歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件

EuropeCultureAnIntroduction4EuropeCultureRenaissanceandReformationI.GeneralIntroductionII.RenaissanceinItalyIII.ReformationandCounter-ReformationIV.RenaissanceinOtherCountriesV.ScienceandTechnologyduringtheRenaissanceVI.Summing-upRenaissanceandReformationI.I.Introduction:

Renaissanceliterallytranslatesas‘rebirth’anditstretchesfromthe14thtothe17thcenturies.InthemiddleagestheChurchreignedsupremeduetoalackofstrongnationalgovernmentanditisintherenaissancethatweseetheendoffeudalsocietyandsocialchangesthatpavethewayfortheriseofthemiddleclassesintheindustrialrevolution.Countriesgrowstrongandsodonotneedtorelyonlocalstokeepcontrolandsowegetcentralizedgovernment.

I.Introduction:

Intherenaissancehumanistthinkersattemptedtogetridoftheconservativeideasandnewideasdevelopedwhichalsohelpedpavethewayfortheindustrialrevolution.TherenaissancebeganinFlorenceandVenicewithoutpouringsofartandliteraturebutsoonspreadtoothercountriesaffectingdifferentthings.InItalyfineartwasthebiggestproductoftherenaissancebutinFranceitwasliteratureandinEnglandphilosophyandliterature.IntherenaissancehumaniTheRenaissanceinItaly:1)WhydidtherenaissancebegininItaly?2)Theriseofhumanism3)Renaissanceartists4)ThedeclineoftheItalianrenaissanceTheRenaissanceinItaly:1)WhyII.RenaissanceinItalyHistoricalBackgroundTheRiseofHumanismNewLiteratureRenaissanceArtDeclineoftheItalianRenaisssance

II.RenaissanceinItalyHistor

1)WhydidtherenaissancebegininItaly?i)Urbanisationduetotrade…bigcitiesarecreatedsuchasVeniceandMilanwhichthriveontradebecauseattheheartoftheMediterraneanItalywasintheperfectroutefortradefromalloverEuropetogotoAfricaandviceversa.ii)ThisinturnledtonewideasthroughbeinginclosecontactwithdifferentculturesparticularlytheArabswhohadpreservedmuchoftheworkofancientGreece1)Whydidtherenaissancebeiii)Asaresultthereisarevivalofinterestinclassicallearningandnewhumanistideas.Humanism=ManisatthecentreoftheworldandnotGod…manmoresignificantthanGodhencelossofpowerbychurch!!!

iii)AsaresultthereisareTheRiseofHumanismi)Duetotheincreaseinwealthcausedbyincreasedtradetherewasanewmoneyedclasswithanewphilosophy.IntellectualswhousedtohelptrainpriestsandspreadChristianityfocusedtheirenergyonprovidingthesepeoplewithaphilosophy.ii)ShakespeareaccuratelysumsuphumanistphilosophywhenhesaysinHamlet:TheRiseofHumanismi)Dueto“Whatapieceofworkisman;hownobleinreason;howinfiniteinfaculty,informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable;inactionhowlikeanangel;inapprehensionhowlikeagod!”thereplacingofGod’ssignificancewiththatofman.

“Whatapieceofworkisman;iii)Relatedtothisisabeliefinthepromotionofwealth,pleasureandthebeautyofthehumanbody…exactlycountertotheideaofasceticismandpovertywhichwasthereligiousphilosophyoftheMiddleAges.iv)ThephilosophyofhumanismisreflectedintheartandliteratureofItalyandotherEuropeancountriesduringtherenaissance.Thereisnolongerbroodingaboutdeathandwhatcomesafteritbutratheranewmodernmanwhoworksforthepresentandfutureprogressionofmankind.iii)Relatedtothisisabeli3)RenaissanceArtistsi)Donatello(1386–1466):AsculptorwhowasoneofthefirsttovisitRomeandstudyclassicalruins.FamousworkincludesthenudesculptureofDavid(TheHebrewkingslewGoliath)whichwasinperfectproportions(anatomicalknowledgeinart).3)RenaissanceArtistsi)DonaDavidDavidDavidDavidDavidDavidii)LeonardodaVinci(1452–1519):knownasapainterbuthisoutputwasactuallyrelativelysmallandincluded‘TheLastSupper’and‘TheMonaLisa’.HewasalsoaninventorwhoevendesignedpotentialflyingmachinesSelfPortraitofLeonardoDaVinciii)LeonardodaVinci(1452–1MonaLisaTheideaofthegreatnessofmanisreflectedinDaVincci’sMonaLisa---modelwifeofabanker---theambiguityofthesmile.MonaLisaTheideaofthegreat歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件LastSupper

