英美概況名詞解釋-史上全哦

英美概況名詞解釋-史上最全哦英美概況名詞解釋-史上最全哦英美概況名詞解釋-史上最全哦xxx公司英美概況名詞解釋-史上最全哦文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數：第1.0次更改批準審核制定方案設計，管理制度英國部分ThamesRiverHighLandersBritishCommonwealth英聯邦倫敦佬MaritimeClimate海洋性氣候EnglishChannelChunnel英吉利海峽隧道9.“peasoup”fogs倫敦霧isles:巨石陣becket:托馬斯Chaucerofarc:圣女貞德:羅拉德派Puritans清教徒CaesarHardrian'sWall哈德連長城七王國賢人會議theGreat豆瓣theConqueror威廉征服battleofHastingsDanelaw施行丹麥法的地區(qū)Conquest諾曼征服Book英國國王1806年頒的土地調查清冊BlackDeath黑死病divinerightsofkings君權神授WarsofRoses玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(考過)SpanishArmada:西班牙無敵艦隊GloriousRevolutionof1688光榮革命GunpowderPlotof1605火藥陰謀案Mary血腥瑪麗boroughs衰敗選區(qū)Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女權的主要倡導者之一。leagueofnations國際聯盟blitz閃電戰(zhàn)beatles甲克蟲樂隊撒切爾主義ofpayments收支平衡MaynardKeynestradeandinvisibletradeunion歐盟policies(貨幣主義政策)TradeUnionActof1871工會法農業(yè)產業(yè)disease英國病monarchy君主立憲制Council樞密院law公共法stateopeningofparliamentCivillist英國王室費(考過)civilservice公務員(考過)peer終身貴族無罪裁決CrownCourt刑事法庭緩刑punishment死刑metropolitanpoliceforceNationalHealthService英國國民保健制度insurance社會保險practitioner(GP)workersalvationarmyschools路透社(GM)Schools有公費保證的學校(升學考試)murdochbritishmuseumThanksgivingDayIreland(愛爾蘭)美國部分VespucciMississippiboomgreatlakesisland8."thegreatcompromise"EmancipationProclamationtaxtationwithoutrepresentationChineseExclutionActservantsteaparty(考過)dividegettysburgaddresskukluxklan黑幕揭發(fā)者nationalismredscareprogressivemovementNewDealtrumandoctrinemarshallplansmithactcivilrightsactof1964povertyline32checksandbalances34.thefreeenterprisesystem35.thefederalsystemofpowers37.privateschooldistrict39.globaleducation40.poorrichard'salmanac42.jazzera44.father'sday'sday46.congressionalmedalofhonor48.GreatCanyon49.NewEnglandAmericans51.ChicanosRicansPapersFirstContinentalCongressDestinyBlackThursdayFrontierHuronStatementCornBelt62。AmericanCornBelt63。ThreegiantsinAmericanautomobileindustryCollege65USpresidentialinauguration66communitycollege67newbasics68Knickerbockers69LeavesofGrass70HarlemRenaissance71Halloween72independenceDay英國概況名詞解釋(全部版)ThamesRiverTheThamesRiveristhesecondlargestandmostimportantriverinBritain.Itis336KMlong,risinginsouthwestEnglandandflowingthroughEnglandandoutintotheNorthSea.Itflowsratherslowly,whichisveryfavorableforwatertransportation.HighLandersTheyaretheScotswholiveinthemountainousregionsoftheHighlandsinNorthernScotland.Theyareaproud,independentandhardypeoplewhomaintaintheirstrongculturalidentity.Theymainlylivebyfarmingsheepinmountainareasorfishingonthecoastsandislands.BritishCommonwealth英聯邦TheBritishEmpirewasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofNationsinisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachmembernation.Atpresentthereare50memberscountieswhitinthecommonwealth(1991).是曾為英國殖民地，但現在已經獨立構成的自由聯合體。倫敦佬AcockneyisaLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells-theBellsofthechurchofSt.Mary-LeBowineastLondonfestivalsofsonganddanceandpoetrycelebratedbythewelshthroughtheyear.Bythiswaythewelshkeepthewelshlanguageandwelshculturealive.MaritimeClimate海洋性氣候Thetypeofclimatewhenwinterismild,nottoocoldandsummeriscool,nottoohot,andithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.EnglishChannelAChannelthatseparatesBritainfromtherestofFranceisquitenarrow.Achanneltunnelunderthischannelwasbuiltin1994tojointhetwocountriestogether.Chunnel英吉利海峽隧道In1985theBritishgovernmentandFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnel,whichiscalled“Chunnel”,undertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.TheChunnelwasopentotrafficinMay1994.9.