2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)43

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys___togotoschool.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tobeencouraged

B.beenencouraged

C.beingencouraged

D.beencourage

【答案】C

【解析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。介詞with可引出分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，表示一種陪襯性動(dòng)作或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。A選項(xiàng)：動(dòng)詞不定式常作目的狀語(yǔ)或表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，不能引出陪襯性動(dòng)作；B選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)這兩種形式不屬于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，排除；C選項(xiàng)現(xiàn)在分詞表示陪襯性動(dòng)作，符合題意。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

AfterJohnhad___amonghisguests,dinnerwasannounced.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.circulated

B.spread

C.passedon

D.publicized

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)circulated“使循環(huán)；使流通；使傳播（既指某物在一物體內(nèi)循環(huán)流動(dòng)，又可指在一定范圍內(nèi)傳播物品、刊物或思想、語(yǔ)言等）”；B選項(xiàng)spread“傳播，散布（普通用詞，使用廣泛。指?jìng)鞑ゼ膊?、思想、文化、?xí)慣或謠言等）；展開(kāi)；伸展；鋪開(kāi)”；C選項(xiàng)passedon“度過(guò)；通過(guò)”；D選項(xiàng)publicized“宣傳，推廣；發(fā)布；為……做廣告”。句意：約翰在客人中間___后，宣布開(kāi)飯。本句考查固定搭配circulateamong“在……中流傳；在……中轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)去”，表達(dá)“約翰在客人中間轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)去”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

V.CivilandCommercialLaw

Earlyinthe20thcentury,NewZealandadoptedanationalno-faultworkerscompensationscheme,replacingtortlawforindustrialaccidentswhileleavingtherestofitintact.Italsomandatedtortliabilityinsuranceagainstautoaccidents.Duringthe1960s,NewZealandestablishedaroyalcommissiontoexplorepossiblereformstoitsworkerscompensationsystem.Assometimesoccurswithsuchbodies,itdecidednottobelimitedbyitsremitbutproceededinsteadtoreviewthetortsystemmoregenerally.

In1967,thecommissionpublishedtheWoodhouseReport(namedafterthejusticewholedtheeffort).Itseverelycriticizedthefault-basedtortsystem’s“falsemorality,”unpredictabledamageawards,andhightransactioncosts(amountingtoover40%ofthetotalsystemcosts,muchlowerthanthecomparablecostsinU.S.asbestoslitigationfirstlaunchedataroundthesametime).Inplaceoftort,theReportproposedacomprehensiveno-faultcompensationschemeforpersonalinjuriesgenerally(notjustworkplaceaccidents),onethatithopedwouldbedesignedtoprovidewagelossbenefitsroughlymatchingpre-injuryearningsandadditionalbenefitsforpermanentbodilyimpairment,whilealsopromotingaccidentprevention,victimrehabilitation,andadministrativeefficiency.

In1972,theNationalPartygovernment,whoseJusticeandLabourministrieshadbeenactivelypromotingthecommissionandtheWoodhouseReport,pushedthroughtheAccidentCompensationAct.Itenjoyedbipartisansupportandpassedquiteeasily-afactthatwillastonishanyAmericanlawyerobservingtheendlessstrugglesovereventhemildesttortreformsintheU.S.Amendedin1973bythenewLabourgovernmenttoincludeaccidentstonon-wageearners,theActwentintoeffectinApril1974.

Evenmoresurprising,thepublicdidnotdemandthenewsystem.Instead,accordingtoGeoffreyPalmer,itwasthehandiworkofasmallgroupofdedicatedreformersledbyinfluentialandprestigiousjudges.Successwasassuredwhenthemajorgroupsopposingthereform—theinsuranceindustry,thebar,andlaborunions—turnedouttobepoliticallyweakandfragmented.ThenewsystemwasnotthecomprehensiveabolitionoftortthattheWoodhouseReporthadproposed.Rather,itlimitedno-faultcoveragetomotorvehicle-relatedinjuriesandtowage-earners’injuries(whetherworkrelatedornot).Butthegovernmentsubsequentlyexpandedthesystemtocovervirtuallyallaccidentalinjuriesandtoconferverybroadbenefitsforvictims.NewZealanderstodaygenerallyregardtheirsystem(somedisputeddetailsaside)asamainstayoftheirsocialpolicy.

67.Accordingtothe1stparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementaboutthecommissionisNOTtrue?

68.TheWoodhouseReportcontainedthefollowingBUT___.

69.WhichstatementabouttheAccidentCompensationActistrue?

70.TheNewZealandersattitudetowardsthenewtortsystemwas___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itwasestablishedin1960.

B.Itwasauthorizedtoexplorepossiblereformstotheworkerscompensationsystem.

C.Itdecidedtoreviewthetortsystemmoregenerally.

D.Itwasaroyalcommission.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.criticizingthefault-basedtortsystem’s“falsemorality”

B.propositionaboutacomprehensiveno-faultcompensationscheme

C.accidentprevention

D.muchlowercoststhanthecomparablecostsinU.S.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.ItbecameeffectiveinApril1973.

B.TheNationalPartygovernmentwasagainsttheAct.

C.TheJusticeandLabourministriesactivelypromotedtheAct.

D.TheActwasamendedin1973beforeitbecameeffective.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.supportivefromtheverybeginning

B.representedbyasmallgroupofdedicatedreformers

C.firstunconcerned,thenbecameproudofit

D.representedbytheinsuranceindustry,thebar,andlaborunions

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】67.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“thecommission”定位到原文第一段Duringthe1960s,NewZealandestablishedaroyalcommissiontoexplorepossiblereformstoitsworkerscompensationsystem.（20世紀(jì)60年代，新西蘭成立了一個(gè)皇家委員會(huì)，探討對(duì)其工人薪酬制度可能進(jìn)行的改革）可知這個(gè)皇家委員會(huì)是在20世紀(jì)60年代（指1960~1969）成立，無(wú)法判斷是否成立于1960年，A選項(xiàng)“它成立于1960年”陳述和原文不符，B選項(xiàng)“它被授權(quán)探索對(duì)工人補(bǔ)償制度進(jìn)行可能的改革”以及D選項(xiàng)“這是一個(gè)皇家委員會(huì)”符合原文；第一段Assometimesoccurswithsuchbodies,itdecidednottobelimitedbyitsremitbutproceededinsteadtoreviewthetortsystemmoregenerally.（正如這些機(jī)構(gòu)有時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生的那樣，它決定不受其職權(quán)范圍的限制，而是更廣泛地審查侵權(quán)制度）可知C選項(xiàng)“它決定更廣泛地審查侵權(quán)制度”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

68.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“TheWoodhouseReport”定位到原文第二段amountingtoover40%ofthetotalsystemcosts,muchlowerthanthecomparablecostsinU.S.asbestoslitigationfirstlaunchedataroundthesametime（相當(dāng)于總制度成本的40%以上，遠(yuǎn)低于美國(guó)石棉訴訟中的可比成本）可知D選項(xiàng)“比美國(guó)的可比成本低得多”所提到的范圍比原文所提及的“遠(yuǎn)低于美國(guó)石棉訴訟中的可比成本”大得多，D選項(xiàng)對(duì)比原文有誤；第二段Itseverelycriticizedthefault-basedtortsystem’s“falsemorality,”（它嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)了基于過(guò)錯(cuò)的侵權(quán)制度的“虛假道德”）可知A選項(xiàng)“批評(píng)基于過(guò)錯(cuò)的侵權(quán)制度的‘虛假道德’”符合原文；第二段Inplaceoftort,theReportproposedacomprehensiveno-faultcompensationschemeforpersonalinjuriesgenerally…whilealsopromotingaccidentprevention…（報(bào)告提出了一個(gè)全面的人身傷害無(wú)過(guò)錯(cuò)賠償計(jì)劃……同時(shí)也促進(jìn)了事故預(yù)防……）可知B選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于全面無(wú)故障補(bǔ)償方案的提議”和C選項(xiàng)“事故預(yù)防”符合原文。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

69.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段In1972,theNationalPartygovernment,whoseJusticeandLabourministrieshadbeenactivelypromotingthecommissionandtheWoodhouseReport,pushedthroughtheAccidentCompensationAct.（1972年，國(guó)家黨政府，其司法部和勞動(dòng)部一直在積極推動(dòng)委員會(huì)和伍德豪斯報(bào)告，推動(dòng)通過(guò)了事故賠償法）可知C選項(xiàng)“司法部和勞工部積極推動(dòng)該法”符合原文，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“國(guó)家黨政府反對(duì)該法案”和原文相悖；第三段Amendedin1973bythenewLabourgovernmenttoincludeaccidentstonon-wageearners,theActwentintoeffectinApril1974（新工黨政府于1973年修訂了這項(xiàng)法案，將事故納入非工薪階層，該法案于1974年4月生效）可知法案生效于1974年4月，A選項(xiàng)“1973年4月生效”和D選項(xiàng)“該法案在1973年生效前進(jìn)行了修正”錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

