CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology市公開課一等獎(jiǎng)省賽課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

JlliangZhang(Ph.D)PROTISTACollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology

CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第1頁(yè)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第2頁(yè)Ifyoulookatadropofpondwaterunderamicroscope,allthe"littlecreatures"youseeswimmingaroundare

protists.CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第3頁(yè)Allprotistshaveanucleusandaretherefore

eukaryotic.Protistsareeitherplant-like,animal-likeorfungus-like.

CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第4頁(yè)P(yáng)ROTISTSVerydiversegroup>60,000knownspeciesMostareunicellularSomearecolonialSomearemulticellularNot“simple”atthecellularlevelRemember,aunicellularorganismmustcarryoutallbasicfunctionsoflifewithinasinglecellCellswithinamulticellularorganismcanbecomespecialized,andneednotcarryoutallsuchfunctionsCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第5頁(yè)KingdomProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimaliaProtistaMonera(原核生物)prokaryoticeukaryoticCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第6頁(yè)P(yáng)rincipalcharacterCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第7頁(yè)UnicellularMicroscopicNogermlayersAlltypesofsymmetry團(tuán)藻空球藻實(shí)球藻CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第8頁(yè)Structure&OrganellesShells&Skeletons:nakedsecretedshellcomposedoforganicorinorganicmaterials(i.e.CaCO3,SiO2)shellcomposedofsmallparticlescementedtogetherCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第9頁(yè)Structure&OrganellesCellmembrane=Plasmamembrane=PlasmalemmaCytoplasm(protoplasm):ectoplasm=outersemi-solidregionendoplasm=innerfluidregion(granular)Nucleus/nuclei:*Macronucleus=largenucleusinvolvedincontrollingmetabolicactivities*Micronucleus=smallnucleusinvolvedinreproductiveactivities*NotallprotistshavebothtypesofnucleusCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第10頁(yè)Alltypesofnutrition/feeding1.Autotrophic:capableofmakingtheirownfoodhavechloroplastsforphotosynthesis2.Heterotrophic:incapableofmakingtheirownfoodandmustingestpre-formedorganicmaterialsCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第11頁(yè)Alltypesofnutrition/feedingFeeding:Phagocytosis（吞噬作用）

Foodvacuole-intracellulardigestivecavityCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第12頁(yè)Alltypesofnutrition/feedingFeeding:intakefoodthroughacytostome(cellular“mouth”)eliminatewastethroughacytoproct(cellular“anus”)Cytoproct（胞肛）Cytostome（胞口）CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第13頁(yè)Osmoregulation&ExcretionContractilevacuoles（伸縮泡）:involvedinwaterregulationpumpsexcesswateroutofthecytoplasmExcretionisviadiffusionCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第14頁(yè)LocomotionPseudopodia“false”“foot”FlagellaCiliacytoplasmicstreamingCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第15頁(yè)AsexualReproduction“fission”:whenanindividualsplitsinto2identicalindividuals,itiscalled“binaryfission”(二分裂)if>2progeny,itiscalled“multiplefission”(多分裂)whenasmallerindividualbudsoffofthelargerparent,itiscalled“budding”(出芽生殖)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第16頁(yè)P(yáng)lasmotomy（質(zhì)裂）Thedivisionofamultinucleateprotozanintomultinucleateduaghterindividualsbycytoplasmicdivisionbutwithoutnucleardivisionaliscalled-Plasmotomyeg:Opalina（蛙片蟲）CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第17頁(yè)SexualReproductionconjugation=when2individualsexchangemicronucleiresultsingeneticmixingand“new”genotypes4daughters(geneticallydifferentfromparents)exchangeofmicronuclei-fusionofthe“exchanged”micronuclei-degenerationofoldmicronucleiCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第18頁(yè)P(yáng)arameciumreproduction1.Individualsfuse2.Micronucleusproduces4haploidnucleiCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第19頁(yè)P(yáng)arameciumreproduction4.Matesswapmicronuclei3.Onedividesbymitosis,3disintegrateCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第20頁(yè)P(yáng)arameciumreproduction5.Syngamyoccurs,micronucleifuse6.Micronucleiundergomitosisandform8micronucleiCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第21頁(yè)P(yáng)arameciumreproduction7.Originalmacronucleusdisintegrates;4micronucleidevintonewmacronuclei8.After2celldivisionsw/outnucleardivision,thenewmacroandmicronucleiareparceledoutinto4newindividualsCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第22頁(yè)Gamogenesis（配子生殖）：

CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第23頁(yè)P(yáng)hylumSarcomastigophora（肉鞭亞門）SubphylumSarcodina(肉足綱)SubphylumMastigophora（鞭毛綱）PhylumCiliophora（纖毛亞門）PhylumSporozoa(Apicomplexa)（頂復(fù)亞門）**NotethatyourtextbookhasdifferenttaxonomicgroupingsbutwewillfollowthelabKingdomProtista已命名原生動(dòng)物超出64000種，其中半數(shù)以上為化石種類CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第24頁(yè)（Ⅰ）、Mastigophora（鞭毛蟲綱）1、Symbolanimal—Euglena(眼蟲)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第25頁(yè)Lightdetector:swellingnearthebaseofthelongflagellum;detectslightthatisnotblockedbytheeyespot;asaresult,Euglenamovestowardlightofappropriateintensity,animportantadaptationthatenhancesphotosynthesisLongflagellumShortflagellumNucleusPlasmamembraneParamylongranuleChloroplastContractilevacuoleEyespot:pigmentedorganellethatfunctionsasalightshield,allowinglightfromonlyacertaindirectiontostrikethelightdetector