“peasoup”fogs倫敦霧thefamous“peasoup”fogswerethickheavyyellowfogsofLondonandothercitiesseldomoccuranymore.厚的\重的\黃色的霧氣islesTheBritishIslesismadeupoftwolargeislandsandhundredsofsmallones.ThetwolargeislandsareGreatBritainandIreland.:巨石陣ItisacirculargroupoflargestandingstonesonSalisburyPlain,Wiltshire,regardedasoneofthemostimportantmonuments紀念碑ofitskindinEurope,andverypopularwithvisitors.becket:托馬斯hewasEnglishchurchmanandstatesman.hebecameChancellorofEnglandunderHenryIIinwasappointedArchibishopofCanterburyin1162.ChaucerHewasanimportantEnglishpoetinthefourteenthcentury.HisbestknownisTheCanterburyTales,whichdescribesagroupofpilgrimstravellingtoCanterburytovisitThomasBecket’stomb墳墓.BecausehewasthefirstimportantEnglishpoettowriteinEnglish.Hehasbeenknownasthe“FatherofEnglishPoetry”.ofarc:圣女貞德shewasanationalheroineofFranceduringthehundredyear’swar,shesuccessfullyledthefrancetodrivetheEnglishoutoffrance.:羅拉德派theywerepoorpriestsandtravelingpreacherswhowerejohnwyclif’splayedanimportantroleinthementalpreparationsforthepeasantuprisingofpreachingtheequalityofmenbeforegod.Puritans清教徒ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNewworldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.CaesarHewasagreatRoman55BCand54BC,heinvadedBritainoftheresistenceoftheBritishpeople,hewithdrewwithhostagesand'sthebeginningoftheRomaninvasion.帶著人質和俘虜撤退。Hardrian'sWall哈德連長城ItwasoneoftwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadconquered.由羅馬人修建，把皮克特人擋在已征服的地區(qū)之外。七王國DuringtheAnglo-Saxon'stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykingdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandweregiventhenameofHeptarchy.In597,PopeGregoryIsenttoEnglandtoconverttheEnglishPeopletowasverysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthewasthefirstarchbishopofCanterbury.教皇，格里高力一世派圣奧古斯丁到英格蘭去使英格蘭人皈依基督教。賢人會議WitanwasthecouncilormeetingofthewascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisethe'sthebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.theGreat豆瓣AlfredwasastrongkingofWessex.HedefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththem.Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas"ThefatheroftheBritishnavy".HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.Healsotranslatedbooksandestablishedschools.Allthisearnedhimthetitle"AlfredtheGreat".theConqueror威廉征服WilliamwasDukeofNormandy.HelandedhisarmyinanddefeatedkingHarold.ThenhewascrownedkingofEnglandonChristmasDaythesameyear.HeestablishedastrongNormangovernmentandthefeudalsysteminEngland.建立了封建制度battleofHastingsIn1066,KingEdwarddiedwithnoheir,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.William,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland.OnOctober14,thetwoarmiesmetnearHasting.Afteraday'sbattle,Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.SothisbattlewasveryimportantonthewayoftheRomanconquest.哈羅德被威廉擊敗。