考研考博-英語-華東政法大學考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-華東政法大學考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Doctorsareinterestedinusinglasersasasurgicaltoolinoperationsonpeoplewhoare（）toheartattack.

問題1選項

A.infectious

B.disposed

C.accessible

D.prone

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項infectious“傳染的，傳染性的”，B項disposed“有……傾向的；打算做……的”，C項accessible“易接近的，可進入的”，D項prone“俯臥的，有……傾向的”。根據(jù)關鍵詞heartattack（心臟?。?，可排除A、C選項。bedisposedto表示“有……傾向”，后面一般跟todo；beproneto表示“易于，有……的傾向”，后面一般跟名詞；heartattack是名詞，只有D項符合。句意：醫(yī)生們對使用激光作為外科手術工具對易患心臟病的人進行手術很感興趣。故該題選擇D項正確。

2.單選題

TheExperimentalPsychologySocietytriestoimprovescientificcommunicationsamongexperimentalpsychologistsandthoseworkingin______fields.

問題1選項

A.cognate

B.congenial

C.congenital

D.cognitive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項cognate“同源的，同類的”，B項congenial“意氣相投的，性格相似的”，C項congenital“先天的，天生的”，D項cognitive“認知的，認識的”。空格處修飾的詞語是field（領域），由此可知，B、C項是修飾人的，故排除；根據(jù)improvescientificcommunicationsamongexperimentalpsychologistsandthoseworkingin______fields（改善實驗心理學家和在……領域工作的人之間的科學交流）可知，A項更符合。句意：實驗心理學協(xié)會試圖改善實驗心理學家和在相同領域工作的人之間的科學交流。因此，該題選擇A項。

3.不定項選擇題

Wedonotknowwhenmanfirstbegantousesalt,butwedoknowthatithasbeenusedinmanydifferentwaysthroughouthistory.(21)（）evidenceshows,forexample,thatpeoplewholivedoverthreethousandyearsagoate(22)（）fish.Stealingsaltwasconsideredamajorcrimeatcertaintimesinhistory.Intheeighteenthcentury,forinstance,ifapersonwas(23)（）“stealingsalt”,hecouldbeputinprison.Historyrevealsthatabouttenthousandpeoplewereputinprisonduringthatcentury(24)（）stealingsalt.

Inthemodernworldsalthasmanyuses(25)（）thediningtable.Itisusedinmakingglassandairplaneparts,inthe(26)（）ofcropsandinkillingweeds.Itisalsousedtomakewatersoft,tomelticeonroadsandhighways,tomakesoap,andto(27)（）colorsincloth.Saltcanbeobtainedinvariousways,besidesbeingtakenfromminesunderground.Evaporationofsaltwaterfromtheoceanorfromsaltwaterlakesorsmallseasisoneofthe(28)（）commonprocessesformanufacturingsalt.InAustralia,itcanevenbetakenfroma“saltbush.”Yet,(29)（）itisobtained,saltwillcontinuetoplayanimportant(30)（）inthelivesofmenandwomeneverywhere.

問題1選項

A.Ancient

B.Historic

C.Historical

D.Old

問題2選項

A.salt

B.salted

C.salting

D.salty

問題3選項

A.arrested

B.caught

C.got

D.seized

問題4選項

A.as

B.by

C.for

D.through

問題5選項

A.besides

B.beyond

C.except

D.over

問題6選項

A.bearing

B.developing

C.growing

D.training

問題7選項

A.fasten

B.fix

C.preserve

D.tie

問題8選項

A.little

B.many

C.much

D.more

問題9選項

A.however

B.whatever

C.whenever

D.wherever

問題10選項

A.duty

B.function

C.responsibility

D.role

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

第6題:C

第7題:C

第8題:B

第9題:D

第10題:D

【解析】21.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】考查上下文和詞語辨析。A項ancient“古代的”，B項historic“有歷史意義的”，C項historical“歷史的”，D項old“老的”。上文提到ithasbeenusedinmanydifferentwaysthroughouthistory（鹽的使用方式在歷史上有很多種），那么接下來的空格根據(jù)文章邏輯可知是表示“歷史證明”，historicalevidence表示“歷史證明，史實”。故該題選C。

