1999考研英語一真題研料庫料

Section StructureandPartABeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithncil.(5points)Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecovery justaroundthecornerwasuntrue.wouldtoSmokingissoharmfultoalhealththatitkills peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.sevenmoreseventimesoversevensevenIteasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechanges placeinourever-changingworld.toThisisanexcitingareaofstudy,andone whichnewapplicationsarebeingdiscoveredalmostdaily. canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.IIwasunabletoAlthoughIhadbeeninvitedtotheopeningsuchshortCaliforniahasmorelightthanitknows todowithbuteverythingelseisThesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,nthavesmallchildrenandgetalong tospendmostoftheirtimetogether.sotoowellwellMarlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabout tohispoliticalleaders.havingtotohaveTheseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthan intraditionalmedia.toPartEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithncil.(5points)YourmathinstructorwouldhaveA

happytogiveyouamakeup

andC

thatyourparentshadD

illattheAsthe eA

independentB

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fortheretirementA

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enterprisethatstillgets90%ofD

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ofsubjectsB

over-fishingtophysical

factorsthataffecttheD

ofdifferentConversationcallsforA

willingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwithoneBlistener,anditcallsforoccasionaliesipussby IftwotheoriesareequalA

theirabilitytoaccountB

abodyofdata,thetheory

withthesmallernumberofassumptionsistobeDTheCommitteeadoptedaresolutionA

thesevenautomakersB

thecarsinthestateC

2percentofthosevehiclesemissions-D

byAslongA

poorpeople,whoingeneralarecolored,areinB

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skin,hr’sgoingtobeaconstantracialintheAllthoseleftAgreatdifficultyD

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EvenA

automakersmodifycommerciallyproducedcarstorunB

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driverscanfillthemupatthegasPartCBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithncil.(10points)Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto furtherresearchandfurtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.Althougharchitecturehasartisticqualities,itmustalsosatisfyanumberofimportant Lifeinsuranceisfinancialprotectionfordependentsagainstloss bread-wnnrdeath.atthecostonthevergeasaresultforthesakeIneducationthereshouldbeagood amongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.TheAmericandreamismost duringtheperiodsofproductivityandwealthgeneratedbyAmericancapitalism.Povertyisnot inmostcitiesalthough,perhapsbecauseofthecrowdedconditionsincertainareas,itismorevisiblethere.Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthoselivinginpopulatedareas.Asawayof swhiletheywereaway,theJohnsonsaskedthecleaningladytosendlittleprintedslipsaskingthesenderstowriteagainlater.pickingcofromhisfromhisintentiontoinvestom’smothertriedhardtopersuadehimtosavingsinstockmarket.pullgivedrawbackAnincreasingproportionofourpopulation,unabletolivewithoutadvanced, eprogressivelymorereliantonexpensiveThesecausesproducedthegreatchangeinthecountrythatmodernizedthe highereducationfromthemid-86tothemid-188inthefinancialinthefinancialsystem[D]Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslythedragdowntheeconomy. Crisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribe inmanyanimalThecityisanimportant andindustrialandconventionProf.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmeto myselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.Researchersdiscoveredthatplantsinfectedwitha giveoffagasthat inneighboringplants.Corporationsandlaborunionshave greatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmembersaswellasuponteralpublic.Themovementofthemoonconvenientlyprovidedtheunitofmonth,whichwasfromonenewmoontothenext.Thejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwas theissueathand.Fuelscarcitiesandprice automobiledesignerstoscaledownlargestmodelsandtodevelopcompleynewlinesofsmallcarsandSectioClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithncil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardto anizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataSuccessfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety48.Thefewertheinjury49,thebetterthewrkn’insurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss.[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B]vivid[C]mobile[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]constituting[B]aggravating[C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]comes [B]turns [C]pays [D]holds[A] [B] [C]declarations[D][A]anadvantage[B]a [C]an [D]aSectioIReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithncil.(40points)Itaroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegsliponyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheirsomrsmisfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.ThelabelonaldBatmanccautionsthatthetoy“donotenableusertof.”Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itntclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Asalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,courtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablyln’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,ofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“Werereallysorryhehas eparalyzed,buthelmetsarentdesignedtopreventthosekindsofnures”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheaesinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhosemendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.Iprtinformationcangetburiedinaseaofriltie,saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallyprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalWhatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentsCustomersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughInjuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalCompanieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewJuriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniesManufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetend satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirmakethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalfeelobligedtoviewcusoer’safetyas ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstrated someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbyhelmetswerenotdesignedtoprevent[D]somesportsgamesmightlose[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithThethrattitudetowardstheissueseemsto.IntheyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanacompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproducthyelookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.Businssneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthe,”saysseniorystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.SomecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesswhoaregivenaccesstothecmpnyprivateAnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“u”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopuh”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlyto edcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.SubscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoamanysWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandevisionfades.htaprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards, ,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWeb hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsintendedtofollowafancifultriedbutinvaintocontrolthehasbeenboomingforoneyearorSpeakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimplies.thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebbusinesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinethereisaradicalchangeinitisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedIntheviewofNet thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlinemoneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoonthetheWebshouldbeabletofunctionastheevisionthereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutWelearnfromthelastparagraph pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetinteractivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlineleadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadessettingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingAninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfoftuntscareerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeed,contradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththentoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraisernjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhois pleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalTherearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalBut,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtoeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessaryto inganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroom Thebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoall isindicativeofssimismincameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofisdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputeredoriginatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedItcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheuthcountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis dependentuponthestartingageofworthtryinginvarioussocialoflittlepracticalattractivetoeverykindofAccordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshould includedasanauxiliarycourseinmasteredthroughalife-longequallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorWhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,Clintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment--althoughnoonehroposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswith mendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpr,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheir NBACwillaskthatClinton’90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefiniy,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordthe mendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whetherto mendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetothe mendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranmrylife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoNBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivayfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstillupintheai.”Wecanlearnfromtheparagraph federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonetheWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofNBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtheWhiteHousehasgotthenes mendationsonThepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexcept thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadeathecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermoreitiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumanitwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanNBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussed embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofthehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoanerylifewillnotbeendangeredinembryotheissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledintheItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloning alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnoprivayfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoBCstheissueofhumancloningwillsoonbeScience,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whyid’theyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudonthaveunpredictablethings,youdonthaveresearch.Scientiststendtof etthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthecefcmthoasubstituteforimaginativethought.I’eattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaidthdataarestillinconclusive.Wknowh,”menfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,utwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightxc”Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthas ethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeeoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhisprswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainsttheodall”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“rwellwiththeea”TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewton inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificscienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesare ettheessentialnatureofTheauthorassertsthat shlnreplace“cefcmehowithimaginativeshlnneglecttospeculateonunpredictableshouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicalshouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchItseemsthatsomeyoung haveakeeninterestinoftenspeculateonthethinkhighlyofcreativesticktocefcmh.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientific.maynotbeasprofitableastheyarecanbemeasuredindollarsandrelyonconformitytoastandardaremostlyunderestimatedbySectionIVEnglish-ChineseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandpl