aviation english reading imagesunits 1 to 4公開課一等獎省優(yōu)質(zhì)課大賽獲獎課件

UNITONETypesofAircraft

airship飛艇Aself-propelledlighter-than-aircraftwithdirectionalcontrolsurfaces.Alsocalleddirigible.

rigidairship硬式飛艇Blimp

軟式小飛艇

TheGoodyearblimp,likeothernonrigidairships,hasnointernalsupportingstructure;thepressureofthebuoyantgasmaintainsthebag’sshape.Blimpsarerarelyusedfortheiroriginalpurposeoftransportation,buttheirhoveringcapabilities,highvisibility,andenormoussurfaceareamakethemattractiveforadvertising.

axis軸線

axis軸線Alinepassingthroughanairplaneaboutwhichitmayrevolve.Anairplanehasthreemutuallyperpendicularaxes,eachpassingthroughthecenterofgravity--longitudinalfromnosetotail,measuringroll(橫滾);lateral,fromwingtiptowingtip,measuringpitch(俯仰);andvertical,frombacktobelly,measuringyaw(偏航).glider滑翔機

Alight,enginelessaircraftdesignedtoglideafterbeingtowedaloftorlaunchedfromacatapult.

EarlyGlider

Anearlyaviationenthusiasttestsabiplaneglider.GlidersgaveearlyengineerssuchastheWrightbrothersvaluableinformationonaerodynamicsandconstructionmethodsthatwouldlatermakecontrolled,poweredflightareality.

glidercatapult滑翔機彈射器catapult-launchsailplane翱翔機Alightgliderusedespeciallyforsoaring.

ultralight

landinggear起落架,著陸裝置

Landinggeardesigns

Someplaneshaveatail-wheellandinggear后三點式起落架--1wheelunderthetailand1undereachsideofthefuselageorwing.Mostplaneshaveatricyclelandinggear前三點式起落架--1to4wheelsunderthenoseand2to20underthemidfuselageor1or4wheelsunderthenoseand1to10undereachsideofthewing.

aerobaticflight

airplanepartsUNITTWO

PrinciplesofAircraftFlight

chord弦；弦長Thedimensionbetweentheleadingandtrailingedgesofanairfoilsection.laminarflow:層流(Atypeofflowinaliquidorgasinwhichneighboringlayersdonotmixbutflowatdifferentvelocities.)

Fourforcesactonanairplaneinflight:(1)gravity,(2)lift,(3)drag,and(4)thrust.

重力升力阻力推力

Gravityisthenaturalforcethatpullsaplanetowardtheground.Liftopposesgravityandpushestheplaneupward.Dragisthenaturalforceofairopposingaplane'sforwardmovement.Thrustopposesdragandmovestheplaneforward.lift propeller

Apropellerbladeresemblesaplanewing.Likeawing,ithasatip,root,

leadingedge,andtrailingedge.Thebladesareattachedtoanengine-drivenshaft軸byahub葉轂(gū).

HowthrustisproducedbyapropellerbladesHowthrustisproducedbyajetengine

Ajetenginetakesinairatlowvelocity(speed).Acompressorincreasesthepressureoftheair.Thecompressedairisthenburnedwithjetfuelinacombustionchamber,formingahigh-velocityexhaust.Theexhaustmovesrapidlybackwardthroughtheengine,whichcausestheenginetomoveforward.Theexhaustalsospinsaturbine,whichrunstheengineparts.angleofattack攻角crankshaft曲軸：ashaft（軸）thatdrivesorisdrivenbyacrank（曲柄）,e.g.oneattachedtoaconnectingrod（連桿）inaninternal-combustionengine往復式發(fā)動機主要部分包含氣缸，曲軸箱，和附件殼。進氣排氣閥turboprop渦輪螺旋槳發(fā)動機Ajetenginewhoseexhaustgasesdriveaturbine-connectedpropellerandalsoproducethrust.empennage尾翼(面)，尾部:thetailofanairplane.Anellipticalwinglikethatusedon

theSupermarineSpitfirefighterofWorldWarII

wingshapesdouble-wedgeshapedwings(thefuselage)aso-calledwasp-waist,orCoke-bottle,shape