70.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“TheNewZealanders”定位到原文第四段Evenmoresurprising,thepublicdidnotdemandthenewsystem.（更令人驚訝的是，公眾并沒(méi)有要求新系統(tǒng)）可知新西蘭人最開(kāi)始并沒(méi)有支持新的侵權(quán)制度，而是不關(guān)心，A選項(xiàng)“從一開(kāi)始就支持”不符合原文，結(jié)合第四段最后一句NewZealanderstodaygenerallyregardtheirsystem(somedisputeddetailsaside)asamainstayoftheirsocialpolicy.（今天的新西蘭人普遍認(rèn)為他們的制度（撇開(kāi)一些有爭(zhēng)議的細(xì)節(jié)不談）是他們社會(huì)政策的支柱）可知起初不關(guān)心的新西蘭人們現(xiàn)在覺(jué)得自豪，選C選項(xiàng)“起初不關(guān)心，后來(lái)變得自豪”；第四段Instead,accordingtoGeoffreyPalmer,itwasthehandiworkofasmallgroupofdedicatedreformersledbyinfluentialandprestigiousjudges.（相反，據(jù)杰弗里帕爾默說(shuō)，這是一個(gè)由有影響力和聲望的法官領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的致力于改革的小團(tuán)體的杰作）可知B選項(xiàng)“由一小群獻(xiàn)身的改革者代表”并不是新西蘭民眾的態(tài)度，原文只是說(shuō)明這個(gè)制度是由有影響力和聲望的法官領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的致力于改革的小團(tuán)體的杰作；第四段Successwasassuredwhenthemajorgroupsopposingthereform—theinsuranceindustry,thebar,andlaborunions—turnedouttobepoliticallyweakandfragmented.（當(dāng)反對(duì)改革的主要團(tuán)體——保險(xiǎn)業(yè)、律師協(xié)會(huì)和工會(huì)——在政治上變得軟弱和支離破碎時(shí)，改革取得了成功）可知保險(xiǎn)業(yè)、律師協(xié)會(huì)和工會(huì)是反對(duì)改革的主要群體，并不是新西蘭人對(duì)新的侵權(quán)制度的態(tài)度，也不能算新西蘭人對(duì)這一制度的代表態(tài)度，D選項(xiàng)“以保險(xiǎn)行業(yè)、律師和工會(huì)為代表”錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Iwouldrather___troubleandhardshiplikethatthan___byothers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.had....takecareof

B.have...takencareof

C.had...takencareof

D.have...betakencareof

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配wouldratherdosth.thandosth.“寧愿做某事而不愿做某事”可知空格處要填入原型，排除A，B，C選項(xiàng)。句意：我寧愿有困難，也不愿被別人照顧。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Weshouldbejudgedbythequalityofourproductsandthevalueinvestors___fromthem.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.deride

B.derive

C.elude

D.evade

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)deride“嘲笑；嘲弄”；B選項(xiàng)derive“源于；得自；獲得”；C選項(xiàng)elude“（尤指機(jī)智地，巧妙地）避開(kāi)，逃避，躲避；使無(wú)法得到；使無(wú)法達(dá)到；使不記得；使不理解”；D選項(xiàng)evade“逃避；規(guī)避；逃脫”。句意：我們應(yīng)該根據(jù)我們產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和投資者從中___的價(jià)值來(lái)判斷。本句表達(dá)“投資者從中獲得的價(jià)值”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

I.Thepsychologicalexplorationintolitigants’proceduralpreferencesdatesbacktotheearly1970s,whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker—largelyregardedastheoriginatorsoftheproceduraljusticeparadigm—andtheircolleaguesrevealedthatlaypeoplecareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem.Theydemonstratedthatwhenlaypeopleevaluateprocedures,theygenerallyassesshowtheproceduresdistributecontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties(e.g.,mediators,arbitrators,judges).Theirresearchalsosuggeststhatdisputantspreferproceduresthatallowthem(asopposedtothirdparties)tocontroltheprocess.Theirearlyworkhighlightstheimportantrolethat“voice”(i.e.,theopportunitytoshareone’sstoryorsideofthedispute)playsinhowdisputantsconstruedisputeresolutionoptions,whichinturnilluminatesthecriticalrolethatsubjectiveperceptionsplayinthefunctioningofthelegalsystem.Subsequentresearchproducedadditionaltheoriesthatexplainwhydisputantscareaboutprocess.Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.Anotherframework—the“groupvalue”model—suggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.Otherresearchemphasizedhowprocesshasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice—whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisambiguous,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocesstheyexperiencedasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.

