2022年貴州職稱英語考試考前沖刺卷

2022年貴州職稱英語考試考前沖刺卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時間為!80分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位:姓名: 考號:題號單選題多項選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項選擇題(共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項中,只有一個最符合題意)HB}}第三篇{{/B}){{B}}CloneFarm{(/B}}Factoryfarmingcouldsoonenteraneweraofmassproduction.CompaniesintheUSaredevelopingthetechnoIogyneededto"clone”chickensonamassivescale.OnceachickenwithdesirabletraitshasbeenbredorgeneticaIIyengineered,tensofthousandsofeggs,whichwiIIhatchintoidenticaIcopies,couldrolIofftheproductionIineseveryhour.BillionsofclonescouldbeproducedeachyeartosupplychickenfarmswithbirdsthatalIgrowatthesamerate,havethesameamountofmeatandtastethesame.This,atleast,isthevisionoftheUSJsNationaIInstituteofScienceand'Fechnology,whichhasgivenOrigenTherapeuticsofBurIingame,California,andEmbrexofNorthCarolina$4.7milliontohelpfundresearch.Theprospecthasalarmedanimalwelfaregroups,whofearitcouldincreasethesufferingoffarmbirds.That'suniikeIytoputoffthepoultryindustry,however,whichwantsdisease-resistantbirdsthatgrowfasteronlessfood."ProducerswouldIikethesamemeatquantitybuttousereducedinputstogetthere,"saysMikeFitzgeraldofOrigen.Tomeetthisdemand,Origenaimsto"createananimalthatiseffectiveIyaclone",hesays.NormaIcloningdoesn5tworkinbirdsbecauseeggscan'tberemovedandimplanted.Instead,thecompanyistryingtobulk-growembryonicstemcellstakenfromfertiIizedeggsassoonasthey'relaid,“ThetrickistoculturethecelIswithoutthemstartingtodistinguish,sotheyremainpluripotent,"saysFitzgerald.Usingalong-establishedtechnique,thesedonorcellswiIIthenbeinjectedintotheembryoofafreshlylaid,fertiIizedrecipientegg,formingachickthatis.a"chimera*1.Strictlyspeakingachimeraisn'taclone,becauseitcontainscellsfrombothdonorandrecipient.ButFitzgeraldsaysitwiIIbeenoughif,sayv95percentofachicken'sbodydevelopsfromdonorcelIs.**InthepouItryworId,itdoesn'tmatterifit,snot100percent,**hesays.AnotherchaIIengeforOrigenistoscaleupproduction.Todothis,ithasteamedupwithEmbrex,whichproducesmachinesthatcaninjectvaccinesintoupto50,000eggsanhour.EmbrexisnowtryingtomodifythemachinestoIocatetheembryoandinjectthecellsintopreciselytherightspotwithoutkillingit.Infuture,Origenimaginesfreezingstemcellsfromdifferentstrainsofchicken.Iforderscomeinforaparticularstrain,miIIionsofeggscouldbeproducedinmonthsorevenweeks.Atpresent,maintainingaIIthevarietiesthemarketmightcalIforistooexpensiveforbreeders,andittakesyearstobreedenoughchickenstoproducethebillionsofeggsthatfarmersneed.WhichstatementisthebestdescriptionoftheneweraoffactoryfarmingaccordingtothefirstparagraphEggsareallgeneticallyengineered.Thousandsofeggsareproducedeveryhour.Clonedchickensarebull-producedwiththesamegrowthrate,weightandtaste.Identicaleggscanbehatchedontheproductionlines.HB}}第二篇{{/B}){{B}}TheOnlyWayIsUp{{/B}}ThinkofamodemcityandthefirstimagethatcometomindistheskyIine.ItisfuIIofgreatbuildingsfpointingIikefingerstoheaven.Itistruethatsomecitiesdon'tpermitbuiIdingstogoaboveacertainheight.Butthesearecitiesconcernedwiththepast.ThefirstthinganycitydoeswhenitwantstoteIItheworIdthatithasarrivedistobuildskyscrapers.WhenpeopIegathertogetherincities,theycreateademandforland.Sincecitiesareplaceswheremoneyismade,thatdemandcanbemet.AndthebestwaytomakemoneyoutofcitylandistoputasmanypeopIeaspossibleinaspacethatcoversthesmaIIestamountofground.ThatmeansbuiIdingupwards.ThetechnoIogyexistedtodothisasearlyasthe19thcentury.ButtheheightofbuiIdingswasIimitedbyoneimportantfactor.TheyhadtobesmaIIenoughforpeopIeonthetopfloorstoclimbstairs.PeopIecouldnotbeexpectedtoclimbamountainattheendoftheirjourneytowork,orhome.ElishaOtis,aUSinventor,wasthemanwhobroughtustheIift-orelevator,ashepreferredtocalIit.However,mostofthetechnoIogyisveryold.LiftsworkusingthesamepulleysystemtheEgyptiansusedtocreatethePyramids.WhatOtisdidwasattachthesystemtoasteamengineanddeveloptheelevatorbrake,whichstopstheliftfallingifthecordsthatholdituparebroken.ItwasthisthatdidthemosttogainpubIicconfidenceinthenewinvention,Infact,hespentanumberofyearsexhibitingIiftsatfairgrounds,givingpeopIethechancetotrythemoutbeforesellingtheideatoarchitectsandbuiIders.AIiftwouldnotbeaverygoodthemeparkattractionnow.GoinginaIiftissuchaneverydaythingthatitwouldjustbeboring.YetpsychoIogistsandotherswhostudyhumanbehaviorfundIiftsfascinating.Thereasonissimple.Scientistshavealwaysstudiedanimalsinzoos.ThenearesttheycangettothatwithhumansisinobservingtheminIifts.“ItbreaksaIItheusuaIconventionsaboutthebubbIeofpersonaIspacewecarryaroundwithus-andyoujustcan'tchoosetomoveaway,"saysworkplacepsychologist,GaryFitzgibbon.Beingtrappedinthissettingcancreatedifferenttypesoftensions,hesays.SomepeopIearescaredofthem.Othersusethemasanopportunitytogetclosetotheboss.Somestandclosetothedoor.Othershideinthecorners.MostpeopIetryandshrinkintothebackground.Butsomebehaveinawaythatmakesothersnoticethem.ThereareafewpeopIewhojuststandinacornertakingnotes,Don,tworryaboutthem.Theyareprobablyfromauniversity..thesearecitiesconcernedwiththepast"inthefirstparagraphrefertocitiesthatarewordedabouttheirpast.haveagloriouspasttobeproudof.wanttomaintaintheirtraditionalimage.areveryinterestedintheirownhistory.下面有3篇短文,每篇短文后有5道題,每道題后面有4個選項。{間）第一篇{{閭}{{B}}SomeThingsWeKnowaboutLanguage{{/B}}ManythingsaboutIanguageareamystery,andmanywiIIalwaysremainso.Butsomethingswedoknow.First,weknowthatalIhumanbeingshaveaIanguageofsomesort.Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguage,nosetofspeechsoundsbywhichthepeopIecommunicatewithoneanother.Furthermore,inhistoricaltimes,therehasneverbeenaraceofmenwithoutalanguage.Second,thereisnosuchthingasaprimitiveIanguage.TherearemanypeopIewhoseculturesareundeveloped,whoare,aswesay,unciviIized,buttheIanguagestheyspeakarenotprimitive.InalIknownIanguageswecanseecompIexitiesthatmusthavebeentensofthousandsofyearsindeveloping.ThishasnotalwaysbeenweIIunderstood;indeed,thedirectcontraryhasoftenbeenstated.PopularideasoftheIanguageoftheAmericanIndianswiIIiIlustrate.ManypeopIehavesupposedthattheIndianscommunicatedinaveryprimitivesystemofnoises.Studyhasprovedthistobenonsense.Thereare,orwere,hundredsofAmericanIndianlanguages,andalIofthemturnouttobeverycompIicatedandveryold.TheyarecertainlydifferentfromtheIanguagesthatmostofusarefamiIiarwith,buttheyarenomoreprimitivethanEnglishandGreek.AthirdthingweknowaboutIanguageisthatalIlanguagesareperfectlyadequate,Thatis,eachoneisaperfectmeansofexpressingthecultureofthepeopIewhospeaktheIanguage.Finally,weknowthatIanguagechanges.ItisnaturalandnormalforIanguagetochange;theonlylanguageswhichdonotchangearethedeadones.Thisiseasytounderstandifwelookbackwardintime.ChangegoesoninalIaspectsoflanguage.Grammaticalfeatureschangeasdospeechsounds,andchangesinvocabularyaresometimesveryextensiveandmayoccurveryrapidly.Vocabularyistheleaststablepartofanylanguage.Inthesecondparagraphtheauthorthinksthatsomebackwardracedoesn,thavealanguageofitsown.someraceinhistorydidn'tpossessalanguageofitsown.anyhumanrace,whetherbackwardornot,hasalanguage.someracesonearthcancommunicatewithoutlanguage.閱讀下面的短文,文中有15處空白,每處空白給出了4個選項,請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容從4個選項中選擇1個最佳答案。{{B}}AnEarlyFormofJazzMusic{{/B}}Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.Attheturnofthelastcentury,{{U}}(51) {{/U}}jazzwasborn,Americahadnoprominent.{{U}}(52) {{/U}}ofitsown.NooneknowsexactIywhenitwasinventedorbywhom.Butitbegantobe{{U}} (53) {{/U}}intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica9scontributionto{{U}} (54) {{/U}}music.IncontrasttocIassicaImusic,which{{U}}(55) {{/U}}formaIEuropeantraditions,jazzisspontaneousandfreeinform.Itbubbleswithenergy,{{U}}(56) {{/U}}themoods,interests,andemotionsofthepeopIe.Inthe1920sjazz{{U}}(57) {{/U}}IikeAmerica.Andsoitdoestoday.The{{U}} (58) {{/U}}ofthemusicareasinterestingasthemusicitseIf.AmericanNegroes,orblacks,astheyarecalledtoday,werethejazzpioneers.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates{{U}} (59){{/U}}slaves.TheyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworkIonghours.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives{{U}}(60) {{/U}}aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleans,abandoftenaccompaniedthe{{U}} (61) {{/U}}.Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslow,soIemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.{{U}}(62) {{/U}}onthewayhomethemoodchanged.SpiritsIifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheirnumber,buttheIivingweregIadtobe{{U}} (63) {{/U}}.Thebandplayed{{U}} (64) {{/U}}music,improvisingonboththeharmonyandthemeIodyofthetunes{{U}} (65) {{/U}}atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz.whilewhensinceD.as閱讀下面的短文,文中有15處空白,每處空白給出了4個選項,請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容從4個選項中選擇1個最佳答案。{{B}}AnEarlyFormofJazzMusic{{/B}}Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.Attheturnofthelastcentury,{{U})(51) {{/U}}jazzwasborn,Americahadnoprominent.{{U}}(52) {{/U}}ofitsown.NooneknowsexactIywhenitwasinventedorbywhom.Butitbegantobe{{U}} (53) {{/U}}intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica'scontributionto{{U}} (54) {{/U}}music.IncontrasttocIassicaImusic,which{{U}} (55) {{/U}}formaIEuropeantraditions,jazzisspontaneousandfreeinform.Itbubbleswithenergy,{{U}}(56) {{/U}}themoods,interests,andemotionsofthepeopIe.Inthe1920sjazz{{U}} (57) {{/U}}IikeAmerica.Andsoitdoestoday.The{{U}}(58){{/U}}ofthemusicareasinterestingasthemusicitseIf.AmericanNegroes,orblacks,astheyarecalledtoday,werethejazzpioneers.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates{{U}} (59){{/U}}slaves.TheyweresoIdtopIantationownersandforcedtoworkIonghours.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives{{U}}(60) {{/U}}aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleans,abandoftenaccompaniedthe{{U}}(61) {{/U}}?OnthewaytothecemeterythebandpIayedslow,soIemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.