LastSupperadaptedfromtheNewTestamentoftheBible.LastSupper歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件iii).Michelangelo:David,SistineChapel(fromtheFirstbookoftheBible，theGenesis),DyingSlave(垂死的奴隸),Moses(摩西)iii).Michelangelo:David,Si《西斯廷教堂天頂畫》局部壁畫36·54×13·14米米開朗期羅（意大利）梵帝岡西斯廷教堂藏（1475-1564年）《西斯廷教堂天頂畫》局部壁畫36·54×13·14歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件DyingSlaveDyingSlaveDavidDavidRaphaelwasbestknownforhisMadonna(VirginMary)(圣母瑪利亞)HepaintedhisMadonnasindifferentpostures(姿勢(shì))，againstdifferentbackgrounds.OneofthefamouspaintingsbesidestheMadonnasisSchoolofAthens(雅典學(xué)派)。PlatoandAristotleengaged(使用)inargument.RaphaelwasbestknownforhisMadonnaoftheChair（油畫）（意大利）拉斐爾（1514-1516年）MadonnaoftheChairTheAlbaMadonna

TheAlbaMadonna

TitianoilcolorthemostprolificofthegreatVenetianpaintersofWesternWorldTheVenusofUrbino(斷臂的維納斯),ManwiththeGlove(帶手套的人)TitianoilcolorthemostprolManwiththeGloveManwiththeGloveIII.ReformationandCounter-ReformationReformationPre-LutherReligiousReformersMartinLutherandhisDoctrinesJohnCalvinandCalvinismReformationinEnglandCounter-ReformationProtestantismandtheRiseofCapitalismIII.ReformationandCounter-RReformationTheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellas(同時(shí))asocio-political(社會(huì)政治)movement.ItbeganasMartinLutherpostedonthedoorofthecastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberg(機(jī)智)his95thesis。ThismovementwhichsweptoverthewholeofEuropewasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.Thereformists(改革者)engaged(使用)themselvesintranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues.宗教改革的實(shí)質(zhì)是：反對(duì)羅馬天主教，直接形式是用母語翻譯圣經(jīng)ReformationTheReformationwasPre-LutherReligiousReformersJohnWycliffe,chiefforerunnerofthereformation,tookupthetranslationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttimein1382.JanHusCzechReligiousleaderPre-LutherReligiousReformersMartinLutherandhisDoctrinesMartinLutherwastheGermanleaderoftheprotestantReformation.HisdoctrinemarkedthefirstbreakintheunityoftheCatholicChurch.MartinLuther,withhistranslationoftheNewTestamentandlater,thewholeBileintothevernacularmadetheBibleaccessibletoeveryman,totheaveragechurchgoer.MartinLutherandhisDoctrineJohnCalvinandCalvinismJohnCalvin<InstitutesoftheChristianReligion>基督教教義oneofthemostinfluentialtheologicalworks.CalvinismwasestablishedbyCalvinintheperiodofRenaissance.Presbyteriangovernment(長(zhǎng)老會(huì))。OnlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodcanbesaved(上帝的選民).Thisbeliefservessowelltohelptherisingbourgeoisieonitspath(有助于資本主義的興起)。JohnCalvinandCalvinismJohnReformationinEnglandThenationalreligionestablishedafterreformationinEnglandwascalledTheChurchofEnglandorTheAnglicanChurch.Itwasunderthereign(統(tǒng)治)ofHenryⅧthatreformationwassuccessfulinEngland.TheEnglishBiblewasadopted(采納)inEnglandafterReformation.ReformationinEnglandThenatiCounter-ReformationCounter-Reformation:Bylate1520theRomanCatholicChurchhadlostitscontroloverthechurchinGermany.TheRomanCatholicChurchdidnotstayidle(坐以待斃)。Theymustered(召集)theirforces，thededicated(專用的)Catholicgroups，toexaminetheChurchinstitutionsandintroducereformsandimprovements(改良)，tobringbackitsvitality(活力).ThisrecoveryofpowerisoftencalledbyhistorianstheCounter-Reformation.CouncilofTrentThesessionsoftheCouncilreaffirmedthattheChurchhadthesolerighttointerprettheBile.IgnatiusandtheJesuitsIgnatiusandhisfollowerscalledthemselvestheJesuits，membersoftheSocietyofJesus.TheJesuitswentthroughstrict(嚴(yán)格的)spiritualtraining(精神訓(xùn)練)andorganized(有組織的)theirowncollegestotrainselectedyouthwhowouldbecentreoftheirinfluenceinthenextgeneration.Counter-ReformationCounter-RefProtestantismandtheRiseofCapitalism

ReformationmovementbroketheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurch.ProtestantismwhichbeganasareligiousmovementagainsttheorthodoxchurchofRomehadprofoundimpactonreligiouslifeinEurope.Europewastotakeanewcourseofdevelopment,ascientificrevolutionwastobeunderwayand,capitalismwastosetinwithitsdynamiceconomicprinciples.ProtestantismandtheRiseofIV.RenaissanceinOtherCountriesRenaissanceinFranceRenaissanceinSpainRenaissanceintheNorthRenaissanceinEnglandIV.RenaissanceinOtherCountRenaissanceinFranceRabelais拉伯雷<CargantuaandPantagruel>巨人傳FrenchwriterRonsardPleiade七星詩社代表人<SonnetsPourHelene>法國(guó)第一個(gè)近代抒情詩人Montaigne蒙田<Essays>散文集FrenchWriterRenaissanceinFranceRabelaisRenaissanceinSpain

Literature

MigueldeCervantes<DonQuixote>ItisrecognizedasthefatherofthemodernEuropeannovelandhashadgreatimpactonworldliterature.Art

ElGreco,oneoftheoutstandingartistsofthecounter-reformation,wasaSpanishpainter.

<TheBurialofCountOrgaz>伯爵的葬禮(典型的反宗教改革)RenaissanceinSpainLitera歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件RenaissanceintheNorthRenaissanceintheNetherlands

ErasmuswasagreatDutchscholarandhumanist.RenaissanceinFlanders

PieterBruegel

wasaFlemishpainteroflandscapeandscenesofrurallife.RenaissanceinGermany

AlbrechtDurer阿爾布雷特·丟勒

,theleaderoftheRenaissanceinGermany.<TheFourHorsemenofApocalpse><Knight，DeathandtheDevil>

HansHolbein,thelastgreatGermanmasterofthe16thcentury.RenaissanceintheNorthRenais歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件歐洲文化入門Europe-Culture4-Renaissance-and-Reformation課件RenaissanceinEngland到達(dá)英國(guó)晚的原因：ThewarofRosesandItsweakandunimportantpositioninworldtrade.Itwastoproducesometoweringfigures(頂級(jí)人物)intheEnglish.WilliamShakespeare，EdmundSpenser，SirThomasMore.TheReignofElizabethIwasaperiodofpoliticalandreligiousstability(穩(wěn)定)ontheonehandandeconomicprosperity(繁榮)ontheother.Englandbegantoembark(從事)ontheroadtocolonization(殖民擴(kuò)張)andforeigncontrolthatwastotakeitontoitsheyday(鼎盛)ofcapitalistdevelopment.RenaissanceinEngland到達(dá)英國(guó)晚的原因ThomasMore,agreathumanist<Utopia>WilliamShakespeare,crownedliteratureofEngland悲劇—→Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奧賽羅)，KingLear(李爾王)，Macbeth(麥克白)喜劇—→AsYouLikeIt(皆大歡喜),TwelfthNight(第十二夜),AmidsummerNight’sDream(仲夏夜之夢(mèng)),TheMerchantofVenice(威尼斯商人)悲劇上的特點(diǎn)：①astonishingvarietyinpresentment(表現(xiàn)上的多樣性)②dramaticmovement(戲劇上的時(shí)刻)③incharacterization(人物的個(gè)性化)ThomasMore,agreathumanist“Alltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”

WilliamShakespeare

1564-1616“Alltheworld'sastage,V.ScienceandTechnologyduringtheRenaissanceGeographicalDiscoveriesAstronomyAnatomy