Inpractice,legalorganizationsandscholarsoftenusetheconceptofcontroltoclassifylegalprocedures.Mediationandnegotiationarecommonlyconceptualizedasofferinglitigantsgreaterprocessandoutcomecontrolascomparedtoadjudicatoryoptionssuchastrialandarbitration.TheAmericanBarAssociation,forexample,describesmediationandnegotiationasofferingpartiesgreaterparticipationinreachingaresolution,aswellascontrolovertheoutcome.Similarly,scholarsoftenconceptualizelegalproceduresonaspectrum.Ononeendofthescale,negotiationoffersparticipantscontroloverboththeprocessandoutcomeanddoesnotinvolveathird-partyneutral.Ontheotherend,arbitrationandtrialempowerthird-partyneutralstodeterminetheoutcomeofadisputeandimposeformalityontheprocess.Mediation,existinginthemiddleofthespectrum,utilizesathird-partyneutral,butallowspartiestoshapetheprocessandcontroltheoutcome.

1.ThibautandWalkerareregardedas___.

2.ThibautandWalkerfoundintheirresearchthatlaypeople___.

3.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthestatementsiswrong?

4.Whatisthemostsuitabletopicofthesecondparagraph?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.researchersoflitigants'proceduralpreferences

B.laypeoplewhocareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisions

C.originatorsoftheempiricalresearchofproceduraljustice

D.empiricalresearchers

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.caremoreabouttheirdirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem

B.evaluateproceduresbythedistributionofcontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties

C.preferproceduresthatdoesnotallowthethirdpartiestocontroltheprocess

D.believethatprocesscontrolprovidesadirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisclear,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocessasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.

B.Socialexchangetheorysuggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.

C.Groupvaluemodelsuggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.

D.Processhasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.NegotiationOffersLitigantstheGreatestControl

