考研考博-英語-忻州師范學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-忻州師范學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Atfirst,movieswerelittlemorethanamusingthatappearedtomove.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.novels

B.novelties

C.notices

D.novices

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。novel“小說”；novelty“新奇的事物”；notice“通知”；novice“初學(xué)者”。句意：起初，電影只不過是似乎會移動的有趣的……。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.單選題

“Youth”and“culture”havebeenarathermorefamiliarpairingwithinsociologythan“oldage”and“culture”.Youngpeople'sspendingonclothes,stereoequipmentandcosmeticsmeantthatthe"teenager"becameavitallyimportantconsumerofleisuregoodsandservices.Thesefeaturesofyoungpeoplesexperiences,alongwiththeirincreasingproportionwithinthetotalpopulation,inevitablycaughttheattentionofseveralinfluentialsociologistswhowentontodescribeandanalyzethephenomenonof“youthculture”.Inrecentdecades,thesituationhaschangedsomewhat.Withtheagingofthepopulation,itisolderpeoplewhorepresentanincasingproportionwithinthetotalpopulation,someofwhomenjoyrelativeaffluencewithhighlevelsofdisposableincome.Consequently,itisolderpeople,ratherthanyoungpeople,whoareincreasinglyregardedasimportantconsumersofleisuregoodsandservices.Severalsociologistshavebeguntoanalyzetheculturalimplicationsofpopulationaging.AndrewBlaikieinhisbookfirstaddressedthephenomenonof“grayculture”atlength.

BlaikiefocusesinparticularonthechangeinstylesofgrowingoldembodiedinnotionofthethirdAge.Thisisthestageofthelifecourseafterretirementfrompaidwork,whereactivity,leisureandpleasureareenjoyedbeforetheonsetofoldageproperbringssocialdependency,physicalinfirmitiesanddeath.Blailie'sbookisnotabouthowindividualswithanaccumulationofchronologicalyearsactuallyexperiencelaterlife,butisinsteadanexaminationofthechangingdiscoursesofgrowingoldastheseareexpressedinpopularculture.

Blailie'sanalysisissensitivetoissuesraisedbythereconstructionofoldageasa"leisureandpleasure"filledlifecoursestage,includingitsmeaningfulnesstothosewithoutthefinancialorotherresourcesnecessarytoenjoyit.Importantly,healsodiscusseswhattheculturalreconstructionofthepost-retirementphaseoflifecoursemeansforourunderstandingsandrepresentationsof"deepoldage"andbiologicalinevitabilityofdeath.

Forabooksoconcernedwiththeanalysesofvisualrepresentationsoflaterlife,therearefewactualillustrations.Thismustberegardedasaweakness.Moreoftenthannot,thereaderiswhollyreliantonBlaikie'sowndescriptionofvisualsourcesandhisinterpretationofhowtheserepresentlaterlife.Thereproductionofagreaternumberofcartoonsorphotographswouldhavegreatlyimprovedthepersuasivenessofhisanalysis.Nevertheless,thisisatimelybookwhichmakesanimportantcontributiontotheliteratureontheculturalreconstructionoflaterlife.

1.Accordingtothefirstsentenceofthearticle,youcanconcludethat（）.

2.WhatarethemaincontentsofBlaikie'sbook?

3.Whatcausedtheappearanceofthe"grayculture"phenomenon?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheThirdAgeinparagraph2istrue?

5.Thesignificanceoftheculturalreconstructionofoldagemainlyliesin（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.youtharemorefamiliarwithsociologythanelderly

B.theelderlyaremorefamiliarwithsociologythanyouth

C.therearemoreresearchesonbehaviorsandlifestylesofyouththanthoseoftheelderlywithinsociology

D.therearemoreresearchesonbehaviorsandlifestylesoftheelderlythanyouthwithinsociology

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theproblemsraisedbytheagingofpopulation.

B.Thechangeinstylesofgrowingold.

C.Theconsumingtendencyoftheolderpeople.

D.Theanalysisofvisualdescriptionoflaterlife.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Anincreasingproportionofolderpeoplewithinthetotalpopulation.

B.Olderpeopleareregardedasimportantconsumersofleisuregoodsandservices.

C.Somesociologistshavebeguntostudytheculturalimplicationsofanagingpopulation.

D.Alloftheabove

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theelderlycan'tworkinthisstage.

B.Theelderly'slivesarefullofpleasureduringthewholestage.

C.Fortheelderly,dependingonsocietyanddeathareinevitablyfinally.

D.Theelderlyareafraidofdeathverymuch.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.helpingoldpeopleinfinancialdifficultiestoenjoytheirlives

B.helpingtheelderlytocommunicatewithyoutheasily

C.helpingtheelderlytoimprovetheirlifestandards

D.helpingustounderstandtheeldersanddeath

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.第一段第一句的原意是：在社會學(xué)中,“青年”和“文化”是比“老年”和“文化”更為熟悉的一對。下文給出了原因,由于年輕人的特性和所占人口比重大,吸引了社會學(xué)家對“青年文化”現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了描述和分析。所以選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

2.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“Blaikie'sbook”定位到第一段的最后一句“AndrewBlaikieinhisbookfirstaddressedthephenomenonof“grayculture”atlength.”而這種“灰色文化”現(xiàn)象即下文提到的“BlaikiefocusesinparticularonthechangeinstylesofgrowingoldembodiedinnotionofthethirdAge.”所以,選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第一段后半部分內(nèi)容“Inrecentdecades,thesituationhaschanged...theculturalimplicationsofpopulationaging.”選項(xiàng)A,B,C都是“灰色文化”出現(xiàn)的原因,所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

4.根據(jù)第二段的第二句“Thisisthestage...bringssocialdependency,physicalinfirmitiesanddeath.”這是退休之后的人生階段,這個(gè)階段的人們在老年產(chǎn)生社會依賴,感到身體不適,甚至可能死亡之前,就可以享受到活動、休閑和娛樂。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

5.根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“...meansforourunderstandingsandrepresentationsof"deepoldage"andbiologicalinevitabilityofdeath.”意味著我們對“老年人”的理解和表達(dá)以及生物死亡的必然性。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

3.單選題

Loomingoverthedebateabouthumaninterferenceintheworld’sborealforestsisanasyetunanswerablequestion:Willtheeffectsofglobalwarmingeventuallydwarfman’simpact?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.raisetogreaterimportance

B.makemoredifficulttomeasure

C.causetoappearsmall

D.bringtoanabruptend

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。橫線單詞dwarf意為“（使）變矮；使顯得矮?。皇篃o足輕重”；A選項(xiàng)“raisetogreaterimportance”意為“提高重要性”；B選項(xiàng)“makemoredifficulttomeasure”意為“使得……更難以測量”；C選項(xiàng)“causetoappearsmall”意為“使……顯得不重要”；D選項(xiàng)“bringtoanabruptend”意為“突然結(jié)束、停止”。句意：關(guān)于人類對世界寒帶森林干預(yù)的爭論迫在眉睫，這是一個(gè)至今無法回答的問題：全球變暖的影響最終會使人類的影響變得無關(guān)緊要嗎？由題干可知，theeffectsofglobalwarming（全球變暖的影響）和man’simpact（人類的影響）是兩組不同的影響，題目意在將全球變暖的影響和人類的影響相比較，是否全球變暖會使得人類的影響變得微不足道。由此可知，dwarf在此處最可能是“使無足輕重”的意思。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

Afterseveralnucleardisasters,a（

）hasragedoverthesafetyofnuclearenergy.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.quarrel

B.suspicion

C.controversy

D.verdict

【答案】C

【解析】句意:發(fā)生幾次核災(zāi)難之后，關(guān)于核能安全的問題引發(fā)了一場激烈的爭論。

名詞辨析。quarrel吵架,口角;suspicion懷疑,疑心;controversy爭論,辯論;verdict（陪審團(tuán)的）裁定。故C符合句意。

5.單選題

Heenjoyedthedessertsomuchthatheacceptedasecond（）whenitwasoffered.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.loading

B.piling

C.helping

D.sharing

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)loading“裝載；裝貨；裝載的貨”；B選項(xiàng)piling“地樁；打樁；樁材；打樁工程”；C選項(xiàng)helping“（食物的）一份”；D選項(xiàng)sharing“公用，共享”。句意：他非常喜歡甜點(diǎn)，所以當(dāng)有人給他第二份時(shí)，他接受了。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Ourstomachscanoftenbeamysterytousandmanyofusdon’trealizejusthowmuchthefoodweeatcanimpactonourmoodandmentalwell-being.

AccordingtocharityAllergyUK,ashocking45%ofussufferswithfoodanddrinkintolerances,beverage—thisiscalledfoodintolerance.

Foodintoleranceisamuchmorecommonproblemthanfoodallergyandoneofthemostharmfulsymptomscanbelowmood.1in4peopleintheUKwillsufferproblemswiththeirmoodormentalhealtheveryyear,withanti-depressantprescriptionsincreasingbyover40%inthelast5years.

RecentresearchfromYorkTestLaboratories,leadingexpertsinfoodintolerancetesting,hasfoundthat97%oftheircustomersreportedproblemsrelatingtomoodasasignificantsymptomoftheirfoodintolerance,ofwhich73%feltthattheirmoodhadsignificantlyimprovedafteralteringtheirdietstoremovefoodstowhichtheyreacted.

Inaddition,inarecentpaperpublishedintheJournalofNutritionandFoodSciences,over81%ofpatientsreportedasignificantimprovementinmoodandmentalwell-beingasadirectconsequenceofapplyingthedietarychangesrecommendedbyYorkTest.

Sohowisitthatthefoodweeatcanhavesuchasignificantimpactonourmood?

Bidirectionalconnectionsbetweenthegutandthebrainarecomplexandareregulatedinthebodyinthreedifferentways:throughnerves,hormonesandtheimmunesystem.Thegutmediatesthebody’simmuneresponse;atleast70percentofourimmunesystemissituatedinthegutandisusedtoexpelandkillforeigninvaders.

Ourgutcontainssome100millionneurons(nervecells),morethanineitherthespinalcordortheperipheralnervoussystem.Alloftheseneuronsliningourdigestivesystemdomuchmorethanmerelyhandledigestionorcauseoccasionalnervousfeelings.Ourgutpartlydeterminesourmentalstateandplayskeyrolesincertaindiseasesthroughoutthebody.Manypeoplewillnotbeawarethat90%ofserotonin（血清素）,thebrain’s“happyhormone”isproducedinthegut—itisforthesereasonsthatthegutisoftenreferredtoasthe‘secondbrain’.

Inaddition,researchhasshownthatdepressionisfrequentlyassociatedwithgastrointestinal（腸胃的）inflammation—acommonsymptomoffoodintolerance.Bytacklingunidentifiedfoodintolerances,notonlywillphysicalsymptomsbenefit,butmentalhealthsymptomscanoftenshowsignificantimprovement.

Thereareanumberofwaystoidentifypotentiallymoodsuppressingfoodintolerances.OnethatIrecommendisscientificallyvalidatedandwellresearchedisYorkTest.ItsfoodanddrinkintolerancetestcalledFood&DrinkScancanuncoverpotentialfoodanddrinktriggers,allowingpeopletosimplymodifytheirdietswithlifechanginghealthbenefits.

1.Theover40%increaseofanti-depressantprescriptionsinthelast5yearsintheUKwasattributedto（）.

2.WhichisNOToneofthereasonswhythegutisoftenreferredtoasthe“secondbrain”?

3.Whatfrequentlyhasacausalconnectionwithdepression?

4.Whatisthepurposeinone’stakingYorkTest?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.foodintolerance

B.foreigninvaders

C.foodallergy

D.foodtriggers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Ourgutcontainsmorenervecellsthaninthespinalcord.

B.Theneuronsinthegutcontributesolelytoeffectivedigestion.

C.90%ofthebrain’s“happyhormone”isproducedinthegut.

D.Certaindiseasesresultfromourdigestivesystem.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Apsychiatricdisorder.

B.Bidirectionaltreatment.

C.Gastrointestinalinflammation.

D.Unidentifiedphysicalproblems.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Tovalidatethescientificresearch.

B.Todetectthesourceoffoodintolerance.

C.Toinventamodificationoflifestyle.

D.Toprescribeanti-depressantdrugs

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:1.根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知,食物耐受不良是一個(gè)比食物過敏更常見的問題,最有害的癥狀之一是情緒低落。在英國,每年有四分之一的人情緒或心理健康都會出現(xiàn)問題,在過去的五年中,抗抑郁藥物的處方數(shù)量增加了40%以上。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

2.根據(jù)第八段的內(nèi)容可知,選項(xiàng)A,C,D均符合原文;根據(jù)第二句“Alloftheseneuronsliningourdigestivesystemdomuchmorethanmerelyhandledigestionorcauseoccasionalnervousfeelings.”所有這些排列在我們消化系統(tǒng)中的神經(jīng)元不僅僅是處理消化,偶爾也會引起緊張情緒。選項(xiàng)B描述太絕對,所以不正確。

3.根據(jù)第九段第一句“researchhasshownthatdepressionisfrequentlyassociatedwithgastrointestinalinflammation”研究表明抑郁癥經(jīng)常與腸胃炎聯(lián)系在一起。所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

4.根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“ItsfoodanddrinkintolerancetestcalledFood&DrinkScancanuncoverpotentialfoodanddrinktriggers...”這項(xiàng)名為“飲食掃描”的飲食耐受不良測試,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)飲食耐受不良潛在的誘因。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

7.單選題

Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthat,whoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowon,highunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetomakewaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.

Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomeprimaryquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.Wouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenorm?Wouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletowork?Shouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselves,ratherthanforanemployer?Shouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhood,aswellasthefactoryandtheoffice,ascentersofproductionandwork?

Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanend,andsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.But,infact,itcouldprovidetheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemployment,asitshistoryshows,hasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.

Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoftheland,andthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.Later,astransportationimproved,firstbyrailandthenbyroad,peoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntil,eventually,manypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplaceinwhichtheylived.

Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtime,menandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemployment,leavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes.

Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered,asemploymentbecamethedominantformofwork,youngpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded—aproblemnow,asmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives.

Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforall,totheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfulltimejobs.

1.Researchcarriedoutintherecentopinionpollsshowsthat（

）

2.Thearrivaloftheindustrialageinourhistoricalevolutionmeantthat（

）

3.Theeffectsofalmostuniversalemploymentwereoverwhelminginthat（

）

4.Thearticleconcludesthat（

）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.availableemploymentshouldberestrictedtoasmallpercentageofthepopulation.

B.newjobsmustbecreatedinordertorectifyhighunemploymentfigures.

C.availableemploymentmustbemorewidelydistributedamongtheunemployed.

D.thenowadayshighunemploymentfiguresareatruthoflife.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.universalemploymentvirtuallyguaranteedprosperity.

B.economicfreedomcamewithineveryone’scontrol.

C.patternsofworkwerefundamentallychanged.

D.people’sattitudestoworkhadtobereversed.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thehouseholdandvillagecommunitydisappearedcompletely.

B.mennowtraveledenormousdistancestotheirplacesofwork.

C.theworkstatusofthosenotinpaidemploymentsuffered.

D.youngandoldpeoplebecamesuperfluouscomponentsofsociety.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thecreationofjobsforallisanimpossibility.

B.oureffortsandresourcesintermsoftacklingunemploymentareinsufficient.

C.peopleshouldbeginsupportingthemselvesbylearningapracticalskill.