22.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】考查詞語辨析。A項salt“含鹽的”，B項salted“用鹽腌漬的，用鹽調味的”，C項salting是salt的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，D項salty“咸的；含鹽的”。根據(jù)句子peoplewholivedoverthreethousandyearsagoate…fish（生活在三千多年前的人們吃……魚），結合上文提到了鹽，可知空格是表示“咸魚，腌魚”；saltedfish表示“咸魚，腌魚”。故該題選B。

23.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】考查動詞辨析和語境。A項arrest“逮捕”，指根據(jù)法律或命令進行逮捕并予以監(jiān)禁或拘留；B項catch“抓住”，指捉住跑動或隱藏中的人或動物，一般指活捉；C項get“得到”；D項seize“奪取，逮捕”，側重指以突然、有力地動作迅速抓住或捉住。根據(jù)句子ifapersonwas...“stealingsalt”（如果一個人被……偷鹽），可知空格是表示“抓住”；故該題選B。

24.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】考查介詞辨析。A項as“作為”，B項by“通過”，C項for“為，因為”；D項through“通過”。根據(jù)句子Historyrevealsthatabouttenthousandpeoplewereputinprisonduringthatcentury…stealingsalt.（歷史表明，在那個世紀大約有一萬人被關進監(jiān)獄……偷鹽。），可知空格是表示原因；故該題選C。

25.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】考查介詞辨析。A項besides“除了……還有，另外”，B項beyond“超過”，C項except“除外”；D項over“完全覆蓋，翻轉”。根據(jù)句子Inthemodernworldsalthasmanyuses…thediningtable.（在現(xiàn)代，……餐桌上，鹽還有許多用途），結合后文可知空格是表示“除了”；故該題選A。

26.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】考查詞義辨析。A項bearing“承載，忍受”，B項developing“發(fā)展”，C項growing“成長”；D項training“訓練”。根據(jù)空格處后面的crops（莊稼，農(nóng)作物）可知，空格表達的是“莊稼的種植”；故該題選C。

27.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】考查動詞辨析。A項fasten“使固定”，B項fix“維修”，C項preserve“保存，維持”；D項tie“系牢，打結”。根據(jù)句子Itisalsousedtomakewatersoft,tomelticeonroadsandhighways,tomakesoap,andto…colorsincloth（它也被軟化水，融化道路和高速公路上的冰，制造肥皂，以及……給布料的顏色）可知，空格表達的是“保持顏色”；故該題選C。

28.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】考查詞語辨析。A項little“少的”，修飾不可數(shù)名詞，B項many“許多的”，修飾可數(shù)名詞，C項much“許多”，修飾不可數(shù)名詞；D項more“更多”，多用于比較級。根據(jù)空格處前面oneofthe…可知，如果空格處是最高級，應該是oneofthemost…，more是比較級，沒有oneofthemore…這個用法，因此D項排除。little和much都是修飾不可數(shù)名詞，但是空格處后面是processes，所以A項和C項也排除。句意：從海洋、咸水湖或小海中蒸發(fā)鹽水是制造鹽的許多常見過程之一。故該題選B。

29.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】考查連詞辨析。A項however“然而”，B項whatever“無論什么”，C項whenever“無論何時”，D項wherever“無論哪里”。根據(jù)句子Evaporationofsaltwaterfromtheoceanorfromsaltwaterlakesorsmallseasisoneofthemuchcommonprocessesformanufacturingsalt.InAustralia,itcanevenbetakenfroma“saltbush”.（從海洋、咸水湖或小海中蒸發(fā)鹽水是制造鹽的許多常見過程之一。在澳大利亞，它甚至可以取自“鹽性灌木”。），結合前面提到的能夠提取鹽的地方，可知空格處應該是表示“無論在哪里獲得鹽”；故該題選D。

30.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】考查固定搭配。A項duty“責任”，B項function“功能”，C項responsibility“責任，義務”，D項role“角色”，固定搭配playarolein表示“在……起作用”；句意：然而，無論在哪里獲得鹽，鹽將繼續(xù)在人們的生活中發(fā)揮重要作用。故該題選D。

4.單選題

Difficultmarketconditionswere（

）whenKoreantannersenteredtheUKandNewZealandrawmaterialmarkets,drivingupprices.

問題1選項

A.relieved

B.changed

C.deteriorated

D.solved

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。relieve意為“減輕，緩和”；change意為“改變”；deteriorate意為“變壞惡化”；solve意為“解決”。

句意：當韓國制革工人進入英國和新西蘭的原材料市場，抬高了價格，困難的市場條件惡化了。

5.單選題

Hisoriginalityasacomposeris（

）bythefollowinggroupofsongs.

