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代詞是代替名詞的詞,按其意義、特征及其在句中的作分為:稱代詞、物主代詞、指代詞、反代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞和關(guān)系代詞等。單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第稱主格I賓格me主格we賓格are第稱youyouyouYou第三稱HeShehimHertheythemItIt第稱第稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第稱第稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)MyselfOurselvesYourselfYourselves第三稱Himself,herself,itselfThemselvesHecalledhimselfawriter.作表語Thegirlinthenewsismyself.作主語或賓語的同位語,表親或本。Imyselfwashedtheclothes.(=Iwashedtheclothesmyself.)(作主語同位語)Youshouldasktheteacherhimself.(作賓語同位語)3、指代詞Thisthat these those注意:(1)this,these指空間上離說話較近的或物, that,those指空間上離說話的較遠(yuǎn)或(2)有時(shí)that和those指前講到過的事物, this和these則是指下將要講到的事物如:Ihadacold.That'swhyIdidn'tcome.(3)有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)提到的名詞,???that或those代替,例如:TelevisionsetsmadeinBeijingarejustasgoodasthosemadeinShanghai.(4)this在電話語中代表, that則代表對(duì)。如:!Tssr.sttksk?4、物主代詞表所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞如:hispencilboxisonthedask.名詞性物主代詞作名詞本就相當(dāng)于形容詞性物主代詞+名詞,故后不可再加名詞做主語:k`ssgsedmeskm=mys)作表語:t`ss這是他的(東做賓語:Heisafriendofmine注意:Thisisaphotoofmine.這是我的張照(照是我的但照上的不定是我)Thisisaphotoofme.這是我本的張照(照是本)5、疑問代詞疑問代詞有who,whom,whose,what和which等。疑問代詞于特殊疑問句中,般都放在句,并在句中作為某句成分。例如:Whoisgoingtocomeheretomorrow(作主語)Whatisthat作表語)Whoseumbrellaisthis作定語Whomareyouwaitingfor作賓語)om,Pleasepass the glasses.Iwant toreadthenewspapers.A.you B.me C.him D.herheEnglishnovel isquiteeasyforyou.Thereare newwordsinit.A.alittle B.little C.afew D.--You---Yes,IusuallyeatalotwhenI’mhungry.A.other B.another C.others D.theotherthan .A.they B.them C.themselves D.theirs--Whichdoyouprefer,abottleoforangeor abottleofmilk?--- ,thanks.I’dlikeacupoftea.A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.--Oh!Icameinahurryandforgottobringfood.---Nevermind.Youcanhave .A.us B.ours C.you D.--CanIcomethiseveningor tomorrowmorning?--- isOK.I’mfreetodayandtomorrow.A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.--Howareyou goingtoimprove thisterm?---Workharderthanlastterm.A.ourselves B.myself C.himself D.--Couldyoutellme sheislookingfor?---Hercousin,Susan.A.that B.whose C.who D.which---Is here?---No.LiLeiandHanMeihaveaskedforleave.A.everybody B.somebody C.anybody D.nobody1.B2.D3.B4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C10.A連詞連詞是來連接詞 ,短語,從句或句的詞 .連詞不作成分.表并列關(guān)系的連詞有 and,both…and…,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…等(1)and:和,并且and表 和、并且的意思,來連接對(duì)等關(guān)系的字和字,語和語祁使句后連接and,有條件句作,此時(shí) and=ifyou…,you’ll…Gostraighton,andyou’llseethelibrary.==Ifyougostraighton,youwillseethelibrary.(2)both…and…既…也…,(兩者)都…BothJimandKatearefromEngland.B、both…and…否定句表部分否定。Youcan’tspeakbothGermanandEnglish.Bothmyfatherandmymotheraren’tdoctors3)neither…nor…:既不…也不…neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞靠近哪個(gè)主語就與哪個(gè)主語保持“稱 ”和“數(shù)”致,即采取就近原則。NeitherInorhehasseentheplaybefore.(4)notonly…butalso…:不但…且 …notonly…butalso…連接兩個(gè)主語后的謂語動(dòng)詞也遵循就近原則。Notonlythemotherbutalsothechildrenareill.2.表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞有 but,however,yet,still,while等。3.表選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞有 :or,either…or…,whether…or…等。(1)or:或、否則or表 “或”的意思,使于兩者之中選擇個(gè)的時(shí)候。or“如果…,否則…”,orifyoudon’tyou’lluporyou’llbelate.=Ifyoudon’thurryupyou’llbelate2)either…or…:或者…或者不是…就是…;要么…要么…either…or…連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞靠近哪個(gè)主語就與哪個(gè)主語保持 “稱 ”和“數(shù)”致,即就近原則。