D.weshouldhelpthosewhosejobsareonlypart-time.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】1.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段，高失業(yè)率確實(shí)是現(xiàn)在存在的一種社會現(xiàn)象，并且會持續(xù)下去。所以選項(xiàng)中“atruthoflife”最符合題意，選項(xiàng)D最符合題意。

2.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段中“someofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbrought”，第四段中“hefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustries”可以看出工業(yè)時(shí)代的到來推動了整個(gè)工業(yè)模式的變化。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段。所有人都受到了就業(yè)影響，其中也包括“thosenotinpaid”，那些沒有受雇的人，如學(xué)生和退休人員，故選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的最后一句中“withoutfulltimejobs”，可知選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

8.單選題

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicones,andPlexiglasweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefinding,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswilleitherimproveourstandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocess,isnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholdersconcernedaboutcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoequatethemonopolisticproducerwithbountifulexpendituresonresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexceptfromstrongcompetitivepressures.ThereareinstancesinwhichtheytoomustcompetewithanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

36.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

37.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury（）.

38.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

39.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

40.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’smainpoint?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.wereproducedlargelyasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopment.

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolisticindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Expendituresforvariousaspectsofresearcharelisted.

B.Reasonsforsupportingmonopolisticpoweraregivenandthenquestioned.

C.Argumentsarepresentedforminimizingcompetitivebiddingforresearch.

D.Resourcesnecessaryforresearcharedefined.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Monopolisticpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.

B.Governmentalexpenditureformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.

C.Industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangethansmallerfirmsdo.

D.Firmswithasmallshareofthemarketaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Inthelastdecade,conglomerateshavesignificantlyincreasedtheirresearchbudgetsfordefensetechnology.

B.Taxrestructuringpermitssmallerfirmstowriteoffalargerpercentageofprofitsagainstresearch.

C.Aten-yearstudyoftheextentofresourcesdevotedtoresearchbysmallerenterprisesrevealsasteadydecline.

D.Militaryresearchisbeingdirectedmoreextensivelytospacetechnologythantoshort-rangemissiles.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】36.主旨目的題。文章第一段是全文的主題段，前兩句的對比指出了文章的主旨，“Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.”即大型工業(yè)的發(fā)展不代表工業(yè)研究投入的增加。從而得出本題答案。

37.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞importantinventions定位到原文第一段第二句?！癆recentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.（最近一項(xiàng)關(guān)于世紀(jì)之交以來重要發(fā)明的研究顯示，超過一半的發(fā)明是獨(dú)立于有組織的工業(yè)研究的單個(gè)發(fā)明家的發(fā)明。）”從而得出本題答案。

38.

細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段。第二段第二句“Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.”指出，用于改善生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究只能由大型企業(yè)承擔(dān)，但在第三句“Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.”又指出，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)政府支出的用于工業(yè)研究的資金有一大部分用于防御項(xiàng)目，有人對這些研究是否會提高生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出質(zhì)疑。從而得出本題答案。

39.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位第三段最后一句?！癇ycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.（相比之下，小公司不受大型工廠和資本設(shè)備投資的阻礙，往往積極追求新技術(shù)和新產(chǎn)品，投資于創(chuàng)新，以擴(kuò)大其市場份額。）”即可得出本題答案。

40.

細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。通過閱讀文章后發(fā)現(xiàn)，作者的主要觀點(diǎn)是看好小公司的發(fā)展前途，所以削弱的話，必然是對小公司進(jìn)行負(fù)面評價(jià)，從而得出本題答案。

9.單選題

Chinesejournalfinds31%ofsubmissionsplagiarized

SinceOctober2008,wehavedetectedunoriginalmaterialinastaggering31%ofpaperssubmittedtotheJournalofZhejiangUniversity-Science(692of2,233submissions).Thepublication,designatedasakeyacademicjournalbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina,wasthefirstinChinatosignupforCrossRef’splagiarism-screeningserviceCrossCheck(Nature466,167;2010).

Wearethereforecampaigningforauthors,researchersandeditorstobeonthealertforplagiarismandtoworkagainstculturalmisunderstandings.InancientChina,forexample,studentsweretypicallyencouragedtocopythewordsoftheirmasters.

Tothisend,wehavegivenlecturesandwrittenthreepapers(includingY,H.ZhangLearn.Publ.23,9-14;2010)thathavebeenwidelypublicizedinChina’smedia(see/dPey7X;inChinese)andreportedinCrossRef’squarterlyonlinenewsmagazine(see/icUwvh).OurwebsitedisplaystheCrossChecklogotoremindauthorsoftheirresponsibilities.