問題1選項

A.exemplified

B.created

C.performed

D.realized

【答案】A

【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。exemplify“例證”；create“創(chuàng)造”；perform“執(zhí)行；表演”；realize“意識到；實現(xiàn)”。下面的這些歌曲能夠佐證他是一個原創(chuàng)作曲家。選項A符合題意。

6.單選題

ThenIsawinmydream,thatwhentheyweregotoutofthewilderness,theypresentlysawatownbeforethem,andthenameofthetownisVanity;andatthetownthereisafairkept,calledVanityFair;itiskeptalltheyearlong.ItbearsthenameofVanityFair,becausethetownwhereitiskeptislighterthanvanity,andalsobecauseallthatistheresold,orthatcomesthither,isvanity.Asisthesayingofthewise,“Allthatcomesisvanity.”

Thisfairisnonewlybegunbusiness,butathingofancientstanding.Iwillshowyoutheoriginalofit.

Almostfivethousandyearsago,therewerepilgrimswalkingtotheCelestialCity,asthesetwohonestpersonsare;andBeelzebub,Apollyon,andLegion,withtheircompanions,perceivingbythepaththatthepilgrimsmade,thattheirwaytothecitylaythroughthistownofVanity,theycontrivedheretosetupafair;afairwhereinshouldbesoldallsortsofvanity,andthatitshouldlastalltheyearlong.Thereforeatthisfairareallsuchthingssold,ashouses,lands,trades,places,honors,preferments,titles,countries,kingdoms,lusts,pleasures,anddelightsofallsorts,aswives,husbands,children,masters,servants,lives,blood,bodies,souls,silver,gold,pearls,preciousstones,andwhatnot.

And,moreover,atthisfairthereisatalltimestobeseencheats,games,plays,fools,apes,knaves,androgues,andthatofeverykind.Herearetobeseen,too,andthatfornothing,thefts,murders,adulteries,falseswearers,andthatofablood-redcolor.

And,asinotherfairsoflessmoment,therearetheseveralrowsandstreets,undertheirpropernames,wheresuchandsuchwaresarevended;soherelikewiseyouhavetheproperplaces,rows,streets(namely,countriesandkingdoms),wherethewaresofthisfairaresoonesttobefound.HerearetheBritainRow,theFrenchRow,theItalianRow,theSpanishRow,theGermanRow,whereseveralsortsofvanitiesaretobesold.But,asinotherfairs,someonecommodityisasthechiefofallthefair,sothewareofRomeandhergoodsaregreatlypromotedinthisfair;onlyourEnglishnation,withsomeothers,havetakenadislikethereat.

Now,asIsaid,thewaytotheCelestialCityliesjustthroughthistownwherethislustyfairiskept;andhethatwouldgotothecity,andyetnotgothroughthistown,mustneedsgooutoftheworld.ThePrinceofprinceshimself,whenhere,wentthroughthistowntohisowncountry,andthatuponafairdaytoo;yea,andasIthink,itwasBeelzebub,thechieflordofthisfair,thatinvitedhimtobuyofhisvanities;yea,wouldhavemadehimlordofthefair,wouldhebuthavedonehimreverenceashewentthroughthetown.

1.Theword“fair”inVanityFairisclosestinmeaningto（）.

2.Theword“they”inLine3,Paragraph3refersto（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisFALSEaboutVanityFair?

4.WhereisVanityFairsituated?

5.Thepronoun“him”,in“wouldhebuthavedonehimreverenceashewentthroughthetown”refersto（）.

問題1選項

A.justice

B.average

C.atravellingshow

D.market

問題2選項

A.Beelzebub,Apollyon,andLegion

B.thesetwohonestpersons

C.thecompanionsofthethesetwohonestpersons

D.pilgrims

問題3選項

A.Cheating,stealingandkillingprevails.

B.Youcanbuythingsaswellashumans.

C.Itisanancientinvention.

D.TheexpensivegoodsaremadeinRome.

問題4選項

A.InatownonthewaytotheCelestialCity.