Pellicle:proteinbandsbeneaththeplasmamembranethatprovidestrengthandflexibility(Euglenalacksacellwall)Euglena(LM)5μmCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第26頁(yè)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第27頁(yè)binaryfissionCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第28頁(yè)Encystation（包囊形成）CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第29頁(yè)2.characteristicspresentinclassmastigophora(鞭毛綱)Oneormorewhiplikeflagellapresentforlocomotionandfoodcapture.Nutritionautotrophicbyphototrophy,orheterotrophicbyosmotrophy,ormixtotrophic.Reproductiontypicallyasexuallybysymmetrogeniclongitudinalbinaryfission;sexualreproductionoccursinsomecases.CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第30頁(yè)

Thereareaboutspeciesandseveralorders,whicharegroupedintotwosubclasses:I.ClassPhytomastigophora（植鞭亞綱）II.ClassZoomastigophora（動(dòng)鞭亞綱）3、ClassificationofmastigophoraCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第31頁(yè)A、Phytomastigophora：Membersofthethisclasshavebothchloroplastsandflagella。常見有綠眼蟲、團(tuán)藻蟲、盤藻蟲、鐘罩蟲、夜光蟲等。盤藻Goniumformosum團(tuán)藻Volvoxcarteri幾個(gè)鞭毛蟲裸甲腰鞭蟲夜光蟲溝腰鞭蟲角鞭蟲鐘罩蟲合尾滴蟲尾窩蟲CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第32頁(yè)RedTidesEnvironmentalconditionscancausedinoflagellate（腰鞭毛蟲）populationstoexploderesultinginredtidescancausefishkillsinvolvedinparalyticshellfishpoisoningCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第33頁(yè)B、ZoomastigophoraItsorganismsareheterotrophicandhaveone-to-manyflagella.代表性種類有利什曼原蟲、錐蟲、原海綿蟲等。CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第34頁(yè)1）Leishmania（利什曼原蟲）Sandfly

CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第35頁(yè)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第36頁(yè)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第37頁(yè)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第38頁(yè)2）Trypansoma（錐蟲）TsetseflyTrypansomaCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第39頁(yè)sleepingsicknessCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第40頁(yè)3）Cryptobia（鰓隱鞭蟲）寄生于魚鰓CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第41頁(yè)陰道毛滴蟲Trichomonasvaginalis披發(fā)蟲TrichonymphaCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第42頁(yè)領(lǐng)鞭毛蟲和變形鞭毛蟲變形鞭毛蟲雙領(lǐng)蟲原綿蟲自由生活種類CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第43頁(yè)（Ⅱ）Sarcodina1、Symbolanimal—AmoebaproteusCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第44頁(yè)P(yáng)seudopodiaassistphagocytosisandmotionintheorganisms.Thepellicle(orenvelope)isusuallythinandflexible.Theircytoplasmconsistsofclear,outerectoplasmandgranular,innerendoplasm.Asexualreproductionoccursbyfissionofthecell.2、CharacteristicspresentinSarcodinaCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第45頁(yè)3、ClassificationofSarcodina

1）Rhizopoda偽足為葉狀、指狀、絲狀或根狀特征：代表：大變形蟲、痢疾內(nèi)變形蟲、表殼蟲、有孔蟲CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第46頁(yè)Symbolanimal：entamoebahistolyticaMajorpathogenworld-widedistribution(10%)5%insomedevelopedcountries100deathsinChicago1930Trophozoite（滋養(yǎng)體）&Cyst（包囊）oral-faecaltransmissionCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第47頁(yè)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第48頁(yè)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第49頁(yè)表殼蟲Arcella

sp砂殼蟲Difflugiasp有孔蟲ForaminiferCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第50頁(yè)2）Actinopoda特征：具軸偽足，多營(yíng)漂浮生活代表：太陽(yáng)蟲、放射蟲太陽(yáng)蟲Actinophrys放射蟲RadiolarianCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第51頁(yè)(Ⅲ)Sporovoa

(孢子綱)1、Symbolanimal—Plasmodiumvivax(間日瘧原蟲)Mosquito&“victim”Africa=kills1millionchildrenperyearThousandsofsporozoitesinjectedAnophelesMosquitoPlasmodiumsporozoitegameteocyteCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第52頁(yè)卵囊裂殖子CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第53頁(yè)

寄生在人體紅細(xì)胞內(nèi)瘧原蟲：1-環(huán)狀體；2-滋養(yǎng)體3-裂殖體；4-雄配子；5-雌配子；6-中性粒細(xì)胞；7-淋巴細(xì)胞CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第54頁(yè)2、CharacteristicspresentinSporovoa1）Exclusivelyparasites2）Adultsporozoanshavenostructuresformovement3）Heterotrophic4）Complexlifecycle；Reproductivepatternincludinggamogenesis,merozoitereproduction(裂殖子生殖)andsporogony（孢子生殖）.CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第55頁(yè)3、ThecommonkindofSporovoa巴貝斯焦蟲Babesia艾美球蟲Eimeria碘泡蟲MyxobolusC