LeonardodaVinci

AndreasVesalius,aFlemishanatomist,thefounderofmodernmedicine.<Fabrica>markedthebeginningofanewerainthestudyofanatomyPrinting

AldusManutius,theforemostprinterinItaly.PoliticalScienceandHistoriographyV.ScienceandTechnologyduriGeographicalDiscoveriesChristopherColumbus,aGenoese-bornnavigatoranddiscovereroftheNewWorld.BartholomeuDias,aPortuguesenavigator,theCapeofGoodHopeVascodaGama,aPortuguesenavigator,theroutetoIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodHopeAmerigoVespucci,ItaliannavigatorinwhosehonorAmericawasnamed.GeographicalDiscoveriesChristAstronomyNicolausCopernicuswasaPolishastronomerwhoputforwardrevolutionaryideasinastronomyatthattime.Hebelievedthattheearthandotherplanetsorbitaboutthesunandthatearthisnotatthecentreoftheuniverse.fatherofmodernastronomyCentric(日心說)DeRevolutionibusOrbium(天體運(yùn)行論)AstronomyNicolausCopernicuswPoliticalScienceandHistoriographyDante

Theequality(平等)ofthedivine(神)powerandthesecular(世俗)power.(Satan)NiccoloMachiavelli尼科洛?馬基雅維里（NiccoloMachiavelli，1469－1527），文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期意大利著名的政治思想家、政治活動(dòng)家和歷史學(xué)家Fatherofpoliticalscience.Prince諸侯論Discourses演講篇PoliticalScienceandHistorioSumming-upTheRenaissancecreatedaculturewhichfreedmantodiscoverandenjoytheworldinawaynotpossibleunderthemedievalChurch’sdispensation.Inthisreleaselaythewayofdevelopmentofthemodernworld.TheReformationdealtthefeudaltheocracyafatalblow.ItshatteredMedievalChurch’sstiflingcontroloverman,thuspavingthewayforcapitalism.Summing-upTheRenaissancecreaReviewWhydowesayRenaissancefirstcametoItaly？(whatpropositions先決條件werethereinItalyforrenaissancetoflourish？Whatpriorities優(yōu)勢(shì)werethereinItalyforrenaissancetoflourish？)