B.MediationOffersLitigantsGreaterControl

C.ArbitrationOffersLitigantsLessControl

D.ClassificationofLegalProceduresbyProcessControl

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“ThibautandWalker”定位到原文第一段whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker—largelyregardedastheoriginatorsoftheproceduraljusticeparadigm…（當(dāng)Thibaut和Walker的實(shí)證研究——很大程度上被認(rèn)為是程序正義范式的創(chuàng)始人……）可知選C選項(xiàng)“程序正義實(shí)證研究的發(fā)起人”以及D選項(xiàng)“實(shí)證研究”錯(cuò)誤；A選項(xiàng)“訴訟當(dāng)事人程序偏好的研究人員”，B選項(xiàng)“關(guān)心他們對(duì)法律決定的直接和間接控制的外行人”和原文不符。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段whenlaypeopleevaluateprocedures,theygenerallyassesshowtheproceduresdistributecontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties(e.g.,mediators,arbitrators,judges).（當(dāng)外行評(píng)估程序時(shí)，他們通常會(huì)評(píng)估程序如何在當(dāng)事人本身和第三方（如調(diào)解員、仲裁員、法官）之間分配控制權(quán)）可知選B選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)在雙方和第三方之間分配控制權(quán)來(lái)評(píng)估程序”；第一段whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker…andtheircolleaguesrevealedthatlaypeoplecareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem.（當(dāng)Thibaut和Walker的實(shí)證研究……和他們的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，外行關(guān)心他們對(duì)影響他們的法律決定的直接和間接控制）可知A選項(xiàng)“更關(guān)心他們對(duì)影響他們的法律決定的直接控制”錯(cuò)誤，不完整；第一段Theirresearchalsosuggeststhatdisputantspreferproceduresthatallowthem(asopposedtothirdparties)tocontroltheprocess.（他們的研究還表明，爭(zhēng)論雙方更喜歡讓他們（而不是第三方）控制過(guò)程的程序）可知只是不喜歡讓第三方控制過(guò)程的程序而不是不允許，C選項(xiàng)“選擇不允許第三方控制過(guò)程的程序”過(guò)度推測(cè)；第一段Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.（一種理論——“工具”或“社會(huì)交換”理論——認(rèn)為，人們渴望過(guò)程控制，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這提供了一種間接的方式來(lái)控制爭(zhēng)端的結(jié)果）可知D選項(xiàng)“相信過(guò)程控制提供了一種直接的方式來(lái)控制他們的爭(zhēng)議的結(jié)果”和原文相悖。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段最后一句話Otherresearchemphasizedhowprocesshasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice—whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisambiguous,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocesstheyexperiencedasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.（其他研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了過(guò)程對(duì)人們?nèi)绾胃兄鐣?huì)公正的重要影響——當(dāng)結(jié)果的公平性不明確時(shí)，人們通常會(huì)把他們對(duì)過(guò)程的評(píng)價(jià)作為評(píng)估結(jié)果的心理捷徑）可知A選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)一個(gè)結(jié)果的公平性很明確時(shí)，人們通常會(huì)把他們對(duì)這個(gè)過(guò)程的評(píng)估作為評(píng)估結(jié)果的心理捷徑”和原文相悖，D選項(xiàng)“過(guò)程對(duì)人們?nèi)绾胃兄鐣?huì)公正有重要的影響”在原文中有提及；第一段Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.（一種理論——“工具”或“社會(huì)交換”理論——認(rèn)為，人們渴望過(guò)程控制，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這提供了一種間接的方式來(lái)控制爭(zhēng)端的結(jié)果）可知B選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)交換理論認(rèn)為，人們渴望過(guò)程控制，因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈潘峁┝艘环N間接的方式來(lái)控制他們的爭(zhēng)議的結(jié)果”原文有提及；第一段Anotherframework—the“groupvalue”model—suggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.（另一個(gè)框架——“群體價(jià)值”模型——表明人們關(guān)心過(guò)程，因?yàn)樗麄兯?jīng)歷的過(guò)程的質(zhì)量有助于他們?cè)u(píng)估自己在群體或社區(qū)中的地位和包容性）可知C選項(xiàng)“群體價(jià)值模型表明人們關(guān)心過(guò)程，因?yàn)樗麄兯?jīng)歷的過(guò)程的質(zhì)量有助于他們?cè)u(píng)估自己在群體或社區(qū)中的地位和包容性”原文有提及。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段中心句Inpractice,legalorganizationsandscholarsoftenusetheconceptofcontroltoclassifylegalprocedures.（在實(shí)踐中，法律組織和學(xué)者經(jīng)常使用控制的概念對(duì)法律程序進(jìn)行分類）可知選D選項(xiàng)“根據(jù)過(guò)程控制對(duì)法律程序進(jìn)行分類”，第二段之后的內(nèi)容都是圍繞中心句展開(kāi)，舉例說(shuō)明如何使用控制的概念對(duì)法律程序進(jìn)行分類；A選項(xiàng)“談判給予當(dāng)事人最大的控制權(quán)”，B選項(xiàng)“調(diào)解為當(dāng)事人提供更大的控制權(quán)”是第二段中一部分內(nèi)容，沒(méi)有概括性；C選項(xiàng)“仲裁減少了當(dāng)事人的控制權(quán)”未在第二段明確提及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Interestonshort-termgovernmentdebtsoaredtoanalmostunimaginable210%,which___atotalcollapseofinvestorconfidence.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.amountsto

B.equalsto

C.isaddedupto

D.reachesto

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)amountsto“相當(dāng)于，總計(jì)為”；B選項(xiàng)equalsto“等于；勝任”；C選項(xiàng)isaddedupto“加起來(lái)等于”；D選項(xiàng)reachesto“達(dá)到；及于”。句意：短期政府債券的利息飆升至幾乎難以想象的210%，這___投資者信心的徹底崩潰。本句表達(dá)“這件事達(dá)到了讓投資者信心的徹底崩潰的程度，或者說(shuō)這使得投資者信心的徹底崩潰”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Ms.Breenhasbeenlivingintownforonlyoneyear,yetsheseemstobe___witheveryonewhocomestothestore.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.accepted

B.admitted

C.admired

D.acquainted

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)accepted“公認(rèn)的；被認(rèn)可的，被接受的（被大多數(shù)人接受的觀點(diǎn)是正確的或合理的）”；B選項(xiàng)admitted“公認(rèn)的；被承認(rèn)了的（承認(rèn)自己曾經(jīng)做過(guò)的事情）”；C選項(xiàng)admired“被贊美的；被欽佩的”；D選項(xiàng)acquainted“熟識(shí)的；知曉的；有知識(shí)的”。句意：布林女士只在城里住了一年，但似乎每個(gè)來(lái)店里的人都很___她。本句表達(dá)“雖然布林女士在城里居住時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)，但似乎每個(gè)來(lái)店里的人都很贊美她”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.翻譯題

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

AhugefirethatengulfedanancientTibetantowninShangri-la,Yunnanprovince,onSaturdayhascausedexpertstocallforheightenedfiresafetyinhistoriclocationsacrossthecountry.ThefirestartedearlyonSaturdaymorningandlastedabout12hours,destroying242housesintheoldTibetantownofDukezonginShangri-la,capitaloftheDiqingTibetautonomousprefecture.Dukezongtownisthelargestandbest-preservedTibetancommunityinallofChina’sTibetanareas.ItwasalsoakeystopontheAncientTea-HorseCaravanRouteandafocalpointforHan-Tibetanexchanges.

【答案】一場(chǎng)大火周六吞沒(méi)了云南香格里拉一個(gè)古老的藏族小鎮(zhèn)，引起專家呼吁在全國(guó)歷史地段加強(qiáng)消防安全。大火周六凌晨開(kāi)始，持續(xù)了大約12小時(shí)，摧毀了迪慶藏族自治州首府香格里拉藏族古鎮(zhèn)獨(dú)克宗的242棟房屋。獨(dú)克宗鎮(zhèn)是中國(guó)藏區(qū)規(guī)模最大、保存最完好的藏族聚居區(qū)。它也是茶馬古道的重要一站，也是漢藏交流的中心。

10.單選題

It’sageneralpracticeforsmallfactoriesto___moreworkersduringtimesofprosperity,andlayoffsomewhenrecessionhits.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.takein

B.takeover

C.takeon

D.takeup

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)takein“吸收；領(lǐng)會(huì)；欺騙；接待；接受；理解；拘留；欺騙；讓……進(jìn)入；改短”；B選項(xiàng)takeover“接管；接收”；C選項(xiàng)takeon“承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn)；具有；流行；接納；雇用；穿上”；D選項(xiàng)takeup“拿起；開(kāi)始從事；占據(jù)（時(shí)間，地方）”。句意：對(duì)于小工廠來(lái)說(shuō)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí)期___更多的工人，在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退時(shí)裁掉一些工人是普遍做法。根據(jù)和后文layoff“解雇；休息；停止工作”對(duì)比可知本句表達(dá)“在經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí)期雇傭更多的工人”。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

VII.EconomicLaw

AstheU.S.SupremeCourtaddresseditinDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo,thelosscausationrequirementexiststoassurethatprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsare“available,nottoprovideinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses,buttoprotectthemagainstthoseeconomiclossesthatmisrepresentationsactuallycause.”

CodificationofthecausationrequirementinthePSLRAbrokenonewsubstantiveground.But,astheSupremeCourtalsocounseledinDura,thePSLRA“makesclearCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsforrecoverywhere,butonlywhere,plaintiffsadequatelyallegeandprovethetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss.”InthewakeofDura,losscausationhasbecomethecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactionsbroughtunderthefraud-on-the-markettheory,firstembracedbyapluralityoftheSupremeCourtinBasic,Inc.v.Levinson.InBasic,theCourtcreatedarebuttablepresumptionofinvestorrelianceonthemarketpriceofasecuritythattradesinan“efficient”market—oneinwhichthemarketpriceispresumedtoreflectallinformationdisseminatedintothatmarketplace.Therebuttablepresumptionofreliancebasedonthefraud-on-the-markettheoryiscriticaltocertificationofinvestorclassactionswhere,withoutit,certificationwouldbevirtuallyimpossibleasindividualquestionsofreliancewouldpredominateoveranycommonquestions.AlthoughtheSupremeCourthasheldthatlosscausationisnotanindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification,itisacentralelementofanyprivateactionunderExchangeAct10bandRule10b-5,andmustaccordinglybesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss,andultimatelysupportedbyevidence,whetheronsummaryjudgmentorattrial.

Duraistheseminalpronouncementonthenecessaryshowingoflosscausationasamatterofbothpleadingandproofinfraud-on-the-marketcases.TheSupremeCourtinstructedthatlosscausationisneithersufficientlypleadednordemonstratedmerelybyanartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss.Indeed,theCourtcautionedinthesecasesthat“thelogicallinkbetweentheinflatedpurchasepriceandanylatereconomiclossisnotinvariablystrong,”andthatwhileanartificiallyinflatedpurchasemightmeanalaterloss,thatisnotinevitablyso.TheCourtspokeofa“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketpricesofsecurities,andthateventhoughfalseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplacemay“touchupon”alatereconomiclossforinvestors,totouchuponalossisnottocauseit,anditisactualcausationthatthelawrequires.

1.FromthefirstparagraphoneisNOTabletosaythatDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo___.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementdescribes“fraud-on-the-markettheory”mostsuitably?

3.LosscausationisNOT___.

4.Losscausationcanbesufficientlydemonstratedby___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.washeardbytheUSFederalSupremeCourt

B.wasanactionaboutsecuritiesfraud

C.wasacasewherethecausationrequirementwasdiscussed

D.providedinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ItiscodifiedinthePSLRA

B.Itiscriticaltoofficialrecognitionofinvestorclassactions.

C.ItreflectstheCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactions.

D.Itisaboutlosscausation.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.anindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification

B.acentralelementofanyprivateaction

C.thecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactions

D.necessarytobesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.anartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss

B.“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketprices

C.plaintiffs’adequateallegationandproofofthetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss

D.falseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplace

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文第一段AstheU.S.SupremeCourtaddresseditinDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo,thelosscausationrequirementexiststoassurethatprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsare“available,nottoprovideinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses,buttoprotectthemagainstthoseeconomiclossesthatmisrepresentationsactuallycause.”（作為美國(guó)最高法院解決它在達(dá)拉制藥、公司訴Broudo損失因果關(guān)系要求存在，以確保私人證券欺詐行為是“可用的，而不是為投資者提供廣泛的保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)的損失，但為了保護(hù)他們反對(duì)那些虛假陳述實(shí)際上造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失”）可知D選項(xiàng)“為投資者提供針對(duì)市場(chǎng)損失的廣泛保險(xiǎn)”和原文相悖；A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)聯(lián)邦最高法院審理了此案”，B選項(xiàng)“是一個(gè)關(guān)于證券欺詐的行為”以及C選項(xiàng)“是一個(gè)討論了因果關(guān)系要求的案例”都可和原文對(duì)應(yīng)。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文第二段Therebuttablepresumptionofreliancebasedonthefraud-on-the-markettheoryiscriticaltocertificationofinvestorclassactionswhere,withoutit,certificationwouldbevirtuallyimpossibleasindividualquestionsofreliancewouldpredominateoveranycommonquestions.（基于市場(chǎng)欺詐理論的可反駁的信賴推定對(duì)投資者集體訴訟的證明至關(guān)重要，如果沒(méi)有它，證明幾乎是不可能的，因?yàn)樾刨嚨膫€(gè)別問(wèn)題將壓倒任何普通問(wèn)題。）可知選C選項(xiàng)“這對(duì)正式承認(rèn)投資者集體訴訟至關(guān)重要”；A選項(xiàng)“它被編纂在PSLRA中”未提及；第二段第二句But,astheSupremeCourtalsocounseledinDura,thePSLRA“makesclearCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsforrecoverywhere,butonlywhere,plaintiffsadequatelyallegeandprovethetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss.”（但是，正如最高法院在杜拉所建議的那樣，PSLRA“明確了國(guó)會(huì)的意圖，即允許私人證券欺詐訴訟在原告充分聲稱和證明因果關(guān)系和損失的傳統(tǒng)要素的情況下（但僅在原告充分聲稱和證明的情況下）進(jìn)行追償”）可知是PSLRA明確了國(guó)會(huì)的意圖，而不是市場(chǎng)欺詐理論，B選項(xiàng)“它反映了國(guó)會(huì)允許私人證券欺詐行為的意圖”錯(cuò)誤，同時(shí)可知D選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于損失的因果關(guān)系”錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文第二段末AlthoughtheSupremeCourthasheldthatlosscausationisnotanindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification,itisacentralelementofanyprivateactionunderExchangeAct10bandRule10b-5,andmustaccordinglybesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss,andultimatelysupportedbyevidence,whetheronsummaryjudgmentorattrial.（盡管最高法院認(rèn)為，損失的因果關(guān)系并非作為類別認(rèn)證事項(xiàng)處理的個(gè)別問(wèn)題，但根據(jù)《交易法》第10b條和第10b-5條，損失的因果關(guān)系是任何私人訴訟的核心要素，因此，損失的因果關(guān)系必須足夠充分，足以抵擋駁回的動(dòng)議，并最終獲得證據(jù)支持，無(wú)論是簡(jiǎn)易判決還是審判）可知A選項(xiàng)“作為類別認(rèn)證的一個(gè)單獨(dú)問(wèn)題”和原文不符，B選項(xiàng)“任何私人行動(dòng)的中心要素”，D選項(xiàng)“需要被充分辯護(hù)以抵抗駁回動(dòng)議”符合原文；第二段losscausationhasbecomethecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactionsbroughtunderthefraud-on-the-markettheory（在以市場(chǎng)欺詐理論為依據(jù)的證券欺詐訴訟中，損失因果關(guān)系已成為訴辯和證明的關(guān)鍵要素）可知C選項(xiàng)“在證券欺詐訴訟中，申辯和證明的關(guān)鍵要素”符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文第三段末TheCourtspokeofa“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketpricesofsecurities,andthateventhoughfalseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplacemay“touchupon”alatereconomiclossforinvestors,totouchuponalossisnottocauseit,anditisactualcausationthatthelawrequires.（法院指出，影響證券市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的“各種因素錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜”，即使向市場(chǎng)傳播的虛假或誤導(dǎo)性信息可能“觸及”投資者日后的一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，但觸及一項(xiàng)損失并非造成損失的原因，而是法律規(guī)定的實(shí)際原因）可知B選項(xiàng)“影響市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的‘一堆因素’”可以充分證明損失的因果關(guān)系，同時(shí)可知D選項(xiàng)“散布到市場(chǎng)中的虛假或誤導(dǎo)性信息”錯(cuò)誤；第三段TheSupremeCourtinstructedthatlosscausationisneithersufficientlypleadednordemonstratedmerelybyanartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss.（最高法院指示，造成損失的原因既非充分辯護(hù)，也并非僅以人為提高的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格及隨后的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失來(lái)證明）可知A選項(xiàng)“人為抬高的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格和后來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失”，C選項(xiàng)“原告對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的因果關(guān)系和損失要素的充分指控和證據(jù)”錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