B.InBritain

C.Nowhere

D.InEurope

問題5選項

A.thePrinceofprinces

B.theLordofthefair

C.theCelestialCity

D.He

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句“ItbearsthenameofVanityFair…andalsobecauseallthatistheresold,orthatcomesthither,isvanity.”，可知VanityFair這個地方是買賣東西的，所以是一個市集的名字，fair的意思最有可能是“市場”。選項D符合題意。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“Beelzebub,Apollyon,andLegion,withtheircompanions…theycontrivedheretosetupafair”，可知Apollyon、Beelzebub和他們的同伴打算在這兒建立一個市鎮(zhèn)。所以文中的they就是指這些人。選項A符合題意。

3.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段，“But,asinotherfairs,someonecommodityisasthechiefofallthefair,sothewareofRomeandhergoodsaregreatlypromotedinthisfair”，可知和其他集市一樣，也有一些商品會成為市集的主角，比如羅馬的器皿以及其他商品就非常暢銷。只是說明羅馬的有些商品在集市非常受歡迎，無法說明昂貴的物品都產(chǎn)自羅馬。選項D符合題意。

4.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Beelzebub,Apollyon,andLegion,withtheircompanions,perceivingbythepaththatthepilgrimsmadethattheirwaytothecitylaythroughthistownofVanity,theycontrivedheretosetupafair”，可知Apollyon、Beelzebub和他們的同伴從朝圣者通往天國的路上，他們能夠看到浮華鎮(zhèn)是必經(jīng)之地，所以打算在這里建立一個集市。所以集市的位置應該位于朝圣者通往天國的路上。選項A符合題意。

5.推斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第二句，“…wouldhavemadehimlordofthefair,wouldhebuthavedonehimreverenceashewentthroughthetown.”，可知Beelzebub邀請耶穌在鎮(zhèn)上購買虛榮商品，并且承諾只要在他經(jīng)過集市的時候，向他表示敬意，就會讓他成為集市的主人。所以可推斷，文段中的him就是指集市的主人。選項B符合題意。

7.單選題

Itisnaturalformeto（）onhismotivesforthevisitsforwehavenotbeenonspeakingtermsformanyyears.

問題1選項

A.reflect

B.suppose

C.speculate

D.mediate

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A:reflecton“仔細想；回憶；反省”；B:supposeon“猜測；考慮”；C:speculateon“推測；猜想；推斷”；D:mediateon“沉思；打算”。句意：我很自然地猜測到他訪問的動機，因為我們多年來一直沒有談過話。結合語境，此處表示猜測，故C為正確答案。

8.單選題

TheFourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,ratifiedin1868,prohibitsstategovernmentsfromdenyingcitizensthe“equalprotectionofthelaws”.Althoughpreciselywhattheframersoftheamendmentmeantbythisequalprotectionclauseremainsunclear,allinterpretersagreethattheframers'immediateobjectivewastoprovideaconstitutionalwarrantfortheCivilRightsActof1866,whichguaranteedthecitizenshipofallpersonsbornintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttoUnitedStatesjurisdiction.Thisdeclaration,whichwasechoedinthetextoftheFourteenthAmendment,wasdesignedprimarilytocountertheSupremeCourt'srulinginDredScottVSanfordthatBlackpeopleintheUnitedStatescouldbedeniedcitizenship.TheactwasvetoedbyPresidentAndrewJohnson,whoarguedthattheThirteenthAmendment,whichabolishedslavery,didnotprovideCongresswithauthoritytoextendcitizenshipandequalprotectionthefreedslaves.AlthoughCongresspromptlyoverrodeJohnson'sveto,supportersoftheactsoughttoensureitsconstitutionalfoundationswiththepassageoftheFourteenthAmendment.

ThebroadlanguageoftheamendmentstronglysuggeststhatitsframerswereproposingtowriteintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrightsbutaprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatforbidsorganizedsocietyfromtreatinganyindividualasamemberofaninferiorclass.Yetforthefirsteightdecadesoftheamendment'sexistence,theSupremeCourt'sinterpretationoftheamendmentbetrayedthisidealofequality.IntheCivilRightsCasesof1883,forexample,theCourtinventedthe“stateaction”limitation,whichassertsthat“private”decisionsbyownersofpublicaccommodationsandothercommercialbusinessestosegregatetheirfacilitiesareinsulatedfromthereachoftheFourteenthAmendment'sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.AftertheSecondWorldWar,ajudicialclimatemorehospitabletoequalprotectionclaimsculminatedintheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BroadofEducationthatraciallysegregatedschoolsviolatedtheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.

1.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingiscorrect?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelyindicatesthesequenceoftheeventslistedbelow?