EitheryouorIamright.DoeseithersheortheylikeEnglish?由either…or…引導(dǎo)的否定句是完全否定。Sheisn’teitherastudentorateacher.(3)whether…or…不管…還是…Sheisalwayscheerful,whetherathomeoratschool.4.表因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有 :for(因?yàn)?,so(所以):beforeafterwhenwhileastilluntilsinceassoonas等。when,while,as都表“當(dāng)……時(shí)”,when從句謂語動(dòng)詞既可以是瞬間動(dòng)詞也可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,可于主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)或從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作發(fā)。 while從句謂語動(dòng)詞只能是續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,側(cè)重主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)。as引導(dǎo)個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作,多于主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā),強(qiáng)調(diào)“邊……邊”。WhenIcamein,myfatherwascooking.Icameinwhen/whilemyfatherwascooking.Hesangashewalked.until法:當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),主從句都肯定式,譯為 “直到……為 ”;當(dāng)句謂語動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞時(shí),主句否定式,從句肯定式,即 not…..until,譯為“直到……才”。Mr.Greenwaiteduntilhischildrencameback.(格林先直等到他的孩們回來 )Mr.Greendidn’tgotobeduntilhischildrencameback.(格林先直到他的孩們回來才睡覺 )引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有:if(如果),unless(除,如果 ……不)等。Ifyoudon’tgosoon,you’llbelate.=Unlessyougosoon,you’llbelate.引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有because,as,since等。because“因?yàn)椤闭Z最強(qiáng) ,回答why問時(shí)只能 because,其引導(dǎo)的從句可放在句或句末; as“由于”、since“既然”語不如 because強(qiáng),引導(dǎo)的從句常置于句; for是并列連詞,語最弱對(duì)前分句加以解釋或補(bǔ)充說明,其引導(dǎo)的分句常置于句末且逗號(hào)隔開。注意:because與so不能同時(shí)使。:although/though(雖然,盡管eventhough/if即使)注意:although/though引導(dǎo)的從句不能與but連,但可與 yet,still連。引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的從屬連詞 有sothat和inorderthat(以便,為了)等。Theteacherspokeloudlysothat/inorderthatwecouldhearhimclearly.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞有:sott結(jié)果是)和ss…tt…如此…以于 )等。引導(dǎo)較狀語從句的從屬連詞 有:as…as…(與……樣 ),notas/so…as…(不及,趕不上),和than( )等。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞有:that和if/whether(是否)等。Weknowthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.(賓語從句)Iwonderifhehasreceivedmye-mail賓語從句)Whetherhe’llgotherehasn’tbeendecided.(主語從句)注意:在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中,如果主句是將來時(shí),從句要般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。1、Idon’treadingTVplays.”

IwatchingTV.Whataboutyou?“Idon’tlikereadingallday, D.or,but2、and,but B.a(chǎn)nd,and C.or,won’tknowthevalue(價(jià)值)ofthehealth youloseit.

YouA.until r C.when 3、WeboughtGrannyapresent, shedidn’tlikeit.A.but B.a(chǎn)nd C.or 4、Studyhard, youwillpasstheexam.A.so B.for C.but 5、Putonmore clothes, A.a(chǎn)nd B.for C.or 6、Myshoesarewornout, Ineednewones.A.so B.if C.because fast hewontherace.A.enoughto B.sothat C.too…to HeisonlytenmonthsHecan read write.either…or B.neither…nor C.both…and 9、Shesaidshemightcome Saturday Sunday.A.neither…nor r C.too…to 10、If Mikeasksfortheircar,tellhimtocomeTom tomorrow.A.or B.a(chǎn)nd C.with 11、Itwasalreadyteno’clock wegottothemuseumthismorning.that B.when C.if It’satime wemetlast.A.so r C.since 13、Thatmathsproblem is t nobodycandoit.too…to B.very…that C.so…that D.very14、I’llgiveherthemessage shecomesback.A.since e C.until D.a(chǎn)ssoonastheteachercameintotheclassroom,manystudentsweretalkingtoeach、 other.B.IA.While f