閱讀解析及譯文

戲劇的Inseekingtodescribetheoriginsoftheater,onemustrelyprimarilyonspeculation,sincethereislittleconcreteevidenceonwhichtodraw.Themostwidelyacceptedtheory,championedbyanthropologistsinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,envisionstheaterasemergingoutofmythandritual.Theprocessperceivedbytheseanthropologistsmaybesummarizedbriefly.Duringtheearlystagesofitsdevelopment,asociety esawareofforcesthatappeartoinfluenceorcontrolitsfoodsupplyandwell-being.Havinglittleunderstandingofnaturalcauses,itattributesbothdesirableandundesirableoccurrencestosupernaturalormagicalforces,anditsearchesformeanstowinthefavoroftheseforces.Perceivinganapparentconnectionbetweencertainactionsperformedbythegroupandtheresultitdesires,thegrouprepeats,refinesandformalizesthoseactionsintofixedceremonies,or由于幾乎沒(méi)有具體材料可供研究，探尋戲劇的只能憑推測(cè)。19世紀(jì)末20完善這些行為，最終形成固定的典禮或儀式。Stories(myths)maythengrowuparoundaritual.Frequentlythemythsincluderepresentativesofthosesupernaturalforcesthattheritescelebrateorhopetoinfluence.Performersmaywearcostumesandmaskstorepresentthemythicalcharactersorsupernaturalforcesintheritualsorin panyingcelebrations.Asople esmoresophisticated,itsconceptionsofsupernaturalforcesandcausalrelationshipsmaychange.Asaresult,itmayabandonormodifysomerites.Butthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup’soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs,thestephasbeentakentowardtheaterasanautonomousactivity,andthereafterentertainmentandaestheticvaluesmaygraduallyreplacetheformermysticalandsociallyefficacious他們對(duì)超自然力量以及與其的事件間因果關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)就發(fā)生了改變；于是，█Althoughorigininritualhaslongbeenthemostpopular,itisbynomeanstheonlytheoryabouthowthetheatercameintobeing.█Storylinghasbeenproposedasonealternative.█Underthistheory,relatingandlisteningtostoriesareseenasfundamentalhumanpleasures.█Thus,therecallingofanevent(ahunt,battle,orotherfeat)iselaboratedthroughthenarrator’spantomimeandim ationandeventuallythrougheachrolebeingassumedbyadifferent 盡管戲劇于儀式的說(shuō)法是目前最被大眾認(rèn)可的但無(wú)論如何這都不是戲Acloselyrelatedtheoryseestheaterasevolvingoutofdancesthatareprimarilypantomimic,rhythmicalorgymnastic,orfromimitationsofanimalnoisesandsounds.Admirationfortheperformer’sskill,virtuosity,andgraceareseenasmotivationforelaboratingtheactivitiesintofullyrealizedtheatricalInadditiontoexploringthepossibleantecedentsoftheater,scholarshavealsotheorizedaboutthemotivesthatledpeopletodeveloptheater.Whydidtheaterdevelop,andwhywasitvaluedafteritceasedtofulfillthefunctionofritual?Mostanswersfallbackonthetheoriesaboutthehumanmindandbasichumanneeds.One,setforthbyAristotleinthefourthcenturyB.C.,seeshumansasnaturallyimitative—astakingpleasureinimitating s,things,andactionsandinseeingsuchimitations.Another,advancedinthetwentiethcentury,suggeststhathumanshaveagiftforfantasy,throughwhichtheyseektoreshrealityintomoresatisfyingformsthanthoseencounteredindailylife.Thus,fantasyorfiction(ofwhichdramaisoneform)permitspeopletoobjectifytheiranxietiesandfears,confrontthem,andfulfilltheirhopesinfictionifnotfact.Thetheater,then,isonetoolwherebypeopledefineandunderstandtheirworldor fromunpleasantrealities.，為了進(jìn)一步探尋戲劇的，一些學(xué)派開(kāi)始從人類(lèi)發(fā)展戲劇的上建立理論。為什么戲劇會(huì)發(fā)展為什么在戲劇完全脫離儀式以后還有這么大的價(jià)值？大部分答案都回到那些關(guān)于人類(lèi)心智和人類(lèi)基本需求的理論中。首先在公元前4世紀(jì)提出，人們天生好模仿，并從模仿他人、事物和動(dòng)作以及模仿中獲得樂(lè)趣。另外，20世紀(jì)先進(jìn)理論認(rèn)為人類(lèi)擅長(zhǎng)幻想，通過(guò)幻想識(shí)和理解，或是幫助人們逃避不滿現(xiàn)實(shí)的工具。，Butneitherthehumanimitativeinstinctnornchantforfantasybyitselfleadstoanautonomoustheater.Therefore,additionalexplanationsareneeded.Onenecessaryconditionseemstobeasomewhatdetachedviewofhumanproblems.Forexample,onesignofthisconditionistheappearanceofthecomicvision,sincecomedyrequiressufficientdetaenttoviewsomedeviationsfromsocialnormsasridiculousratherthanasseriousthreatstothewelfareoftheentiregroup.Anotherconditionthatcontributestothedevelopmentofautonomoustheateristheemergenceoftheaestheticsense.Forexample,someearlysocietiesceasedtoconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-beingandabandonedthem,nevertheless,theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesratherthanfortheirreligioususefulness.但是論是人