12.單選題

To___freedomagainsttyranny,ourfatherslaiddowntheserules.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ensure

B.guarantee

C.assure

D.fulfill

【答案】C

【解析】考查近義詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)ensure“保證，確保（側(cè)重使人相信某個(gè)行為或力量產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果）；使安全”；B選項(xiàng)guarantee“保證；擔(dān)保（指對(duì)事物的品質(zhì)或人的行為及履行義務(wù)、義務(wù)等承擔(dān)責(zé)任的保證）”；C選項(xiàng)assure“保證；擔(dān)保（側(cè)重指消除某人思想上的懷疑或擔(dān)心，從而有達(dá)到目的的保證感）；使確信；弄清楚”；D選項(xiàng)fulfill“履行；實(shí)現(xiàn)；滿足；使結(jié)束”。句意：為了___反對(duì)暴政的自由，我們的先輩制定了這些規(guī)則。本句側(cè)重表達(dá)“確保達(dá)到反對(duì)暴政的自由這一目的”。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Ⅶ.Humanrightsareoftenpresentedastheoutcomeofalongandnoblematurationprocessofintellectualideassuchasfreedom,equalityorhumandignity—basicallyastheultimatecrystallizationofEnlightenmentideas.Thecontemporaryimportanceofhumanrightsisthenviewedasthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization,advancingtheinherentrightsanddignityofeveryperson.Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(尼采)(orlaterFoucault(福柯))becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.Fromthisperspective,thejobofthehistorian,sociologistorphilosopherisnottoreconstructthelinearpathfromwhichhumanrightshavevictoriouslyemergedbuttoinvestigatethehaphazardmake-upofhumanrights,lookingintothecontingentconditionsandunforeseencircumstancesoutofwhichvaluesgrow.

InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoas(漢斯?約阿斯)seekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.Basically,howcanwebestdescribeandexplainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights,functioningtodayasadefactoglobalcivilreligionwithitsowntransnationalsymbolssuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsorsharedritualssuchasUN’sUniversalPeriodicReview?However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,