{{U}}(62) {{/U}}onthewayhomethemoodchanged.SpiritsIifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheirnumber,buttheIivingweregIadtobe{{U}} (63) {{/U}1.ThebandpIayed{{U}}(64){{/U}}music,improvisingonboththeharmonyandthemeIodyofthetunes{{U}} (65) {{/U}}atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz.musicsongsmelodiestunes{{B}}第二篇{{/B}}{{B}}TheOnlyWayIsUp({/B})ThinkofamodemcityandthefirstimagethatcometomindistheskyIine.ItisfuIIofgreatbuiIdings,pointingIikefingerstoheaven.Itistruethatsomecitiesdon'tpermitbuiIdingstogoaboveacertainheight.Butthesearecitiesconcernedwiththepast.ThefirstthinganycitydoeswhenitwantstoteIItheworldthatithasarrivedistobuildskyscrapers.WhenpeopIegathertogetherincities,theycreateademandforland.Sincecitiesareplaceswheremoneyismade,thatdemandcanbemet.AndthebestwaytomakemoneyoutofcitylandistoputasmanypeopIeaspossibleinaspacethatcoversthesmaIIestamountofground.ThatmeansbuiIdingupwards.Thetechnologyexistedtodothisasearlyasthe19thcentury.ButtheheightofbuiIdingswasIimitedbyoneimportantfactor.Theyhadtobesma11enoughforpeopIeonthetopfloorstoclimbstairs.PeopIecouldnotbeexpectedtoclimbamountainattheendoftheirjourneytowork,orhome.ElishaOtis,aUSinventor,wasthemanwhobroughtustheIift-orelevator,ashepreferredtocalIit.However,mostofthetechnoIogyisveryold.LiftsworkusingthesamepulleysystemtheEgyptiansusedtocreatethePyramids.WhatOtisdidwasattachthesystemtoasteamengineanddeveIoptheelevatorbrake,whichstopstheliftfallingifthecordsthatholdituparebroken.ItwasthisthatdidthemosttogainpubIicconfidenceinthenewinvention,Infact,hespentanumberofyearsexhibitingIiftsatfairgrounds,givingpeopIethechancetotrythemoutbeforesellingtheideatoarchitectsandbuiIders.AIiftwouldnotbeaverygoodthemeparkattractionnow.GoinginaIiftissuchaneverydaythingthatitwouldjustbeboring.YetpsychoIogistsandotherswhostudyhumanbehaviorfundIiftsfascinating.Thereasonissimple.Scientistshavealwaysstudiedanimalsinzoos.ThenearesttheycangettothatwithhumansisinobservingtheminIifts.H11breaksa11theusuaIconventionsaboutthebubbIeofpersonaIspacewecarryaroundwithus-andyoujustcan'tchoosetomoveaway,"saysworkplacepsychologist,GaryFitzgibbon.Beingtrappedinthissettingcancreatedifferenttypesoftensions,hesays.SomepeopIearescaredofthem.Othersusethemasanopportunitytogetclosetotheboss.Somestandclosetothedoor.Othershideinthecorners.MostpeopIetryandshrinkintothebackground.Butsomebehaveinawaythatmakesothersnoticethem.ThereareafewpeopIewhojuststandinacornertakingnotes,Don,tworryaboutthem.Theyareprobablyfromauniversity.ThedifficultyinconstructingtaiIbuiIdingsinthe19thcenturyIiesintheshortageofmoney.thelackofadevicetocarrypeopleupward.backwardtechnology.mountainstakinguplandspace.下面有3篇短文,每篇短文后有5道題,每道題后面有4個選項。{囘）第一篇{{4}}{{B}}SomeThingsWeKnowaboutLanguage{{/B}}ManythingsaboutIanguageareamystery,andmanywiIIalwaysremainso.Butsomethingswedoknow.First,weknowthatalIhumanbeingshaveaIanguageofsomesort.Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguage,nosetofspeechsoundsbywhichthepeopIecommunicatewithoneanother.Furthermore,inhistoricaltimes,therehasneverbeenaraceofmenwithoutalanguage.Second,thereisnosuchthingasaprimitivelanguage.TherearemanypeopIewhoseculturesareundeveloped,whoare,aswesay,unciviIized,buttheIanguagestheyspeakarenotprimitive.InalIknownIanguageswecanseecomplexitiesthatmusthavebeentensofthousandsofyearsindeveloping.ThishasnotalwaysbeenweIIunderstood;indeed,thedirectcontraryhasoftenbeenstated.PopularideasoftheIanguageoftheAmericanIndianswi11iIlustrate.ManypeopIehavesupposedthattheIndianscommunicatedinaveryprimitivesystemofnoises.Studyhasprovedthistobenonsense.Thereare,orwere,hundredsofAmericanIndianlanguages,andalIofthemturnouttobeverycompIicatedandveryold.TheyarecertainlydifferentfromtheIanguagesthatmostofusarefamiIiarwith,buttheyarenomoreprimitivethanEnglishandGreek.AthirdthingweknowaboutIanguageisthatalIlanguagesareperfectlyadequate,Thatis,eachoneisaperfectmeansofexpressingthecultureofthepeopIewhospeaktheIanguage.Finally,weknowthatIanguagechanges.ItisnaturaIandnormalforIanguagetochange;theonlylanguageswhichdonotchangearethedeadones.Thisiseasytounderstandifwelookbackwardintime.ChangegoesoninalIaspectsoflanguage.Grammaticalfeatureschangeasdospeechsounds,andchangesinvocabularyaresometimesveryextensiveandmayoccurveryrapidly.VocabularyistheleaststablepartofanyIanguage.Accordingtotheauthor,peopIeofundeveIopedculturescanhaveplicateduncivilizedprimitiveD.well-known閱讀下面這篇短文,短文后列出了7個句子,請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對每個句子作出判斷。如果該句提供的是正確信息,請選擇A項;如果該句提供的是錯誤信息,請選擇B項;如果該句信息文章中沒有提及,請選擇C項。{{B}}EasyLearning{{/B}}Studentsshouldbejealous.Notonlydobabiesgettodozetheirdaysaway,butthey'vealsomasteredthefineartofIearningintheirsieep.Bythetimebabiesareayearoldtheycanrecognisealotofsoundsandevensimplewords.MarieCheourattheUniversityofTurkuinFinlandsuspectedthattheymightprogressthisfastbecausetheylearnIanguagewhiletheysleepasweIIaswhentheyareawake.Totestthetheory,CheourandhercoIleaguesstudied45newbornbabiesinthefirstfewdaysoftheirIives.TheyexposedaIItheinfantstoanhourofFinnishvowelsounds—onethatsoundsIike"oo",anotherlike"ee"andathirdboundaryvowelpeculiartoFinnishandsimilarlanguagesthatsoundsIikesomethinginbetween.EEGrecordingsoftheinfantsbrainsbeforeandafterthesessionshowedthatthenewbornscouldnotdistinguishthesounds.Fifteenofthebabiesthenwentbackwiththeirmothers,whiletherestweresplitintotwosleep-studygroups.Onegroupwasexposedthroughouttheirnight-timesleepinghourstothesamethreevoweIs,whiletheothersIistenedtoother,easier-to-distinguishvowelsounds.Whentestedinthemorning,andagainintheevening,thebabieswho'dheardthetrickyboundaryvowelalInightshowedbrainwaveactivityindicatingthattheycouldnowrecognisethisnewsound.Theycouldidentifythesoundevenwhenitspitchwaschanged,whilenoneoftheotherbabiescouldpickuptheboundaryvowelatall.Cheourdoesn'tknowhowbabiesaccompIishthisnight-timelearning,butshesuspectsthatthespecialabilitymightindicatethatunlikeadults,babiesdon't"turnoff"theircerebralcortexwhiletheysleep.TheskillprobablyfadesinthecourseofthefirstyearofIife,sheadds-soforgettheideathatyoucanpickuptrickyFrenchvoweIsasanadultjustbysiippingaIanguagetapeunderyourpillow.Butwhileitmaynothelpgrown-ups,CheourishopingtousethesleepinghourstogiveremedialhelptobabieswhoaregeneticaIIyatriskofIanguagedisorders.AninfantcanrecognizealotofvoweIsbythetimeheorsheisayearold.