Danelaw施行丹麥法的地區(qū)Bythemiddleoftheninthcentury,theVikingsandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessexwhosecapitalwasWinchester.Alfred,KingofWessex,wasstrongenoughtodefeattheDanesandcametoarelativelyfriendlyagreementwiththeminDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland(-"theDanelaw"),whileAlfredwouldruletherest.協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而阿爾弗雷德統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。Conquest諾曼征服TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheconquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.Book英國國王1806年頒的土地調查清冊ItisabookcompiledbyagroupofclerksunderthesponsorshipofKingWilliamtheFirstin1086.Thebookwasinfactapropertyrecord.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEngland.Itrecordedtheextent,value,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.ItwasoneoftheimportantmeasuresadoptedbyWilliamItoestablishthefullfeudalsysteminEngland.Today,itiskeptinthePublicRecordsOfficeinLondon.BlackDeath黑死病Itisamodernnamegiventothedearlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadthroughEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyparticularlyin1348-1349.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.InEngland,itkilledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.divinerightsofkings君權神授thetheorythatakingruleswiththeauthorityofgod.WarsofRoses玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(考過)thenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbythereadrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.SpanishArmada:西班牙無敵艦隊thefleetsenttoinvadeEnglandbyPhilipIIofspainin1588.GloriousRevolutionof1688光榮革命In1685CharlesIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope,wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousvies.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII,andappealedtoaProtestantking,WilliamofOrange,toinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.ThiswasknownastheGloriousRevolution.GunpowderPlotof1605火藥陰謀案TheGunpowderPlotof1605wasthemostfamousoftheCatholicconspiracies.OnNov.5,1605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJamesandhisministersupintheHouseofParliamentwhereGuyFawkeshadplantedbarrelsofgun-powderinthecellars.TheimmediateresultwastheexecutionofFawkesandhisfellow-conspiratorsandimpositionofsevereanti-Catholiclaws.Thelong-termresulthasbeenanannualcelebrationonNov.5,whenabonfireislittoturnaguyandafireworkdisplayisarranged.34.TheBlackDeath黑死病Itisamodernnamegiventothedearlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadthroughEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyparticularlyin1348-1349.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.InEngland,itkilledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.boroughs衰敗選區(qū)aparliamentaryconstituencywhichpossessedtherighttoelectmembersofparliamenteventhoughitspopulationhaddwindledorwasnonexistent.議會選民區(qū)都有權利去選舉議會的成員即使它的人口已經下降或是不存在。Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女權的主要倡導者之一。britishsuffragette,shefoundedthewomen’ssocialandpoliticalunion,shediedamonthbeforewomengainedfullvotingequalitywithmen.leagueofnations國際聯盟aninternationalorganizationof1920—1946setupafterthefirstworldwartopromoteinternationalcooperationandtoachieveinternationalpeaceandsecurity.blitz閃電戰(zhàn)anairattack,particularlytheLondonblitzof1940—worldisfromthegerman“blitzkrieg”beatles甲克蟲樂隊oneofbritain’smostinfluentialpopgroups,firstperformingin1959inLiverpool.