Machnumber馬赫數(shù)Anumberexpressingtheratioofthespeedofamovingbodyorofairtothespeedofsound,withMach1.0equaltothespeedofsound.(refertoSupplementaryReadingofUnit2)

transonic靠近音速跨;音速Oforrelatingtoaerodynamicfloworflightconditionsatspeedsclosetothespeedofsound.

hypersonic極超音速Of,relatingto,orcapableofspeedequaltoorexceedingfivetimesthespeedofsound.Machnumber

criticalMachnumber臨界馬赫數(shù)

UNITTHREE

AirplaneandItsStructure

Airplaneparts

torque扭(力)矩，轉(力)矩

Aforcewhichproducestwisting（扭轉）,suchasrollingofanairplaneinreactiontotherotatingpropellerorturningofahelicopterfuselagebecauseoftherevolvingrotor(旋翼).

rotor

autogiro自轉旋翼機

Anaircraftpoweredbyaconventionalpropellerandsupportedinflightbyafreewheeling（自行旋轉）,horizontalrotor（水平旋翼）thatprovideslift. ornithopter撲翼機

Amachineshapedlikeanaircraftthatisheldaloftandpropelledbywingmovements.seaplane水上飛機Aircraftthattakeofffromandlandonwater.pontoons=floats浮筒

amphibian兩棲飛機,水陸兩用飛機Aircraftthatcanoperateonbothlandandsea.flyingboat水上飛機Alargeseaplanethatfloatsonitshull(外殼)ratherthanonpontoons(浮筒).VTOL=verticaltake-offandlanding垂直起落TheSTOL(shorttake-offandlanding)craftisanairplanethattakesoffandlandsverysteeply

monocoque單殼機身,硬殼式結構

Ametalstructure,suchasanaircraft,inwhichtheskinabsorbsallormostofthestressestowhichthebodyissubjected.(bulkhead艙壁)convertiplane垂直起落換向式飛機Anaircraftdesignedtoflyvertically(likeahelicopter)andhorizontally(likeafixed-wingplane).rotary-wingaircraft旋翼(飛)機

(cf.定翼機fixed-wingaircraft)定翼機fixed-wingaircraftstrut支柱,撐桿

biplane雙翼飛機,復翼飛機Anairplanehavingtwopairsofwingsfixedatdifferentlevels,especiallyoneaboveandonebelowthefuselage.triplanespar翼梁Theprincipallongitudinalmemberinawingorotherairfoilthatcarrytheribs.

rib翼肋Oneofmanytransverse（橫向）piecesthatprovideanairplanewingwithshapeandstrength.stabilizer安定面Anairfoilthatstabilizesanaircraftinflight.tricyclegear三點式起落架A

landinggearconsistsoftwolargewheelsorwheelgroupsbehindthecenterofgravityandathirdwheel,calledthenosewheel,infrontofthetwomainwheels.nosewheel前輪,鼻輪Alanding-gearwheelunderthenoseofanairplane.landinggear

Somelargeaircrafthavemorethantworearwheelgroups.

Ex.:airplanepartsforidentification

keyUNITFOURPrimaryFlightControls

airplanepartswithfunctionsThisdrawingshowsthepartsofalightplane,aPiperCherokee.Thebasicpartsarethewing,fuselage(body),tail,landinggear,andengine.Someotherparts,suchastheribsandsparsinthewing,arestructural.Stillotherparts,includingtheailerons,flaps,rudder,andstabilator,areusedtocontroltheplane.Thedrawingalsoshowsthewing'sroot,tip,andleadingandtrailingedges.controlstick

ThecockpitofaConcordejetshowsthecomplexityofflightcontrol.Electronicandcomputerizedequipmentinthecockpitprovidesinformationregardingnavigation,spee