I.CivilRightsActof1866II.DredScottV.Sanford

III.FourteenthAmendmentIV.VetobyPresidentJohnson

3.Accordingtothepassage,theoriginalproponentsoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

4.TheauthorimpliesthattheFourteenthAmendmentmightnothavebeenenactedif（）.

5.Thepassagesuggeststhattheprincipaleffectofthestateactionlimitationwasto（）.

問題1選項

A.Bypresentingalistofspecificrights,framersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereattemptingtoprovideaconstitutionalbasisforabroadjudicialprotectionoftheprincipleofequalcitizenship.

B.InterpretersoftheFourteenthAmendmenthavenotreachedconsensuswithregardtowhatitsframersmeantbytheequalprotectionclause.

C.NotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWardidtheSupremeCourtbegintointerprettheFourteenthAmendmentinamannerconsistentwiththeprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatitexpresses.

D.TheframersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereawarethatthephrase“equalprotectionofthelaws”hadbroadimplications.

問題2選項

A.I-II-IV-III

B.I-IV-III-II

C.III-II-I-IV

D.II-I-IV-III

問題3選項

A.detailingtherightsaffordedbytheprincipleofequalcitizenship

B.providingsupportintheConstitutionforequalprotectionforallcitizensoftheUnitedStates.

C.overturningtheCivilRightsActof1866

D.assertingthatthecivilrightsprotectedbytheConstitutionincludednonracialdiscriminationaswellasracialdiscrimination.

問題4選項

A.Congress'authoritywithregardtolegislatingcivilrightshadnotbeenchallenged.

B.theframershadanticipatedtheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BoardofEducation.

C.theframershadbelievedthatitwouldbeusedindecidingcasesofdiscriminationinvolvingnon-racialgroups.

D.Moststategovernmentshadbeenwillingtoprotectcitizens'civilrights.

問題5選項

A.allowsomediscriminatorypracticestocontinueunimpededbytheFourteenthAmendment.

B.influencetheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BoardofEducation.

C.provideexpandedguidelinesdescribingprohibitedactions.

D.prohibitstatesfromenactinglawsthatviolatedtheintentoftheCivilRightsActof1866.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)第二段的第一句“...writeintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrights...”可知選項A錯誤；根據(jù)第一段第二句“allinterpretersagreethat...theCivilRightsActof1866”可知,選項B也錯誤；根據(jù)第二段最后兩句可知選項C正確；選項D在文中沒有提及。

2.根據(jù)原文可知,《民權法案》是1866年出臺的,《第十四條修正案》是1868年批準的,所以首先排除選項C；根據(jù)第一段的內容可知,《民權法案》中的宣言其主要目的是為了反對最高法院在DredScott起訴Sanford案中做出的黑人可以被剝奪公民權的裁決。由此可知,訴訟發(fā)生在《民權法案》之前,所以選項D正確。

3.根據(jù)第一段的最后兩句,AndrewJohnson總統(tǒng)否決了《民權法案》,他認為廢除奴隸制的第十三修正案沒有賦予國會權力將公民權和平等保護擴展到被解放的奴隸。盡管國會很快推翻了Johnson的否決,但該法案的支持者試圖通過《第十四條修正案》確保其憲法基礎。由此可知,《第十四條修正案》的支持者最關心的是憲法是否為所有美國公民的平等保護提供了支持,選項B符合原文。

4.根據(jù)第一段最后兩句可知,如果國會在立法公民權利方面的權威沒有受到挑戰(zhàn),《第十四條修正案》也許不會頒布。選項A符合原文。

5.根據(jù)最后一段“...,whichassertsthat“private”decisions...theFourteenthAmendment'sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.”該限制規(guī)定,公共設施和其他商業(yè)企業(yè)業(yè)主所做出的對其設施實行種族隔離的“私人”決定不受《第十四條修正案》保證的法律平等保護的影響。選項A符合原文。

9.單選題

TheOlympicGames（

）in776B.C.inOlympia,asmalltowninGreece.

問題1選項

A.originated

B.stemmed

C.derived

D.descended

【答案】A

【解析】動詞辨析。句意:奧林匹克運動會起源于公元前776年希臘一個叫奧林匹亞的小鎮(zhèn)。

originatedin起源于，通常后面接地點;steemed一般與介詞from連用表示“源于”;derivedfrom由…衍生而來;descendfrom由…傳下來，通常后面接某人。

10.單選題

Whenapsychologistdoesageneralexperimentaboutthehumanmind,heselectspeople（

）andasksthemquestions.