C.Since uswearetwins.A.if B.when C.because 17、Couldyoutellme inyourhometowninwinter?A.ifitoftensnowed B.whetherdoesitoftensnowC.ifitoftensnow D.whetheritoftensnows18、Areyousure Mr.Liwillcometoyourbirthdayparty?A.if B.that C.for 、 Lily Lucylikesinging.A.Either…or B.Beither…nor …C.Both…and 20、Readthesentencesslowly wecanunderstandwhatyouread.A.sothat B.before C.until 1-5:DAADC 6-10:ABBBA 11-15BCCDD16-20CDBCA介詞介詞是種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立使,介詞后般有名詞或代詞(賓格)或相當(dāng)于其他詞類、短語或從句做他的賓語,結(jié)構(gòu)成介詞短語,有些介詞是有兩個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成的短語介詞。如:outbecauseof,awayfrom等1、介詞的分類表(1)地點(diǎn)above在…之前,about在…附近,across在…附近,after在…后, along在…近旁,among在…中間,around在…周圍等向Across橫越,along沿著,around繞著,at朝著,in進(jìn), over跨過,towards朝著,onto到…上, past經(jīng)過等時(shí)間About約, after在…之后,by到…為, during在…期間,since從, till直到,to到,eversince從那時(shí)起等式As作為,by /由/乘坐,in(語), like與…樣, on騎(), over通過(收機(jī) /電視機(jī))等涉及About關(guān)于,expect除了,besides除了…還,for對(duì)于等其他的: for,from,to原因:for,with,becauseof較: as,like,than,to,unlike伴隨:against,at,in,into,on,with2、in,on,at的區(qū)別表時(shí)間in表在段時(shí)間里, on表在具體的某天或某天的上下午, at表某個(gè)時(shí)刻或瞬間。表地點(diǎn)in表某個(gè)范圍內(nèi), on表在某個(gè)平或與某個(gè)相接, at則表具體的場合或地點(diǎn)。3、after,in的區(qū)別After+具體時(shí)刻/從句表在 …時(shí)刻之后,常于般時(shí)態(tài)。 In+段時(shí)間表在多久之后,于將來時(shí)態(tài)。4、as,like的區(qū)別As意為作為…表職業(yè),職務(wù),作等, like意為像…樣,表外表不是事實(shí)。5、though,across,over的區(qū)別Through指穿過(門洞,群,樹林等), across和over指跨過…(街道,河流等),可換,但但表翻過時(shí)只能 over。6、by,in,with的區(qū)別By表乘坐或以 …的式, in表使某種語或字, with表使某個(gè)具體的具段。1、Taiwanis thesoutheastofChina.(in,on,to)2、Go thebridge theriver,you’llfindtheshop.(across,through;over,above)3、Igotoschool 7:30everymorning.(in,on,at)4、Hewouldliketomeether 8:00and9:00tomorrowmorning.(between,among)5、TheGreenshavelivedinChina threeyears.(in,for,after)6、Wegotoschooleveryday SaturdayandSunday.(except,besides)7、Hewrotetheletter ink.(by,with,in)8、Shereturnedtohercountry fiveyears.(in,after,for)9、Thereisabigtree ourclassroom.(after,behind)10、Iusuallygotowork bike.(by,on,with)1. in2.across,over3.at,4.between5.for6.except7.in8.after9.behind10.by名詞1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩類 :(1)專有名詞專有名詞是個(gè)別、地、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專稱專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第個(gè)字要 寫如:Beijing,Tom,thePeople's Repoblic of China專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須定冠詞 the,如:theGreatWall(城 )姓名如果采復(fù)試形式,則表該姓家,如: theGreens(格家)(2)普通名詞普通名詞是許多或事物的共同名稱,如: pupil,family,man,foot等普通名詞分 可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞(a)可數(shù)名詞可以簡單的數(shù)詞行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如:box,child,orange(b)不可數(shù)名詞是不可以簡單數(shù)詞進(jìn)行的名詞,如:water,news,oil,population,information,advice,progress(進(jìn)步),knowledge(知識(shí)),weather(天),fun(樂趣),equipment(設(shè)備),furniture(家具),homework(家庭作業(yè))等2、英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式規(guī)則變化s如:map—maps,horse—horses,table—tables以s,o,x,sh,ch結(jié)尾加es如:class—classes,box—boxes,hero—heroes,dish—dishes等▲少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s如:photo—photos,piano—pianos以輔字 y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i加es如:family—families,city—citiesffeffeves如:shelf—shelve,wolf—wolves,life—lives不規(guī)則變化如:man—men,woman—women,tooth—teeth,child—children,ox—oxen不可數(shù)名詞般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明數(shù)量時(shí)要相關(guān)計(jì)量名詞 如:abagofrice,apieceofpaper,abottelofmilk有些可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)同形,要根據(jù)上下來判斷其是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù) 如:sheep,fish,deerchinese注意:除幣圓,,分,英元,英鎊,法郎等錢都有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如: adollar,towdollars等(3)集體名詞以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如:people,police,cattle等。