答：1、Becauseofitsgeographicalposition(有利的地理位置)，foreigntradedevelopedearlyinItaly.ThisbroughtItalyintocontactwithotherculturesandgaveriseto(有推動(dòng)力)urban(城市的)economyandhelpedItalytoaccumulatedwealth(積累財(cái)富)。2、Beginningfromthe11thcentury，citiesbegantoriseincentralandnorthItaly.Butthereexisted(存在)rivalry(競(jìng)爭(zhēng))amongthecitiesandtheywereconstantly(不變的)atwarwitheachother.3、City-states(城邦)havebeenestablishedinItalyinbeginningfromthe11thcentury.4、Fortwocenturiesbeginningfromthelate15thcentury，F(xiàn)lorencewasthegoldencitywhichgavegirthtoawholegenerationofpoets，scholars，artistsandsculptors(雕塑家)。TherewasinFlorencearevivalofinterestinclassicallearningandrisingofhumanistideas.ReviewWhydowesayRenaissancWhatarethecharacteristicsofRenaissanceart？(HowdoesRenaissanceartdifferfromtheotherkindsofarts？)答：1、Artbrokeawayfromthedominationofthechurch.2、Themesofpaintingschangedtoappreciation(鑒賞)ofallaspectsofnatureandman.3、TheartistsstudiedtheruinsofRomanandGreektemplesandputmanyoftheprinciples(原則信念)ofancientcivilizationintotheirworks.Theybegantobesupportedbyindividualcollectors(私人收藏品)。4、Artistsintroducedintheirworksscientifictheoriesofanatomyandperspective(透視)。WhatarethecharacteristicsoWhydidRenaissancedeclineinItalyintheend？答：1、Thefeuds(不合)offamilies，theconflictsofclassesandtherivalry(競(jìng)爭(zhēng))betweenthecity-stateskepttheeconomicstructureofItalyinthetraditionallocalorder.(停滯不前)2、InworldtradeItalyhadlostitssupremacy(優(yōu)勢(shì))becauseofthediscoveryofAmericain1492andtherounding(環(huán)繞)oftheCapeofGoodHopein1488，theopeningofanall-waterroute(全線貫通)toIndiawhichprovided(供應(yīng))acheapermeansoftransport.HowdidcapitalismriseanddevelopinEurope？答：1、Protestantismwaspreparedforcapitalistdevelopment.2、Imagination，creationandfreethinking(思維)。3、Calvinism.4、Navigation(航海)andthediscoveriesofnewlands.5、Renaissance.6、Reformation.WhydidRenaissancedeclineinWhatisthegreatsignificanceofthereformation？(Whatpositiveinfluencedoesthereformationexertonworldculture？)答：1、TheRomanCatholicChurchwasnevertheinternationalcourttowhichallrulersandstatesweretobemorallyresponsiblefor.2、Economically，peasantsalloverEuropehadnoneedtopayagoodamountoftheirgainstothePope.3、Ineducationalandculturalmatters，themonopolyofthechurchwasbroken.4、Inreligion，ProtestantismbroughtintobeingdifferentformsofChristianitytotheabsoluteruleoftheRomanCatholicChurch.5、Inlanguage，thedominantpositionofLatinhadtogivewayto(為…讓步)thenationallanguagesasaresultofvarioustranslationsoftheBibleintothevernacular.6、Inspirit，absoluteobedience(盲從)becameout-moded(不復(fù)存在)andthespiritofquest(探索)，debate，wasusheredinbythereformists.(凡事都要問為什么的精神)WhatisthegreatsignificanceWhydowesayrenaissancecametoEnglandverylate，butinEnglandrenaissancereacheditsclimax？答：1、ThewarofRosesandItsweakandunimportantpositioninworldtrade.2、Itwastoproducesometoweringfigures(頂級(jí)人物)intheEnglish.WilliamShakespeare，EdmundSpenser，SirThomasMore.3、TheReignofElizabethIwasaperiodofpoliticalandreligiousstability(穩(wěn)定)ontheonehandandeconomicprosperityontheother.Englandbegantoembark(從事)ontheroadtocolonization(殖民擴(kuò)張)andforeigncontrolthatwastotakeitontoitsheyday(鼎盛)ofcapitalistdevelopment.WhatcontributiondidtheRenaissancemaketotheworldculture？答：1、TheRenaissancecreatedaculturewhichfreedmantodiscoverandenjoytheworldinawaynotpossibleunderthemedievalChurch‘sdispensation.2、TheReformationdealtthefeudaltheocracyafatalblow.(給…以致命打擊)WhydowesayrenaissancecameWhataretheGeographicalDiscoveriesintheRenaissance？答：TheRenaissancewasthegoldenageofgeographicaldiscoveries：bytheyearof1600thesurfaceoftheknownearthwasdoubled。1、Columbus：ColumbusdiscoveredthelandofAmerica.Onhisfourthvoyage(航行)heexplored(探測(cè))thecoast(海岸)ofCentralAmerica(中美洲)。2、Dias：DiaswasaPortuguesenavigator(領(lǐng)航員)whodiscoveredtheCapeofGoodHopein1487.3、DaGama：GamawasaPortuguesenavigator，whodiscoveredtheroutetoIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodHopebetweentheyearsof1497and1498.4、Amerig(亞美利哥)AmerigowastheItaliannavigatoronwhosehonourAmericawasnamed.HisdiscoveredandexploredthemouthoftheAmazon(亞馬遜河)andacceptedSouthAmericaasanewcontinent.WhataretheGeographicalDiscSonnetno.18WilliamShakespeare

ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?

Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,

Andsummer'sleasehathalltooshortadate.

Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,

Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;

Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,

Bychanceornature'schangingcourseuntrimmed.

Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,

Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow'st,

NorshallDeathbragthouwand'restinhisshade,

Whenineternallinestotimethougrow'st.

Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,

Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Sonnetno.18

monometeronefootpentameterfivefeetdimetertwofeethexameteroralexandrine

sixfeettrimeterthreefeetheptametersevenfeettetrameterfourfeetoctometereightfeetmonometeronefootpentamete

iambX/trochee

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anapest

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我能否將你比作夏天？

你比夏天更美麗溫婉。

狂風(fēng)將五月的蓓蕾凋殘，

夏日的勾留何其短暫？

休戀那麗日當(dāng)空，

轉(zhuǎn)眼會(huì)云霧迷蒙。

休嘆那百