問題1選項

A.atlength

B.atrandom

C.inessence

D.inbulk

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析。atlength意為“充分地”；atrandom意為“任意地，隨便地”；inessence意為“本質上，大體上”；inbulk意為“大量，整批”。

句意：當心理學家要做一個關于人類思維的常規(guī)實驗時，他會隨機地選擇人并問他們問題。

11.單選題

Thegoalistousecrops,weedsandevenanimalwaste________thepetroleumthatfuelsmuchofAmericanmanufacturing.

問題1選項

A.intermsof

B.infavorof

C.inspiteof

D.inplaceof

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項intermsof“在……方面，就……而言”；B選項infavorof“贊成”；C選項inspiteof“不管，盡管”；D選項inplaceof“取代，代替”。句意：這個目標是用莊稼，野草甚至是動物排泄物來（）為絕大多數(shù)美國人生產(chǎn)活動提供動力的石油。人們使用莊稼等有機物很明顯是為了取代石油這種化學物來充當燃料的，所以答案選D。

12.單選題

Theyear1995washeraldedasthebeginningofthe“NewEconomy.”Digitalcommunicationwassettoupendmarketsandchangeeverything.Buteconomistsbyandlargedidn’tbuyintothehype.Itwasn’tthatwedidn’trecognizethatsomethingchanged.Itwasthatwerecognizedthattheoldeconomicslensremainedusefulforlookingatthechangestakingplace.Theeconomicsofthe“NewEconomy”couldbedescribedatahighlevel:Digitaltechnologywouldcauseareductioninthecostofsearchandcommunication.Thiswouldleadtomoresearch,morecommunication,andmoreactivitiesthatgotogetherwithsearchandcommunication.That’sessentiallywhathappened.

Todayweareseeingsimilarhypeaboutmachineintelligence.Butonceagain,aseconomists,webelievesomesimplerulesapply.Technologicalrevolutionstendtoinvolvesomeimportantactivitybecomingcheap,likethecostofcommunicationorfindinginformation.Machineintelligenceis,initsessence,apredictiontechnology,sotheeconomicshiftwillcenteraroundadropinthecostofprediction.

Thefirsteffectofmachineintelligencewillbetolowerthecostofgoodsandservicesthatrelyonprediction.Thismattersbecausepredictionisaninputtoahostofactivitiesincludingtransportation,agriculture,healthcare,energymanufacturing,andretail.

Whenthecostofanyinputfallssoprecipitously,therearetwootherwell-establishedeconomicimplications.First,wewillstartusingpredictiontoperformtaskswherewepreviouslydidn’t.Second,thevalueofotherthingsthatcomplementpredictionwillrise.

Asmachineintelligencelowersthecostofprediction,wewillbegintouseitasaninputforthingsforwhichweneverpreviouslydid.Forexample,withthetechnologicaladvanceinsemiconductors,thecostofcalculationdroppedsignificantly,soactivitiesforwhicharithmeticwasakeyinputbecamemuchcheaper.Consequently,inphotography,weshiftedfromafilm-oriented,chemistry-basedapproachtoadigital-oriented,arithmetic-basedapproach.

Whenthecostofafoundationalinputplummets,itoftenaffectsthevalueofotherinputs.Thevaluegoesupforcomplementsanddownforsubstitutes.Inthecaseofphotography,thevalueofthehardwareandsoftwarecomponentsassociatedwithdigitalcameraswentupasthecostofarithmeticdroppedbecausedemandincreased—wewantedmoreofthem.Thesecomponentswerecomplementstoarithmetic;theywereusedtogether.Incontrast,thevalueoffilm—relatedchemicalsfell—wewantedlessofthem.

Asmachineintelligenceimproves,thevalueofhumanpredictionskillswilldecreasebecausemachinepredictionwillprovideacheaperandbettersubstituteforhumanprediction,justasmachinesdidforarithmetic.However,thisdoesnotspelldoomforhumanjobs,asmanyexpertssuggest.That’sbecausethevalueofhumanjudgmentskillswillincrease.Usingthelanguageofeconomics,judgmentisacomplementtopredictionandthereforewhenthecostofpredictionfallsdemandforjudgmentrises.We’llwantmorehumanjudgment.