(4)以s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,般是不可數(shù)名詞,為單數(shù)。②news為不可數(shù)名詞。③theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。④以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。例如:"TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstory-book《千零夜》是本常有趣的故事書。3、名詞所有格名詞所有格表所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語,賓語或主語( 1)表或其他有命的東的名詞常在詞尾加' s如:children'sday,mysister'sbook(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞只在詞尾加'如:teachers'day有些表時(shí)間,距離以及世界,國家,城鎮(zhèn)等命的名詞也可在詞尾加' s如:today'snewspaper,china'spopulation論表有命還是命的東的名詞,般均可介詞 of如:afinedaughteroftheparty▲(1)'s還可以表某或某個(gè)店鋪 如:myaunt's,thedoctor's兩物共有時(shí)可采 AandB's的形式如:lucyandLily'sbedroomof+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞,稱為雙重所有格如:afriendofmyfather's考點(diǎn) 名詞詞義辨析1、wheneverImade mistakes,theteacherpointedthemoutwith()A.curiosityB.satisfactionC.envy D.patience剖析D 句意:論我什么時(shí)候犯了錯(cuò),老師總是耐的把它們指出來 耐 符合題意A.curiosity好奇 B.satisfaction滿意C.envy忌妒2、whileshewasinParis,shedevelopeda()forart.A.Way B.Relation c.taste D.habit剖析C 句意:她在巴黎期間,培養(yǎng)了對(duì)藝術(shù)的興趣A. way道路法 B.rerelation關(guān)系聯(lián)系C.taste愛好D.habit習(xí)慣習(xí)性 developatastefor...培養(yǎng)對(duì)...的興趣)offoodbecomesmoreandmoreof3、Astheworld'spopulationcontinuestogrow,the( concern.A.Worth B.SupplyC. PackageD.List剖析B句意:隨著世界的持續(xù)增,糧供應(yīng)越來越令擔(dān)憂 A.Worth價(jià)值 B.supply應(yīng)C.package包裹D.list清單4、Your( )asastudentwillbeexcellentifyoudevelopahabitofreflectingonhowyoulearn.A,operation B.growth C.performance D.character剖析:C句意:假如你養(yǎng)成善于反思所學(xué)的習(xí)慣,作為名學(xué),你的表現(xiàn)是相當(dāng)出的。 operation術(shù)操作 B.growth C.performance表演表現(xiàn)D.character性格物故選 C。Myfirst()ofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtfulyoungman.expressionB.attentionC.satisfaction D.impression剖析:D句意:我對(duì)他的第 印象是他是個(gè)溫和、體貼的年輕 A.expression表情B.attention注意留 C.satisfaction滿意D.ipression印象由句意可知D項(xiàng)正確。-Whydoyouchoosetoworkinaninternationaltravelagency?Well,youknow,Englishismy()Soitismybestchoice.strengthB.talentC.abilityD.skill剖析Astrength在此句中并的力,是指個(gè)的優(yōu)勢處, B.talent天賦才華C.ability能力D.skill技巧You’dbetterwritedownthephonemumberofthatrestaurantforfuture()A.purposeB.referenceC.progressD.memory剖析B句意:你最好記下那個(gè)飯館的電話號(hào)碼以便將來的查詢。A.purpose的 B.reference查詢C.progress進(jìn)步D.memory記憶由句意可知B項(xiàng)正確Mary’sdressissimilarinappearancetoher .eldersister B.eldersister’s C.eldersisters D.eldersistersdress剖析:B句意:Mary的裙和她姐姐的樣??键c(diǎn) 名詞的固定搭配Withinspirationfromotherfoodcultures,Americanfoodculturecamtakea()forthebetter.A.shareB.chanceC.turnD.lead剖析CA.takeashare分......出,為出力B.takeachance冒險(xiǎn)C. takeaturn轉(zhuǎn)駕,轉(zhuǎn):(況、形勢等)轉(zhuǎn)變D.takealed領(lǐng)先帶頭根據(jù)forthebetter可知講的是有所好轉(zhuǎn),變得更好。句意:有了源于其他品化的靈感, 美國飲化可以變得更好。故選 CYouareworkingtoohardYoudbetterkeepa()betweenworkandrelaxationApromiseBleadCbalanceDdiary剖析:CkeepabalancebetweenAandBAB之間找到平衡點(diǎn).Alwaysremembertoputsuchdangerousthingsasknivesoutofchildren's()A.touchB.sightC.reachD.distance剖析:C句意:千萬記住要把像這樣的危險(xiǎn)物品放在孩們夠不到的地。由句意可知選 C項(xiàng)。