OtherChinesejournalsarealsopolicingplagiarism,usingsoftwarelaunchedin2008byChina’sAcademicJournalsElectronicPublishingHouseandTongfangKnowledgeNetworkTechnologyinBeijing.

YuehongZhangJournalofZhejiangUniversity-Science,38ZhedaRoad,Hangzhou310027,Chinae-mail:jzus@32.WhatisthemainpurposeofthiscorrespondencefromZhang?

33.WhichofthefollowingstrategyisnotutilizedbyJournalofZhejiangUniversity-Science?

34.AuthorsofJournalofZhejiangUniversity-Sciencecangettobewareoftheirresponsibilitiesthrough______.

35.Itcanbefoundthatlocalsoftwarewaslaunchedin2008byChinesecompanies,butCrossCheckwasdevelopedby______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.SurprisinglyhighrateofplagiarisminChinesesubmissions.

B.EffortsofZhangandherjournalinfightingagainstplagiarism.

C.UseofCrossCheck.

D.UseofsoftwaredevelopedbytwoChinesecompanies.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.SigninguptheserviceofCrossCheckinscreeningplagiarism.

B.Alertingauthorsagainstculturalmisunderstanding.

C.Givinglecturesandwritingpapers.

D.Encouragingstudentstocopythewordsoftheirmasters.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theCrossChecklogoonthejournal’swebsite

B.theuseofChinesesoftwarelaunchedin2008

C.watchingthepedagogicvideoonthejournal’swebsite

D.nothingelseexceptforlecturesandpapers

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.China’sAcademicJournalsElectronicPublishingHouse

B.TongfangKnowledgeNetworkTechnology

C.JournalofZhejiangUniversity-Science

D.CrossRef

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】32.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

32.WhatisthemainpurposeofthiscorrespondencefromZhang?32.這封來自張的信的主要目的是什么？

A.SurprisinglyhighrateofplagiarisminChinesesubmissions.A.中國投稿的剽竊率高得驚人。

B.EffortsofZhangandherjournalinfightingagainstplagiarism.B.張和她的期刊在打擊剽竊方面所做的努力。

C.UseofCrossCheck.C.使用CrossCheck。

D.UseofsoftwaredevelopedbytwoChinesecompanies.D.使用兩家中國公司開發(fā)的軟件。

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】第一段就引入了話題，即論文剽竊率高達(dá)31%，第二段和第三段是作者對于打擊剽竊方面同她所在期刊所做的一些努力，如第二段第一句“因此，我們呼吁作者、研究人員和編輯提高對剽竊的警惕，并努力消除文化誤解”和第三段第一句“為此，我們進(jìn)行了講座，并撰寫了三篇論文，這些論文在中國媒體上得到了廣泛的宣傳”，最后一段敘述其他中國期刊的努力；綜合理解，我們可知這篇文章的目的是為了闡述作者和她的期刊所做的努力，B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、C、D選項(xiàng)都只是其中的一小部分，屬于以偏概全。

33.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

33.WhichofthefollowingstrategyisnotutilizedbyJournalofZhejiangUniversity-Science?

33.《浙江大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)—自然科學(xué)版》沒有采用以下哪一種策略？

A.SigninguptheserviceofCrossCheckinscreeningplagiarism.A.簽署CrossCheck服務(wù)，甄別剽竊。

B.Alertingauthorsagainstculturalmisunderstanding.B.提醒作者注意文化誤解。

C.Givinglecturesandwritingpapers.C.講課和寫論文。

D.Encouragingstudentstocopythewordsoftheirmasters.D.鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生模仿老師的話。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】定位文章第二段“因此，我們呼吁作者、研究人員和編輯提高對剽竊的警惕，并努力消除文化誤解。例如，在古代中國，學(xué)生通常被鼓勵(lì)抄襲老師的話。（studentsweretypicallyencouragedtocopythewo