimitedbylaws,thefirstofwhichdatesbacktothefourteenthcentury.Menwerenotallowedtowearmasksatnight;andtheywerenotallowedtodressupaswomen.Inlatertimesmorelawswerepassed.Peoplewhoworemaskscouldnotcarryfirearms;andnoonecouldenterachurchwearingamask.Iftheybrokethelaws,theywereputintoprisonforuptotwoyears.Finally,whenVenicebecamepartoftheAustrianempire,attheendoftheeighteenthcentury,maskswerebannedcompletely,andcarnivalbecamejustamemory.Butinthelate1970sthetraditionwasrevivedbystudents.Theybeganmakingmasksandorganisingparties,andthrewbitsofbrightlycolouredpaper(calledcoriandoli)attourists.Thetowncouncilrealisedthatcarnivalwasgoodforbusiness,andthefestivalwasdevelopedfortourists.Today,carnivalinVeniceiscelebratedforfivedaysinFebruary.PeoplearrivefromalloverEuropetoenjoythefun.Hotelsarefullybookedandthenarrowstreetsarecrowdedwithwonderfulcostumes.German,FrenchandEnglishseemtobethemainlanguages.ButthespiritofVenicecarnivalisnotquitethesameasthegreatAmericancarnivals.IfthekeytoRioismusicandmovement,theninVeniceitisthemysteryofthemask.Asyouwanderthroughthestreets,youseethousandsofmasks—elegantorfrightening,sadoramusing,traditionalormodern—butyouhavenoideawhatthefacesbehindthemlooklike.Nobodytakesthemoff.Ifthemaskscomeoff,themagicislost.Module5ALifeinSport3文檔來源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理 .word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持 .Theycalledhimtheprinceofgymnasts.Whenheretiredattheageof26,hehadwon106goldmedalsinmajorcompetitionsacrosstheworld.Theyincludedsixoutofsevengoldmedalsatthe1982WorldChampionship,andthreeatthe1984OlympicsinLosAngeles(aswellastwosilverandabronze).LiNingwasthebest.Whensportsjournalistsmetin1999tomakealistofthegreatestsportsmenandsportswomenofthetwentiethcentury,LiNing'snamewasonit,togetherwithfootballerPeléandboxerMuhammadAli.Buteventhoughhehadwoneverythingitwaspossibletowin inhissport,LiNingretiredwiththefeelingthathehadfailed.Hewasdisappointedbecausehehadnotperformedwellinthe1988SeoulOlympics.Butitwasthissenseoffailurethatmadehimdeterminedtosucceedinhisnewlife.Ayearafterhisretirement,LiNingbegananewcareer—asabusinessman.Buthedidn'tforgethissportingbackground.Hedecidedtolaunchanewbrandofsportswear,competingwithglobalgiantslikeNikeandAdidas.Hemadetheunusualchoice,foraChineseperson,ofchoosinghisownnameasthebrandmark.ThebrightredlogoismadeupofthefirsttwopinyinlettersofLiNing'sname,LandN.LiNing'ssportsclothescameontothemarketatjusttherighttime.Thenumberofyoungpeoplewithmoneytospendwasontheincrease—andsporthadneverbeensopopular.LiNing'sdesignswereattractive,andtheyhadamajoradvantageovertheirbetter-knownrivals—theywerecheaper.ApairofNiketrainers,forexample,couldcostuptofivetimesasmuchasasimilarLiNingproduct.SuccessforLiNingwasguaranteed,anditcamequickly.Injustafewyears,LiNingwonmorethanfiftypercentofthenationalmarket.TodayaLiNingproductispurchasedeverytenseconds.Buttheclothesarenotonlywornontheathleticstrackorthefootballpitch.Ifyougointoaschooloruniversityanywhere,thechancesareyouwillseestudentsinLiNingtracksuitswiththefamiliarlogo.Thecompanyhasalsogrowninternationally.TheSpanishandFrenchgymnasticsteamswearLiNingclothes,whileItaliandesignersareemployedbythecompanytocreatenewstyles.WheneverChineseathletesstepoutontothetrackduringthe2008Olympics,theywillbewearingLiNingtracksuits.ButLiNing'sgoalwhenheretiredwasnottomakemoney.Hisdreamwastoopenaschoolforgymnasts.Hewasabletodothisin1991.Sincethen,hehascontinuedtohelpyoungpeopletoachievetheirsportingambitions.LikePelandéMuhammadAlibeforehim,whohaveworkedwiththeUnitedNationsforchildren'srightsandpeace,LiNinghasdiscoveredthattheworkofagreatsportsmandoesnotfinishwhenheretiresfromthesport.Itstarts.Andifyouareagreatsportsperson,anythingispossible,asLiNing'sadvertisingslogansays.Module6SavingtheAntelopesOnafreezingcolddayinJanuary1994,JiesangSuonandajiefoundwhathewaslookingfor—agroupofpoacherswhowerekillingtheendangeredTibetanantelope.Jiesangknewhehadtomovequickly.Heshoutedtothepoacherstoputdowntheirguns.Althoughsurprised,thepoachershadanadvantage—thereweremoreofthem.InthebattlewhichfollowedJiesangwasshotandkilled.Whenhisfrozenbodywasfoundhourslater,hewasstillholdinghisgun.HehadgivenhislifetosavetheTibetanantelope.AtthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturythereweremillionsofantelopesontheQinghai-TibetanPlateau.Bythe1990sthenumberhadfallentoabout50,000.Thereasonissimple:thewooloftheTibetanantelopeisthemostexpensiveintheworld.Itissoft,light,andwarm—theidealcoatforananimalwhichhastosurviveathighaltitudes.Ashawlmadefromthewool(knownas"shahtoosh",or"kingofwools"inPersian)cansellforfivethousanddollars.Forpoachersthe4文檔來源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理 .word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持 .profitscanbehuge.Oftenworkingatnight,thepoachersshootwholeherdsofantelopesatatime,leavingonlythebabies,whosewoolisnotworthsomuch.TheanimalsareskinnedonthespotandthewooltakentoIndia,whereitismadeintotheshawls.Fromthere,itisexportedtorichcountriesinNorthAmericaandEurope.Thebusinessiscompletelyillegal—therehasbeenabanonthetradesince1975.Butinthe1990stheshawlscameintofashionamongrichpeople.ApoliceraidonashopinLondonfound138shawls.About1,000antelopes—or2percentoftheworld'spopulation—hadbeenkilledtomakethem.Inthe1990stheChinesegovernmentbegantotakeanactivepartinprotectingtheantelopesintheHohXilNatureReserve—thehugenationalparkontheQinghai-TibetanPlateau,whichisthemainhabitatoftheantelopes.Overthenexttenyearsabout3,000poacherswerecaughtand300vehiclesconfiscated.Sometimesthereweregunfights,liketheoneinwhichJiesangSuonandajiewaskilled.Buttodaythegovernmentseemstobewinningthebattle.Thenumberofpoachershasfallen.Thesmallgroupofofficialswhoworkinthereservearehelpedbyvolunteerswhocomefromalloverthecountry,andwhoarereadyforthedifficultconditionsoflifeat5,000metres.Meanwhile,inthosecountrieswheretheshawlsaresold,policearegettingtoughwiththedealers.Internationalco-operationseemstobeworking.Since1997theantelopepopulationhasslowlybeguntogrowagain.CulturalcornerModule1:TheManWhoMadeSpellingSimpleInEnglishthespellingofwordsdoesnotalwaysrepresentthesound.Sopeoplesay/raIt/ butspellit right ,or write ,oreven rite .Combinationsofletters(like ough )maybepronouncedinanumberofways.Andsomewordsjustseemtohavetoomanyletters.ForAmericansthingsarealittlebiteasier,thankstotheworkofNoahWebster,ateacherwhograduatedfromYaleUniversityin1778.Asayoungmanhehadfoughtagainst the British in the American War of Independence, and he felt that writtenEnglishinthenewlyindependentUnitedStatesshouldhaveadistinctive"American"look.SohebeganhisworkonAmericanEnglish.Hisfirstbook, TheElementarySpellingBook ,suggestedsimplifyingthespelling ofEnglish words.Thebook wasextremelypopular.Bythe1850sitwassellingonemillioncopiesayear,makingitoneofthemostpopularschoolbooksever.5文檔來源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理 .word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持 .Manyofthesuggestionswerequicklyadopted. Center insteadof centre ,programinstead of programme , and flavor instead of flavour . Others, however, such asremovingsilentletterslikethe sin island orthefinal ein examine ,werenot.Websterisbestknownforhis AmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage ,whichfirst appeared in1828. It introducedlots ofnew American words, with informationabout their pronunciation and use, and, of course, the new spelling. The Britishcriticisedthedictionary,butitquicklybecameastandardreferencebookintheStates.Today,Webster'sdictionaryisstillthenumberonedictionaryforAmericanstudents.CulturalcornerModule2GrowingJobsWhatsortofjobswillpeoplebedoingtenyearsfromnow?AccordingtoasurveypublishedbyanAmericanuniversity,thetenfastestgrowingjobswillberelatedtocomputersandhealth.Theyincludecomputersystemsanalysts,dataanalystsanddatabasemanagers.Buttherewillalsobeariseinthedemandforhealthcareprofessionals.Someofthesewillbenewjobs,suchasbioinformaticians,whocombinecomputerskillswithknowledgeofbiology.Otherswillbemoretraditional.Forexample,morehomecarenurseswillbeneededtolookaftertherapidlyageingpopulation.Butmanyyoungsterswillneedprofessionalcare,too:14millionAmericanssufferfromspeechorlanguageproblems,andsixmillionofthemareundertheageof18.Thenumberofspeechpathologists(whohelppeoplewhohaveproblemsspeaking)isexpectedtodoublebytheyear2012.Andsocialworkerswillcontinuetobeindemand.Ofcoursetherewillbeplentyofothernewjobs,someofwhichweprobablycan'tevenguess.Butforthosewholovetheoutdoorlife,agoodbetcouldbetheleisureindustry.Asmoreandmorecountriesopenuptotourism,moretravelagentswillbeneeded,buttherealdemandwillbeforguidestotakegroupsandevenindividualson6文檔來源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理 .word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持 .adventureholidays.Forpeopledoingthisjob,commonsense,physicalfitnessandanoutgoingpersonalityarelikelytobemoreimportantthancomputerskills.CulturalcornerModule3TheLifeofMarkTwainOftenthelivesofwritersresemblethelivesofthecharacterstheycreate.MarkTwain,whowroteTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnandTheAdventuresofTomSawyer,wasnoexception.Tostartwith,theauthor'sname,MarkTwain,isitselfaninvention,or"penname".Twain'srealnamewasSamuelClemens."MarkTwain",whichmeans"watermarktwo",wasacallusedbysailorsontheMississippitowarnshipmatesthattheywerecomingintoshallowwater.LikeHuck,MarkTwainledanadventurouslife.Heleftschoolearly,andasanadolescent,determinedtomakehisfortuneinSouthAmerica,setofffromhishomeinHannibal,Missouri,forNewOrleans.HewantedtotakeaboattotheAmazon,wherehethoughthecouldgetrichquickly.HearrivedinNewOrleanswithoutapennyinhispocketonlytofindthattherewerenoboatsforSouthAmerica.Forcedtochangehisplans,heworkedforseveralyearsasapilotonasteamboat,takingpassengersupanddowntheMississippi,thegreatriverwhichflowsfromthenorthoftheUSneartheCanadianborder,downtotheGulfofMexico.Laterhebecameajournalistandbeganwritingstoriesaboutlifeontheriver.Twain'svividandoftenamusingdescriptionsoflifeontheriverquicklybecamepopular,andestablishedthereputationhestillenjoystodayasoneofAmerica'sgreatestwriters.CulturalcornerModule4TheMeaningofCarnival7文檔來源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理 .word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持 .Carnivaltodayisaninternational,multiculturalexperience.Buthowdiditbecomeso?Tounderstandwhatcarnivalisallabout,weneedtolookatthehistoryofAmericaandthemeetingoftwocultures—EuropeanandAfrican.ThearrivalofEuropeansinAmerica,andtheopeningofhugefarmsandplantationstogrowcotton,fruitandvegetables,meanttherewasanimmediateneedforpeopletoworkonthem.Thismarkedthebeginningoftheslavetrade.Formorethantwohundredyears,untilthebeginningofthe19thcentury,whenthetradewasfinallystopped,millionsofpeopleweretakenbyforcefromtheirhomesinAfricaandtransportedtotheNewWorldtoworkasslaves.SixmillionweretakentotheCaribbeanislandswheretherewereBritishandFrenchlandowners.Naturally,theEuropeansalsoimportedtheirownfestivals.Sotheslaveswereforcedtowatchastheirmasterscelebratedcarnivalwithfood,drink,andmaskeddances.InTrinidad,theslavesbegantoholdtheirowncarnivalcelebrations:theypaintedtheirfaceswhite,imitatingtheirmastersandmakingfunofthem.ButatthesametimetheywerecontinuingtheirownAfricantraditions—suchaswalkingroundavillagewearingmasksandsinging—acustomwhichtheythoughtwouldbringgoodluck.Whentheslavetradewasabolishedin1838theformerslavestookoverthecarnival.Itbecamemorecolourfulandmoreexcitingthanithadbeenbefore.Magnificentcostumesweremadeandmusicalbandscreated.Carnivalbecameacelebrationof