撒切爾主義Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstwomanprimeministerinBritain.Herpoliciesarepopularlyreferredtoasstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,theweakingoftradeforcesunions,thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.包括國有工業(yè)私有化，用貨幣政策控制通貨膨脹，削弱工會，加強市場力量在經濟中的作用，強調法律與秩序。ofpayments收支平衡itisthedifferencebetweenthemoneyfromexportsandthecostofimports.MaynardKeyneshewasaninfluentialbritishmaintainedthatgovernmentsshouldusefiscalpolicytostabilizetheeconomy.用財政使經濟穩(wěn)定.</P<p>tradeandinvisibletradevisibletradeistradeofgoodssuchasmachineswhileinvisibletradeistradeofservicessuchasbankingandtourism.union歐盟ECstandsforEuropeancommunity.ECisnowcalledEuropeanunion(EU).itisanorganizationof15westernEuropeancountriesthatpromotescooperationamongitsmembers.policies(貨幣主義政策)SincetheAmericaneconomywasplaguedbystagflation,intheearly1980s,thetraditionalKeynesiantheory(傳統(tǒng)的凱恩斯理論)wasreplacedbynewmonetarist,whichsoughttofightinflationbyincreasingsupplyandreducingdemand,Ononehand,taxeswerecuttoincreaseeconomicdynamism.Ontheotherhand,interestrateswereraisedtoreducethesupplyofmoney.增加供應，減少需求來打擊通貨膨脹。一方面，減少稅收增加經濟活力；另一方面，增加利率減少貨幣支出。TradeUnionActof1871工會法Itlegalizedthetradeunionsandgivefinancialsecurity.Itmeantthatinlawtherewasnodifferencebetweenmoneyforbeneficpurposesandcollectingittosupportstrikeaction.使工會合法化，并給其財政保障。這意味著從法律上而言，為福利募集資金與為罷工募集資金毫無二至。農業(yè)產業(yè)Thenewfarminghasbeencalled“agribusiness”,becauseitisequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintotheprocesseswhichoccuronthefarmandoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarmdisease英國病Theterm“Britishdisease”isnowoftenusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.monarchy君主立憲制ItisapoliticalsystemthathasbeenpractisedinBritainsincetheGloriousrevolutionof1688.Accordingtothissystem,theConstitutionissuperiortotheMonarch.Inlaw,theMonarchhasmanysupremepowers,butinpractice,therealpowerofmonarchyhasbeengreatlyreducedandtodaytheQueenactssolelyontheadviceofherministers.Shereignsbutdoesnotrule.TherealpowerliesintheParliament,ortobeexact,intheHouseofCommons.Council樞密院AconsultativebodyoftheBritishmonarch.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktothetimesoftheNormanKings.AftertheGloriousRevolutionof1688,itsimportancewasgraduallydiminishedandreplacedbytheCabinet.Today,itisstillaconsultationbodyoftheBritishmonarch,Itsmembershipisabout400,andincludesalCabinetministers,thespeakeroftheHouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.law公共法thetraditionalunwrittenlawofEngland,basedoncustomandthedecisionsofjudgesoveraperiodofyearsratherthanonwrittenlawspassedbyparliament.英國的不成文法，以法官的判斷和習慣為依據，而不以議會的成文法為依據。stateopeningofparliamenttheofficialopeningofanewsessionofparliament,usuallyattheendofOctoberorbeginningofNovember,orafterageneralelection.Civillist英國王室費(考過)anannualallowance,approvedbyparliament,madetothesovereignandmembersoftheroyalfamilyfortheexpenseinvolvedincarryingouttheirpublicduties.議會每年一次的津貼補助對君主和皇家成員在行使公共職務時的花費。civilservice公務員(考過)thebodyofstateofficialsthathelpsthegovernment.peer終身貴族apersonwhoisgivenapeerage貴族地位thatisnothandedoftohisorherdescendants,usuallyasarewardforpublicservice.無罪裁決acquittalbroadlymeansthattheindividualisreleasedordischargedwithoutanyfurtherprosecutionforthesameactortransaction.是意味著被指控者無罪開釋，并再也不可就這件特定罪行被指控。thequestioningofawitness,byapartyorlawyerotherthantheonewhocalledthewitness,concerningmattersaboutwhichthewitnesshastestifiedduringdirectexamination.CrownCourt刑事法庭AcriminalcourtthatdealswiththemoreseriouscasesandholdssessionsintownsthroughoutEnglandandWales.ItispresidedovereitherbyajudgefromtheHighCourtofJusticeoralocalfull-timejudge.緩刑aschemewherebyacriminaloffenderisplacedunderthesupervisionofaprobationofficerforaperiodofbetweensixmonths(12monthsinscotland)andthreeyears.6個月到三年之間。punishment死刑theexecutionofacriminalbypunishmentalsoknownasthedeathpenalty.metropolitanpoliceforcethepoliceforceresponsibleforLondon,withitsheadquartersatnewScotlandyard.NationalHealthService英國國民保健制度ItisaveryimportantpartofthewelfaresysteminBritain.ItisanationwideorganizationbasedonActsofParliament.Itprovidesallkindsoffreeornearlyfreemedicaltreatmentbothinhospitalandoutside.Itisfinancedmainlybypaymentsbythestateoutofgeneraltaxation.Peoplearenotobligedtousethisservice.Theserviceisachievingitsmainobjectiveswithoutstandingsuccess.insurance社會保險thesumleviedonallworkingpeoplebythestateasaninsuranceagainstsicknessandunemployment.practitioner(GP)adoctorwhoisnotaspecialistbutwhohasamedicalpracticeinwhichhetreatsallillness.workerapersonemployedbyalocalauthorityoravoluntaryorganizationtogivepracticalaidandadvicetopeopleinneed.salvationarmyaworld-wideChristianorganizationfoundedbyWilliambooth,givingpracticalaidandspiritualcomforttothepoorandneedy.救世軍。schoolsComprehensivesschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.路透社是世界前三大的多媒體新聞通訊社，提供各類新聞和金融數據，在128個國家運行。路透提供新聞報導給報刊、電視臺等各式媒體，并向來以迅速、準確享譽國際。另一方面，路透提供工具和平臺，例如股價和外幣匯率，讓交易員可以分析金融數據和管理交易風險；同時路透的系統(tǒng)讓客戶可以經由因特網完成買賣，取代電話或是紐約證券交易所的買賣大廳等人工交易方式，它的電子交易服務串連了金融社群。路透社是最早的通訊社，也是目前英國最大的通訊社和西方四大通訊社之一。Itwasfoundedin1851bytheGerman,JuliusReuter.Itisnowapubliclyownedcompany,employingover11000staffin80countries.Ithasmorethan1300staffjournalistsandphotographers.(GM)Schools有公費保證的學校theyarestateschoolsoutsidelocaleducationauthorityarenotuitionfeesattheseschools.由國家學校以外的當地教育機構控制，在這些學校是免費的。anexaminationformerlyusedtoselectschoolpupilsatabout,theageof11foranappropriatesecondaryeducation.一種考試對11歲孩子選擇適當的中等教育。thebritishbroadcastingcorporation,theUKorganizationresponsibleformakingantransmittingofitsowntelevisionandradioprograms.murdochaustralian-bornusnewspaperbecameauscitizenin1985.britishmuseumthenationalmuseumofarchaeologyandethnographyinBloomsbury,London.考古學和人種學。ThanksgivingDayThePilgrimsin1620,201ofthemsailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.Thefirstwinteraftertheirarrivalwasverycoldandwhenspringcame,halfofthemweredead.ThentheIndianscametotheirhelpandtaughtthemhowtogrowcorn.Theyhadagoodharvestthatyear.SotheyinvitedtheIndiansandheldthefirstThanksgivingcelebrationinAmericatogivethankstoGod.Ireland(愛爾蘭)1、peaceagreementonnorthernireland2、republicofIreland—therepublcofirelandisanindependentcountrysituatedinwesternoccupiesfour-fifthsoftheislandofcapitalisrepublicofIrelandisalsoknownasEireinIrish.3、IrishCatholicism—irelandisoneofthemostcatholiccountriesofisanintegralandpervasiveinflunceonnational%oftheirishpopulationareRomanhalftheCatholicbishopsintheUnitedStatesareofIrishorigin.愛爾蘭裔。