Jamestookthemagazinesoffthelittletabletomake()forthetelevision.A.roomB.areaC.fieldD.position剖析A句意es把桌上的雜志弄為電視機(jī)騰空間。 akermfr為固定搭配,意為為...騰出空間。冠詞冠詞是個(gè)虛詞 ,它置于名詞之前,限定名詞的意義.冠詞可分為定冠詞,不定冠詞和零冠詞三類.a于輔發(fā)開頭的詞前 ,如:abookan于元發(fā)開頭的詞前,如: anapple,anhour.請(qǐng)區(qū)別:ausefulmachine,anumbrella,a“u”,an“h”。指上提到過的或物,定冠詞 the。在世界上獨(dú)的事物前定冠詞 the.如:thesun,themoon,theearth。the于序數(shù)詞,表位的名詞和形容詞最級(jí)前 。thefirst,thebest,inthesouth。5.在復(fù)數(shù)姓前加 the,表 ××家,??闯蓮?fù)數(shù) 。如:theBrowns。6.在介詞短語中常定冠詞 the,如:inthebox,behindthechair。7、在江河,海洋,脈等名詞的前 ,如:thenimalayamountains8.不能定冠詞 the的個(gè):在節(jié)、星期、份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不冠詞。如: insummer,inAugust請(qǐng)區(qū)別:inthespringof1945.(這里表特指,故加 the)學(xué)科,棋類,三餐和球類運(yùn)動(dòng)名不冠詞。如: havebreakfast,playfootball些固定詞組中,如: gotobed,gotoschool,bybus,atnight.城市的重要建筑(5)與by連交通具,如: bybike9.在有些詞組中,有冠詞和冠詞意思不同,請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別:infrontof在…前 ,inthefrontof在…范圍內(nèi)的前部inhospital(病 )住院,inthehospital在醫(yī)院里。attable(在進(jìn)餐)atthetable(在桌邊)byday(在天) bytheday(按天計(jì)算)練習(xí)WhenLindawasachild,hermotheralwaysletherhave bed.theb.thebreakfastinin the c.breakfastin d.breakfastintheHehaspromisedtogiveup hundredsoftimes.tobacco b.tobacco c.thetobacco d.tobaccos3. usuallygotochurcheverySunday.a.TheBrown b.ABrown c.Browns d.The4.Thetrainisrunningfiftymiles .a.anhour b.onehour c.thehour d.ahourHecanplayalmosteverykindofmusicinstrumentbutheisgood .c.ataa.attheflute b.atflute flute d.atthatfluteTheinvestigatorsfoundthatmoreshouldbedonefor inIndia.a.thosepoor b.apoor c.poor d.thepoorYoulookinhighspirit.Youmusthave duringyourholiday.a.wonderful c.thewonderful sometime b.awonderfultime time timeThecityassignedapolicemantotheschoolcrossingbecause traffictherewassoheavy.a.ab.anc.thed.oneAnewteacherwassenttothevillageinplaceof onewhohadretired.a.ab.thec.and.itsVrtederefre sutoss, toisr.a.theformer…latter b.aformer…alatterc.theformer…thelatterd.former…latterCBDAADBCBC動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞,按其詞義和在句中的作分為行為動(dòng)詞,連系動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。1、助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞是幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài),語以及否定或疑問結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞 .助動(dòng)詞分為時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞和結(jié)構(gòu)助動(dòng)詞兩種.助動(dòng)詞有be,do,have,shall,will等。be的法①be+現(xiàn)在分詞,構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如:Theyarehavingameeting. 他們正在開會(huì)。②be+過去分詞,構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。③be+動(dòng)詞不定式,可表下列內(nèi)容: a.表最近、未來的計(jì)劃或安排。如:HeistogotoNewYorknextweek.. 他下周要去紐約。Wearetoteachthefreshmen. 我們要教新。說明:這種法也可以說成是種將來時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。b.表命令。如:Youaretoexplainthis.對(duì)此你要做出解釋。c. 征求意。如:HowamItoanswerhim我該怎樣答復(fù)d表相約、商定。如:Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning. 我們明天早晨7校門集合。do的法①構(gòu)成般疑問句。例如:DidyoustudyGerman?你們學(xué)過德語嗎?②do+not構(gòu)成否定句。例如:Idonotwanttobecriticized我不想挨批評(píng)。Hedoesn'tliketostudy他不想學(xué)習(xí)。③構(gòu)成否定祈使句。例如:Don'tgothere.不要去那里。Don'tbesoabsent-minded. 不要這么不在焉。說明:構(gòu)成否定祈使句只 do,不 did和does。④在動(dòng)詞原形前,加強(qiáng)該動(dòng)詞的語。例如:Idomissyou.我確實(shí)想你。⑤于倒裝句。例如:NeverdidIhearofsuchathing.我從未聽說過這樣的事情。說明:引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well等。⑥作代動(dòng)詞。例如:----DoyoulikeBeijing?--你喜歡北京嗎?Yes,Ido.--是的,喜歡。