Forexample,whenpredictionischeap,diagnosiswillbemorefrequentandconvenient,andthuswe’lldetectmanymoreearly-stage,treatableconditions.Thiswillmeanmoredecisionswillbemadeaboutmedicaltreatment,whichmeansgreaterdemandfortheapplicationofethics,andforemotionalsupport,whichareprovidedbyhumans.Thelinebetweenjudgmentandpredictionisn’tclearcut—somejudgmenttaskswillevenbereframedasaseriesofpredictions.Yet,overallthevalueofprediction-relatedhumanskillswillfall,andthevalueofjudgment-relatedskillswillrise.

56.Thehighlightedword“hype”inParagraph2maybebestinterpretedas______.

57.Accordingtotheconsequencesofmachineintelligence,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

58.InParagraph5,theauthormentionssemiconductorinorderto______.

59.Theinfluenceofmachineintelligenceuponhumanactivitiesisthat______.

60.Themostsuitabletitleforthismessageforthispassageis______.

問題1選項

A.carnival

B.exaggeration

C.leap

D.ecstasy

問題2選項

A.Thecostofproductsandservicesbasedonpredictionwillbereduced.

B.Somenewtaskswillbereframedaspredictionproblems.

C.Pricesofcomplementsthathelppredictionwillrise.

D.Thevalueofhumanjudgmentwilldecrease.

問題3選項

A.showthattechnologyhasmademajorprogressinthearithmeticarea

B.explainwhyfilmphotographyisreplacedbydigitalphotography

C.illustratethattechnologicaladvanceswillreduceproductcosts

D.provethatthepricesofcomplementswillincrease

問題4選項

A.thecostofhumanpredictionwillincrease

B.humanjudgmentwillbecomemorevaluable

C.machineintelligencewillreplacehumanjobs

D.peoplewillmakemoredecisionsonmedicaltreatment

問題5選項

A.Theeconomiceffectsofmachineintelligence

B.Machineintelligencevshumanprediction

C.Costreductionindigitaltechnology

D.Advancesinmachineintelligence

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】56.語義推測題。題干意思是“第二段中黑體字‘hype’一詞最好解釋為……”。文章第一段有提到hype這個單詞，Digitalcommunicationwassettoupendmarketsandchangeeverything.Buteconomistsbyandlargedidn’tbuyintothehype.（數(shù)字通信注定要顛覆市場，改變一切，但總的來說，經(jīng)濟學家并不接受這種炒作）；hype的本義是炒作，在這里是指前一句內容過于“夸張，言過其實”；由此推斷第二段第一句Todayweareseeingsimilarhypeaboutmachineintelligence.（今天，我們看到了關于機器智能的類似炒作）中的hype也是同樣表示“夸張”的意思，所以B項“夸張”正確。A項“狂歡”、C項“飛躍”和D項“狂喜”都不符合語境。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

57.細節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)機器智能的影響，下面哪個陳述是不正確的？”。根據(jù)第三段第一句話Thefirsteffectofmachineintelligencewillbetolowerthecostofgoodsandservicesthatrelyonprediction.（機器智能的第一個作用將是降低依賴預測的商品和服務的成本）可知，基于預測的商品和服務成本會降低，故A項“基于預測的產(chǎn)品和服務成本將會降低”符合原文；從第四段第二句First,wewillstartusingpredictiontoperformtaskswherewepreviouslydidn’t.（首先，我們將開始使用預測來執(zhí)行以前沒有執(zhí)行的任務）可知，一些任務將被重新預測，B項“一些新的任務將被重新作為預測問題”正確；第四段第三句指出Second,thevalueofotherthingsthatcomplementpredictionwillrise.（其次，補充預測的其他東西的價值將會上升），可知C項“幫助預測的附加品價格將上升”也正確；D項“人類判斷的價值將會降低”不屬于機器智能的影響。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

58.細節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“在第五段中，作者提到半導體是為了……”。第五段第一句提到Asmachineintelligencelowersthecostofprediction,wewillbegintouseitasaninputforthingsforwhichweneverpreviouslydid.（隨著機器智能降低了預測的成本，我們將開始把它作為一種輸入，用于我們以前從未做過的事情），接著就引出了半導體發(fā)展所帶來的攝影方面的變革這一例證，由此可推斷，技術的進步降低了產(chǎn)品的成本；C項“說明技術進步會降低產(chǎn)品成本”符合題意。A項“表明技術在算術領域取得了重大進步”和B項“解釋為什么膠片攝影被數(shù)碼攝影取代”是細節(jié)描述和舉例說明，不是引出半導體真正的目的；D項“證明附加品的價格將會增加”這是產(chǎn)品成本下降后的影響，不屬于提及半導體的原因。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