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned{{B}}第三篇H/B”{{B}}CloneFarm{(/B}}Factoryfarmingcouldsoonenteraneweraofmassproduction.CompaniesintheUSaredevelopingthetechnoIogyneededto"clone"chickensonamassivescale.OnceachickenwithdesirabletraitshasbeenbredorgeneticaIIyengineered,tensofthousandsofeggsrwhichwiIIhatchintoidenticaIcopies,couldrolIofftheproductionIineseveryhour.BillionsofclonescouldbeproducedeachyeartosupplychickenfarmswithbirdsthatalIgrowatthesamerate,havethesameamountofmeatandtastethesame.This,atleast,isthevisionoftheUS1sNationaIInstituteofScienceandTechnology,whichhasgivenOrigenTherapeuticsofBurIingame,California,andEmbrexofNorthCarolina$4.7milliontohelpfundresearch.Theprospecthasalarmedanimalwelfaregroups,whofearitcouldincreasethesufferingoffarmbirds.That'sunIikeIytoputoffthepouItryindustry,however,whichwantsdisease-resistantbirdsthatgrowfasteronlessfood."ProducerswouldIikethesamemeatquantitybuttousereducedinputstogetthere,MsaysMikeFitzgeraldofOrigen.Tomeetthisdemand,Origenaimsto"createananimalthatiseffectiveIyaclone",hesays.Normalcloningdoesn'tworkinbirdsbecauseeggscan'tberemovedandimplanted.Instead,thecompanyistryingtobulk-growembryonicstemcellstakenfromfertiIizedeggsassoonasthey'relaid,"Thetrickistoculturethecellswithoutthemstartingtodistinguish,sotheyremainpluripotent,"saysFitzgerald.Usingalong-establishedtechnique,thesedonorcellswiIIthenbeinjectedintotheembryoofafreshlylaid,fertiIizedrecipientegg,formingachickthatis.a"chimera**.Strictlyspeakingachimeraisn'taclone,becauseitcontainscellsfrombothdonorandrecipient.ButFitzgeraldsaysitwillbeenoughif,say,95percentofachicken'sbodydeveIopsfromdonorcelIs.nInthepouItryworId,itdoesn'tmatterifit,snot100percent,"hesays.AnotherchailengeforOrigenistoscaleupproduction.Todothis,ithasteamedupwithEmbrex,whichproducesmachinesthatcaninjectvaccinesintoupto50,000eggsanhour.EmbrexisnowtryingtomodifythemachinestoIocatetheembryoandinjectthecellsintopreciselytherightspotwithoutkillingit.Infuture,Origenimaginesfreezingstemcellsfromdifferentstrainsofchicken.Iforderscomeinforaparticularstrain,millionsofeggscouldbeproducedinmonthsorevenweeks.Atpresent,maintainingalIthevarietiesthemarketmightcalIforistooexpensiveforbreeders,andittakesyearstobreedenoughchickenstoproducethebillionsofeggsthatfarmersneed.Whichinstitutionhasoffered$4.7milliontofundtheresearchTheUS'sNationalInstituteofScienceandTechnology.OrigenTherapeuticsofBurlingame,California.EmbrexofNorthCarolina.Animalwelfaregroups.HB}}第二篇H/B)){{B}}TheOnlyWayIsUp{{/B}}ThinkofamodemcityandthefirstimagethatcometomindistheskyIine.Itisfu11ofgreatbuiIdings,pointingIikefingerstoheaven.Itistruethatsomecitiesdon'tpermitbuiIdingstogoaboveacertainheight.Butthesearecitiesconcernedwiththepast.ThefirstthinganycitydoeswhenitwantstoteIItheworIdthatithasarrivedistobuildskyscrapers.WhenpeopIegathertogetherincities,theycreateademandforland.Sincecitiesareplaceswheremoneyismade,thatdemandcanbemet.AndthebestwaytomakemoneyoutofcitylandistoputasmanypeopIeaspossibleinaspacethatcoversthesmaIIestamountofground.Thatmeansbuildingupwards.ThetechnoIogyexistedtodothisasearlyasthe19thcentury.ButtheheightofbuiIdingswasIimitedbyoneimportantfactor.TheyhadtobesmalIenoughforpeopIeonthetopfloorstoclimbstairs.PeopIecouldnotbeexpectedtoclimbamountainattheendoftheirjourneytowork,orhome.ElishaOtis,aUSinventor,wasthemanwhobroughtustheIift-orelevator,ashepreferredtocalIit.However,mostofthetechnoIogyisveryold.LiftsworkusingthesamepulleysystemtheEgyptiansusedtocreatethePyramids.WhatOtisdidwasattachthesystemtoasteamengineanddeveloptheelevatorbrake,whichstopstheliftfallingifthecordsthatholdituparebroken.ItwasthisthatdidthemosttogainpubIicconfidenceinthenewinvention,Infact,hespentanumberofyearsexhibitingIiftsatfairgrounds,givingpeopIethechancetotrythemoutbeforesellingtheideatoarchitectsandbuiIders.AIiftwouldnotbeaverygoodthemeparkattractionnow.GoinginaIiftissuchaneverydaythingthatitwouldjustbeboring.YetpsychoIogistsandotherswhostudyhumanbehaviorfundIiftsfascinating.Thereasonissimple.Scientistshavealwaysstudiedanimalsinzoos.ThenearesttheycangettothatwithhumansisinobservingtheminIifts."Itbreaksa11theusuaIconventionsaboutthebubbIeofpersonaIspacewecarryaroundwithus-andyoujustcantchoosetomoveaway,11saysworkplacepsychologist,GaryFitzgibbon.Beingtrappedinthissettingcancreatedifferenttypesoftensions,hesays.SomepeopIearescaredofthem.Othersusethemasanopportunitytogetclosetotheboss.Somestandclosetothedoor.Othershideinthecorners.MostpeopIetryandshrinkintothebackground.Butsomebehaveinawaythatmakesothersnoticethem.ThereareafewpeopIewhojuststandinacornertakingnotes,Don'tworryaboutthem.Theyareprobablyfromauniversity.WhenOtiscameupwiththeideaofaIift,hesoldittothearchitectsandbuildersimmediately.theEgyptiansusedittobuildthePyramids.itwasacceptedfavorablybythepublic.mostpeoplehaddoubtaboutitssafety.11.HB}}第三篇{{/B}}{{B}}CloneFarm({/B}}Factoryfarmingcouldsoonenteraneweraofmassproduction.CompaniesintheUSaredevelopingthetechnoIogyneededto“clone”chickensonamassivescale.OnceachickenwithdesirabletraitshasbeenbredorgeneticaIIyengineered,tensofthousandsofeggs,whichwiIIhatchintoidenticaIcopies,couldrolIofftheproductionIineseveryhour.BillionsofclonescouldbeproducedeachyeartosupplychickenfarmswithbirdsthatalIgrowatthesamerate,havethesameamountofmeatandtastethesame.This,atleast,isthevisionoftheUS,sNationaIInstituteofScienceandTechnology,whichhasgivenOrigenTherapeuticsofBurIingame,California,andEmbrexofNorthCarolina$4.7milliontohelpfundresearch.Theprospecthasalarmedanimalwelfaregroups,whofearitcouldincreasethesufferingoffarmbirds.That'sunIikeIytoputoffthepouItryindustry,however,whichwantsdisease-resistantbirdsthatgrowfasteronlessfood."ProducerswouldIikethesamemeatquantitybuttousereducedinputstogetthere,"saysMikeFitzgeraldofOrigen.Tomeetthisdemand,Origenaimsto"createananimalthatiseffectiveIyaclone",hesays.NormaIcloningdoesn'tworkinbirdsbecauseeggscan'tberemovedandimplanted.Instead,thecompanyistryingtobulk-growembryonicstemcellstakenfromfertiIizedeggsassoonasthey'relaid,"ThetrickistoculturethecelIswithoutthemstartingtodistinguish,sotheyremainpluripotent,“saysFitzgerald.Usingalong-establishedtechnique,thesedonorcellswiIIthenbeinjectedintotheembryoofafreshlylaid,fertiIizedrecipientegg,formingachickthatis.a"chimera';Strictlyspeakingachimeraisn'taclone,becauseitcontainscellsfrombothdonorandrecipient.ButFitzgeraldsaysitwiIIbeenoughif,say,95percentofachicken'sbodydevelopsfromdonorcelIs."InthepouItryworId,itdoesn'tmatterifit'snot100percent,"hesays.AnotherchaIIengeforOrigenistoscaleupproduction.Todothi