(do作代動(dòng)詞,代替likeBeijing.)Heknowshowtodriveacardoesn'the他知道如何開,對(duì)吧?Have的法①have+過去分詞,構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:HehasleftforLondon.他已去了倫敦。②have+been+現(xiàn)在分詞,構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.我直在學(xué)英語,已達(dá)年之久。③have+been+過去分詞,構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.中國教英語已經(jīng)(4)助動(dòng)詞shall和will的法 shall和will作為助動(dòng)詞可以與動(dòng)詞原形起構(gòu)成般將來時(shí)。如:IshallstudyharderatEnglish.我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語。HewillgotoShanghai.他要去上海。說明:在過去的語法中,語法學(xué)家說shall于第稱, will只于第、第三稱。現(xiàn)在尤其是在語中, will常于第稱,但 shall只于第稱,如于第、第三稱,就失去助動(dòng)詞的意義,已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞,試較 :Heshallcome.他必須來。(shall有命令的意味。)Hewillcome.他要來。(will只與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成般將來時(shí)。)2、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是表能力 ,義務(wù),必須,猜測等說話的語或情態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有 may,might,must,need等(1)can的法①表能力Icandoit.我能做到。(2)表可能性多用于否定與疑問結(jié)構(gòu)中,但也可用在肯定句中。Canthenewsbetrue這消息可能是真的嗎?(3)表示允許(may意思相近)CanIhelpyou我能幫你嗎?2)could的用法①表過去的可能和許可,(多用于間接引語中)FathersaidIcouldswimintheriver.爸爸說我可以在河里游泳。②表過去的能力IcouldswimwhenIwasonlysix.我剛六歲就能游泳。③表“允許”??杀硎疚窨蜌獾奶岢鰡栴}或陳述看法CouldIuseyourbike?Yes,youcan.④Could/can+havedone結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情的“懷疑”或“不肯定”。could加完成式還用于肯定句時(shí)一般表過去可能完成而卻未完成的動(dòng)作。Cantheyhavewonthebasketballmatch?他們贏了那場籃球賽嗎?(3)may,might的用法May①表示請(qǐng)求、可以、允許。Youmaydrivethetractor.你可以開那臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)。②當(dāng)回答由may引起的問題時(shí),否定答語要用mustnot,表示“不許可”、“不應(yīng)該”、“不行”。MayIcomein?③may/might推測性用法可能Hemayberight.④表建議(可和aswell連用)Youmay(might)aswellstaywhereyouare.你還是原地待著好。⑤表祝愿Mayyoubehappy!Might①表過去的“可能”和“允許”多用于間接引語。Shesaidthathemighttakeherdictionary.她說他可以拿她的詞典去用。②表現(xiàn)在的“可能”,其可能性要比may小。Youmightgethurt.你可能會(huì)受傷③maymighthavedone表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生行為的推測,含有“想必”、“也許是”的意思。Itmayhavebeentrue.這事也許是真的。(4)must和haveto的主要用法。Must①表示必須、必要Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.我們必須按部就班地做一切事情。②mustbe+表語的結(jié)構(gòu),通常表示猜測,含有“一定”之意。(只用在肯定句中)Thismustbeyourroom.這一定是你的房間。③must的否定式有兩個(gè):當(dāng)回答由must引起的問題時(shí),否定答復(fù)要用needn’t或don’thaveto表示“不必”、“無須”、“用不著”、“不一定”的意義。當(dāng)表示“不應(yīng)該”、“不許可”、“禁止”時(shí),就用mustnot。MustIgotomorrow?Noyouneedn’t不,你不必去。④must+have+過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu),常用在肯定句中,表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生行為的推測,含有“一定”、“準(zhǔn)是”的意思。否定和疑問句用can。ShemusthavestudiedEnglishbefore.她以前一定學(xué)過英語。Havetohaveto較強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要, must著重說明主觀看法。Imustcleantheroom.(主觀想法)Ihavetocleantheroom.(客觀需要)haveto的否定式:don’thavetodo表 “不必做……”之意。3、動(dòng)詞不定式做主語:tolearnEnglishisveryimportant作表語:myideaistoringhimupatonceIhavedecidedtogotobeijingprimaryschool.做賓語補(bǔ)主語a,ask,teach,know等動(dòng)詞后接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語。如:Thepolicemenaskedhimtogetoffthebus②hear,see,look,at等動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語。如:Weoftenseemiss.leecleantheclassroom.③let,make,have這些使役動(dòng)詞后接不帶tototo。如:Inthosedaysthebossesoftenmadetheworkersworkdayandnight.④動(dòng)詞help接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語補(bǔ)語,可帶可不帶 to。如Canyouhelpme(to)carrythebag?動(dòng)賓關(guān)系Maybetheyhavethreeroomstolivein.②主謂關(guān)系Mr.liangisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.③修飾關(guān)系Ihavenotimetoplaycards.