59.細節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“機器智能對人類活動的影響是……”。第七段第一句指出Asmachineintelligenceimproves,thevalueofhumanpredictionskillswilldecrease（隨著機器智能的提高，人類預測技能的價值將會下降），結合倒數(shù)第二句Usingthelanguageofeconomics,judgmentisacomplementtopredictionandthereforewhenthecostofpredictionfallsdemandforjudgmentrises.（用經(jīng)濟學的語言來說，判斷是預測的補充，因此，當預測的成本下降時，判斷的價值就會上升）可知，人類預測技能價值下降，判斷價值會增加，所以B項“人類的判斷將變得更有價值”正確。A項“人類預測的成本將會增加”，如果預測成本增加，那么判斷價值就會下降，這與原文不符；第七段第二句提到However,thisdoesnotspelldoomforhumanjobs,asmanyexpertssuggest.（然而，這并不像許多專家所說的那樣意味著人類工作的末日）可以推斷，機器智能并不能完全取代人類的工作，所以C項“機器智能將取代人類的工作”錯誤；D項“人們將在醫(yī)療上做出更多的決定”這只是用來對“人類的判斷將變得更有價值”而進行的例證。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

60.主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章最適合的標題是……”。通讀全文，文章第一段提出了數(shù)字技術在“新經(jīng)濟”中帶來的影響，第二段引出智能機器，接著就詳細分析了機器智能對于市場經(jīng)濟以及人類活動的影響，因此可以判斷A項“機器智能的經(jīng)濟效應”符合題意。B項“機器智能vs人類預測”、C項“數(shù)字技術的成本降低”和D項“機器智能的進展”都只是在某個段落提及，不夠全面表達文章的內容。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

13.單選題

DearSirs,

Yourshipmentoftwelvethousand“Smart”watcheswasreceivedbyourcompanythismorning.However,wewishtomakeanumberofcomplaintsconcerningtheseriousdelayindeliveryandyourfailuretocarryoutourspecificinstructionswithregardtothisorder.

Itwasstressedfromthebeginningthatthedeliverydatehadtobelessthansixweeksfromtheinitialorder,inordertomeetourowncustomers’requirements.Whileweunderstandthatdelaysinproductionareoccasionallyinevitable,wemustpointoutthatthemajorreasonwhytheorderwasplacedwithyourcompanywasbecausewewereassuredbyyouofitsspeedofdelivery,andthatyourexistingstocksweresufficientlyhightoensureimmediateshipment.Latedeliveryofthegoodshascausedustodisappointseveralofourmostvaluedcustomers,andisboundtohaveanegativeeffectonpotentialfutureorders.

Thesecondcomplaintconcernsthedifferenceincolorbetweenthewatchesweorderedandthosedelivered.Itwasstatedclearlyintheoriginalorderthatwatchesincombinationsofgreen/purpleandorange/purpleonlywererequired.However,onlyhalfthewatchesinthedeliveryreceivedareofthecolorsspecified.OurHongKongagentassuresusthatshestressedtoyoutheimportanceoffollowingourinstructionsprecisely,sinceweconsidertheretobeonlyalimitedmarketinthiscountryforwatchesofothercolorsatthepresenttime.Anywatchesthatarenotofthespecifiedcolorswill,ofcourse,bereturnedtoyou.

Wearealsosomewhatconcernedabouttheratherpoorqualityofthegoodsreceived,sinceitisapparentthatthewatchesthatfinallyarrivedhavebeenproducedfrominferiormaterialsandhavebeenmanufacturedtoalowerstandardthanthoseinthesample.Wehavealsofoundthatanumberofthewatchesdonotappeartobefunctioning.Whetherthelatterproblemisduetopoormanufactures,damageduringtransportationorbadbatteriesisnotyetclear,butweshouldliketopointoutthatwefeelthismattertobeentirelyyourresponsibility.

Asaresultoftheaboveproblems,therefore,wefeelthatthemostsuitablecourseofactionistoreturntoyouunpaidanyofthegoodsconsideredunsatisfactory,andtosubtractanyresultantcostsfromourfinalsettlement.Weshallalso,ofcourse,beforcedto