4、Easterurprisingof1916—theeasterurprisingtookplaceinAprilgroupofnationalistsseizedtheDublingeneralpostofficeanddeclaredtheindependenceofaweekoffighting,therebellionwassuppressedbythebritisharmyandmostofitsleaderexecuted.5、Anglo-irishtreaty—from1918—1921therewasfightingbetweentheirishrepublicanarmyandthebritish1921thebritishsignedtheAnglo-irishbritishgovernmentagreedtoorganizeapartitionofsouthernpartofirelandgaindominionstatusastheirishfreestate,whilethenorthernpartwouldremainapartoftheUnitedkingdom.6、Fiannafail----itisthelargestpoliticalpartyinhistoricprinciplesareneutrality,promotionofGaelicandstrongsupportforaunitedneweconomicpolicesincludesupportfortheEC,ahighleverofpublicexpendituretoreduceunemploymentandfullemployment.7、FineGael----oneofthetwomajorpartiesinchangeditsimagefromaconservativepartytoasociallyprogressivepartysincetheadvocatesaprogramofexpandedsocialservices,butislessinfavourofpromotingGaelicthanfiannafailis.8、JamesJoyce----themostwell–knownirishwriterofthe20thmainworksincludeDubliners,APortraitoftheArtistAsAYoungManandinnovationsinlanguageandstylehavedeeplyinfluenced20thcenturywriting.9、Irishoririshgaelic---itisacelticlanguage.10、UlyssesisJamesJoyce’smasterpiece.杰作ThenoveldescribestheeventsofonedayinthelivesofseveralpeopleinDublinandexplorestheirsub-consciousminds.小說描述了都柏林的幾個人在一天里的事情，探索了他們的潛意識思想。11、IrishFamine---IrishFaminereferstothewidespreadstarvationofIrishpeasantrywhichfollowedtheeffectsofpotatocropfailureinthemid-19thcentury.ItwasoneofthereasonsthatIrelandsufferedalotofthelossofpopulation.12、IrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)---TheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)isananti-Britishmilitaryforceestablishedintheearly20thcentury.SincetheIrishCivilWar,IRAhasremainedaforcetobereckonedwith對付inIrishpolitics.InrecentdecadesIRAcontinuestodemandthattheRepublicofIrelandshouldbeunitedwiththesixcountriesthatfromNorthernIreland.美國部分Vespucci---AmerigoVespucci,anavigator,provedthatthelandwasnotIndia,butanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafter.Mississippi---themississippihasbeencalled"fatherofwaters"or"oldmanriver",themississippianditstributariesdrainoneoftherichestfarmareasintheisthemostimportantriverintheworld.它與它的支流流經世界上最富饒的農業(yè)區(qū)之一。standsforthespanish-speakingpopulationoftheunitedpeoplemainlycenterinnewmexico,californiaandarethreemajorhispanicgroupshistoricallyhavingthegreatinfluenceonthearechicanos,thepuertoricansandthecuban-americans.arethemainstreamamericans,referingtothewhiteAnglo-saxonprotestants.boom--babyboomreferstothehigherbirthratebetween1946and1964.greatlakes---thegreatlakesarethemostimportantlakesintheunitedarelakesuperior,lakemichigan,lakehuron,lakeEireandlakeontario.island---Ellisislandwasanimportantimmigrationreceptionspotinthe1890andattheturnofthecentury.8."thegreatcompromise"---"thegreatcompromise"ofjuly16,givingeachstateanequalvoteintheSenatebutmakingrepresentationintheHousereflectthesizeofeachstate'spopulation."大妥協(xié)",即參議院中各州有相同的選舉權,而眾議院代表應按各洲人口比例產生.EmancipationProclamation---duringthecivilwar,lincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtogetmoresupportfortheunionathomeandgrantedfreedomtoallslaves.解放宣言,由林肯頒布,為了得到國內外對聯邦的支持.解放宣言給了所有奴隸以自由.taxtationwithoutrepresentation---thatis,withouttheirrepresentativestakingpartindecisionmaking,theyhadnoobligationtopaytaxes.沒有代表權不交稅，就是說他們如果對殖民地的事務決策沒有代表權，他們將沒有義務繳納稅金。