作狀語,表的,原因,式結(jié)果等I`llgotomeetmyfriendattherailwaystation.不定時(shí)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)forsb.todosth作主語時(shí),常 itis+adj.+for/ofsb.todosth的句式。形容詞good,bad,polite,kind等 itis+adj+ofsb.todosth.其他形容詞 for。t`srykdfutope.who,what,which,when,how,where,whether等連Idon`tknowwhentostart練習(xí)Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English ()mucheasier.wouldhaveA.willbebeen D.wouldbeIfI()you,I’djointhearmy.am B.was C.were D.wouldbeIfhe()tomorrow,hewouldfindMrWangines B.willcome C.shouldcome D.comeIfit()nextweek,thecropswouldbesaved.rains B.willrains C.wouldrain D.shouldrainIfI()it,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.to C.hadB.do done D.wasto6.Hesaidthathedroppedhisbagwhenhe()forthebus.a.was b.runing c.wered.isrunning()hearrivedhomethan ()tostartonanother7.Nosoonerhe journey.a.has/wasaskedb.have/wereaskedc.had/isaskedd.had/was8.()yougivemearoomforthenight?”Iaskedonarrivingatthehotel.a.Should b.Can c.Might d.MayTherearenineofthem,so getintothecaratthesametime.a.theymaynotatallb.alltheymay c.theycan’t d.allnot all can’t“Wedidn’tseehimatthelectureyesterday.”“He()it.”a.mustn’tattend b.cannothaveattendedc.wouldhavenotattendedd.needn’thaveattended11.()repeatthequestion?C.WouldyoulikethatA ShallIB .WillII D.DoyouwantthatIMyteacherknowsmorethan().A myuncleknowsBmyuncledoes C theyknow D.theydon'tknowHe()tomeetusatthestation,butdidn'tseeus.didgoB.didwentC.goesD.hadNotonly()uslight.doesthesungiveB.thesungivesC.givesthesunD.thesundoesgive15.()youtellmewhathashappened?A.Mayb.Must C.CanD.CouldDCCDABDBCBABAAD

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài):時(shí)態(tài)是英語謂語動(dòng)詞的種形式 ,表動(dòng)作發(fā)的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài) .英語中的時(shí)態(tài)是通動(dòng)詞形式本的變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)的 .英語有16種時(shí)態(tài),但中學(xué)階段較常的有種 :般現(xiàn)在時(shí) ,般過去時(shí),般將來時(shí) ,過去將來時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),將來進(jìn)行時(shí),過去完成時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1、般現(xiàn)在時(shí) :表現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性發(fā)的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句中常有的時(shí)間狀語: often,usually,sometimes,always,ever等。如:Theygotothepalacemuseumonceayear.(他們每年去故宮次 )②表客觀真理、事實(shí)、的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)如:Theearthturnsroundthesun.(地球繞著太陽)③表分確定會(huì)發(fā)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來,句中可以有將來時(shí)間。如:Thetrainforhongkongleavesat8:00inthemorning(開往港的上午 8點(diǎn)發(fā))。 ④在時(shí)間狀語從句中(以when,after,before,while,assoonas等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語從句中(以if,unless引導(dǎo))般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替般將來時(shí),句可以有將來時(shí)間。如:pleaseringmeupassoonasyouarriveinGermany.(你到德國就給我打電話)⑤倒裝句中可以表正在發(fā)的動(dòng)作 ,動(dòng)詞以go,come為主如:herecomesthebus.(來了)⑥體育賽的解說或寓故事。⑦的理活動(dòng)和感官動(dòng)作,常動(dòng)詞有: like,love,hate,dislike,want,See,feel等。如:Ithinkitisgoingtosnow.(我想天要下雪了)2、般過去時(shí) :表過去某時(shí)發(fā)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是次性也可能經(jīng)發(fā)。表過去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)的次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有 at,ago,when等如:WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是個(gè)孩的時(shí)候,常在路上踢球 ②表過去段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),時(shí)間狀語有: yesterday,lastweek,in1987等如:Hecametoourcityintheyear2000(他2000年來的我們城市)③表過去個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有 last,in,from...to,for,often等。如:r.ksnsytogssnesg.④講故事、對(duì)過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙都明的過去事件等般過去時(shí),且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語。如:IhappenedtomeetRoseinthestreet.(我正好在街上遇到露)3、般將來時(shí) :表將來某時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)①般將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有 tomorrow,this,next,oneday,now,soon等引導(dǎo)從句② will構(gòu)成的將來時(shí),表動(dòng)作與的主觀愿望關(guān)。 shall于第稱 will于所稱。在征求意時(shí)常于第稱。如:Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?③am/is/aregoingto+動(dòng)詞原形表打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷將要發(fā)的事情, am\is\areto+動(dòng)詞原形表安排或計(jì)劃中的動(dòng)作。如:It'sgoingtorainsoon(天要下了)④beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形表按照計(jì)劃將要發(fā)的事情。如:HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他上要去北京。4、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來①comegoarriveleavestartbeginreturn的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。如:Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。②here,there如:TheregoesthebellThebellisringing鈴響了。③在時(shí)間或條件句中。如:I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里,就寫信給你。④在動(dòng)詞hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等的賓語從句中。如:Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.我希望他們下星期玩得開心。5、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來comegoarriveleavestartbeginreturnI'mleavingtomorrow明天我要走了。Areyoustayingheretillnextweek?你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎?6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。①其構(gòu)成:have(has)+過去分詞。②havebeentohavegoneto的區(qū)別:前者表已經(jīng)做過人不在這里了,而后者表示做過人還在這里如:hehasgonetotheUK(他去了英國)Hehavebeentobeijingthreetimes(他去過北京三次)考點(diǎn)一過去時(shí)態(tài)及其被動(dòng)語態(tài)1、We()veryearlysowepackedthenightbefore.AleaveB.hadleftCw ereleavingD.haveleft剖析:C句意:動(dòng)作,因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來。2、1didntthinkIdlikethismoviebutactuallyit()pettygoodAhasbeenBwasChadbeenDwouldbe剖析:B句意:我原以為我不會(huì)喜歡這部電影但是實(shí)際上它非常好。根據(jù)句意及句中的"didn't”可知,此處指的是過去的事情。所以用一般過去時(shí)。、m()atetfmte,rtnteiefatrgse,teTwtblankAaitchedBhadwatchedcwaswatchinDWouldbewatching剖析:c句意:Jim正在家看一部午夜電影,正看到中間那一幕令人毛骨悚然的場景時(shí),電視變成空白了。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示過去某時(shí)間正在在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。故選C4、I()tovisityoulaterthatday,but1hadtophoneandcancelAcomeBcameCamcomingDwascoming剖析:D句意:butItophoneandcancelD項(xiàng)。5、HewasunhappywhenhesoldhisguitarAfterall,he()itforaverylongtimeA.hashadBhadhadChasDhad剖析:B根據(jù)句中的was和sold可知此題講過去的事。他擁有這個(gè)吉他已經(jīng)很長段時(shí)間了,擁有這個(gè)動(dòng)作是截止到過去的,表示過去的過去,應(yīng)該用過去完成時(shí),所以B項(xiàng)是正確選項(xiàng)。6、-Whataboutyourself-drivetripyesterday?-Tiring!Theroadisbeingwidened,andwe()aroughride.A.hadB.haveC.wouldhaveD.havehad剖折:A句意:昨天的駕游如何 ?太累了 !道路正在拓寬很難。問句中的 yesterday提供時(shí)間,故A項(xiàng)正確。7、1hadbeenworkingonmathforthewholeafternoonandthemumbers()beforemyeyesA.swimBswumCswamDhadswum剖析:C因前了hadbeenworking過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí),后應(yīng)表在當(dāng)時(shí)的動(dòng)作,般過去時(shí)。考點(diǎn)、現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)及其被動(dòng)語態(tài)1、AMidsummerNightDream()attheTheatreRoyalon19thJuneandthentoursthroughoutScotlandA.opensB.isopenedC.WillopenD.Willbeopened剖析:A句意:仲夏夜之夢于619在皇家劇院公演然后在蘇格蘭巡演。表按照計(jì)劃、安即將發(fā)的動(dòng)作,

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