ChineseExclutionAct---itwaspassedbythecongressinmay1882,itstoppedchineseimmigrationfortenyears.排華法案在1882年5月由美國國會通過，它10年內禁止中國移民入境。servants---indentureservantsrefertosomeimmigrantswhohastoworkforafixedtermfortheirmasterstorepaythecross-atlanticfareanddebts.契約傭工，指一些移民必須要在一個限定的時期里為他們的雇主工作來償還他們橫渡大西洋的費用和債務。teaparty(考過)---in1773,whenshipsofteareachedbostonandthegovernorwasdetermindtoseethatteawaslegallyprotectedinitsdistribution,severaldozenbostonresidentsdressedasindiansboardedtheshipsatnightandthrew$75,000worthofteaintothecametobeknownasthe"bostonteaparty".波士頓傾茶事件，1773年，當滿載茶葉的船只到達波士頓時，總督大人決定看看，以確保茶葉卸載時得到合法保護，晚上，幾個波士頓居民化裝成印度人來到船上仍掉了價值75，000的茶葉。這就是著名的波士頓傾茶事件。divide---itisanimaginarylinethatseparatesstreamsthatflowintothepacificoceanfromthosethatflowintotheatlantic.那是一條難以想象的線，將流入太平洋和流入大西洋的河流劃分開來。werethosewhodemandedastrongnationalsystemandwholaterstrugglehardfortheratificationoftheconsititution.聯邦制擁護者就是指那些要求建立堅固的國家體系，之后又為憲法的通過全力奮斗的人。gettysburgaddress---itreferstotheshortspeechpresidentlincolnmadewhenhededicatedthenationalcemeteryatgettysburg.Heendedthespeechwith“thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperish死亡fromtheearth”.葛底斯堡（地址），指林肯在陣亡將士墓落成儀式上發(fā)表的一個簡短的演說</P<p>kukluxklantehkkkwasthefirstorganizedin1866andthenreformedinkkkterrorizedandattakednotonlyblacks,butalsoprogressives,laborunionorganizerscommunistorsocialistpartymembers.三K黨，最早成立在1866年，后在1867年重組，他們進行恐怖活動，不僅攻擊黑人、而且還迫害進步人士、工會組織者、社會主義和共產主義黨派成員。werereform-mindedjournalistswhomadeinvestigationandexposedthedarksidesofthesociety.黑幕揭發(fā)者,是指那些調查和揭露社會黑色的一面的富有改革思想的記者.nationalism---thatis,notallowingviews,oppinionsorbeliefsdifferentfromthemaintrendofviewsorbeliefs.偏執(zhí)國家主義,是不允許不同于主流的那些觀點和信仰等存在.redscare---theredscare,onnovember7,1919andjanuary2,1920,thejusticedepartmentlauchedtwowavesofarrests,over4,000suspectedradicalsandcommunistswerearrested.紅色恐懼，在1919年12月7日和1920年1月2日，司法部發(fā)動了兩次抓捕活動，大約4000名被懷疑是激進分子和共產黨的人被逮捕。progressivemovement---theprogressivemovementreferstothemovementdemandingthegovermentregulationoftheeconomyandsocialcondition.進步運動，指調整經濟和社會狀況的運動。thefirstsummit,itwasdecidedthatalarge-scaleattackonthesouthoffrancewouldbelauchedinMay,1944,whichwascodenamedoverload.霸王行動，在第一次首腦會議上，決定在1944年5月向法國南部發(fā)動大面積進攻，代號為霸王行動。NewDeal----InordertodealwiththeDepression,PresidentFranklinRooseveltputforwardtheNewDealprogram.ItpassedalotofNewDeallawsandsetupmanyefficientsocialsecuritysystems.TheNewDealhelpedtosaveAmericandemocracyandthedevelopmentofAmericaneconomy.trumandoctrine---thatis,theunitedstateswouldsupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingwithcommunism.杜魯門主義，是說美國將支持任何與共產主義做斗爭的國家。marshallplan---thatis,inordertoprotectwesterneuropefrompossiblesovietexpansion,theunitedstatesdecidedtoofferwesterneuropeancountriesecomomicaid.馬歇爾計劃，是為了保護西歐免遭蘇聯的擴張，美國決定提供西歐國家經濟援助。smithact---itwaspassedbycongress,madeitunlawfulforanygrouptoadvocateorteachtheviolentoverthrowofgovermentintheunitedstates.史密斯法案,是由國會通過,宣布任何主張或傳播暴力顛覆政府的組織為非法行為.civilrightsactof1964---itoutlaweddiscriminationnotonlyinpublichousing,butalsoinemploymentonthebasisofrace,colour,religion,sex,ornationalorgin.民權法案，宣布不僅在公共場所禁止種族歧視，而且在就業(yè)中所涉及的種族、膚色、宗教、性別、國籍等也禁止歧視。povertyline---itisbasedontheincomethathouseholdsneedtoeatadequatelywithoutspendingmorethanathirdoftheirincomeonfood.貧困線，是以一家人能夠足夠吃飽